The Geography of Phytochemical Races

202 4 Intercontinental Disjunctions
ether [355] and 7,8,4′-trimethyl ether [356]. Eucryphia moorei exhibited a profi le
somewhat simpler than that of E. jinksii but, as mentioned, lacked fl avones with the
isoscutellarein oxygenation pattern. Eucryphia wilkiei exhibited a profi le consisting
of a single, unidentifi ed aglycone, seen as well in E. lucida (Tasmania) and E. jinksii
(mainland Australia). It was also unique in the genus in having fl avonol glycosides
as exudate components.
Numerical treatments of the fl avonoid data were performed using nonmetric
multidimensional scaling (NMDS), and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic
mean (UPGMA) or average linkage clustering of Bray-Curtis dissimilarities.
The NMDS treatment resulted in clear separation of E. wilkiei, but the other six taxa
appeared scattered, although geographically close pairs, for the most part, appeared
closer to each other than to other species. The UPGMA treatment of Bray-Curtis
values resulted in clear separation of E. wilkiei from all other species and the following
pairings, E. cordifolia-E. glutinosa (Chilean species); E. jinksii-E. moorei
(mainland Australia); and E. lucida-E. millinganii (Tasmania). Cladistic analysis
of the fl avonoid data failed to resolve any relationships. A recent cladistic analysis
using morphological data (Taylor and Hill, 1996) suggested that E. lucida and
E. milliganii are sister taxa, which is supported by the phytochemical data. Neither
the relationship of E. wilkiei to E. lucida and E. milliganii, as suggested by the cladistic
analysis of Taylor and Hill (1996), nor to E. jinksii, as viewed by Forster and Hyland
(1997), is supported by the fl avonoid data. Because of incongruities between relationships
suggested by the phytochemical data and those that arose from cladistic
analysis of morphological data, one is once again inclined to suggest that genesequence
studies might be of value in this system. In addition to the obvious phylogenetic
insights that might be gained from such a study, some ideas of what gains
and losses have occurred in the fl avonoid biosynthetic pathway that resulted in the
signifi cantly different profi les of compounds observed within the genus.
4.4.2 Blennospermatinae (Asteraceae)
The pattern of distribution of the four genera that comprise this subtribe is one of
the more complex ones that we encounter in this review, in that it involves western
North America, South America, including the Falklands and the Juan Fernandez
Islands; Australia, including Tasmania; New Zealand, including Stewart Island, the
sub-Antarctic Campbell and Auckland Islands, and New Guinea. The four genera
involved are the monotypic western North American Crocidium, Blennosperma with
two Californian species, and one species disjunct in Chile, Ischnea with four species
endemic to New Guinea (Swenson, 1994), and Abrotanella, which consists of 19 species
distributed in the other areas listed. The subtribe has been the subject of recent
biosystematic and geographic study (Swenson, 1995a, b; Swenson and Bremer,
1997). From these data, it is clear that the subtribe represents a monophyletic group.
In a paper describing pollen-wall ultrastructure, Skvarla and Turner (1966)
stated that the fl avonoids of Blennosperma and Crocidium exhibited different