The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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4 2 Examples Within Continents Fig. 2.1 Map of Africa showing general locations of the Douala-Edea site in Cameroon and the Kibale Forest (Uganda). Abbreviations of countries referred to in other African examples: Bots = Botswana, Cam = Cameroon, C.A.R. = Central African Republic, Gh = Ghana, Ken = Kenya, Mad = Madagascar, Moz = Mozambique, Tanz = Tanzania, Zam = Zambia, and Zim = Zimbabwe typical lowland, evergreen rain forest characterized by 11.5% tree species; 7% of its species are deciduous. Kibale Forest is also an evergreen rain forest but is characterized by 27% tree species and 18% deciduous species. Of the 93 species examined in this study, only one, Symphonia globulifera L. f. (Guttiferae), was present in both study areas. Limited space precludes listing of the species; suffi ce it to say that the vegetation of the two areas is quite different, even at the family level. The allelochemistry of the two forests also shows striking differences. Analyses showed that the Douala-Edea site has a higher proportion of tannin-producing taxa, whereas species at the Kibale site exhibited a much higher frequency of alkaloid
2.1 Africa (Including Madagascar) 5 producers. Only eight species appeared to lack both tannins and alkaloid- positive compounds. One of these exhibited a high concentration of a bifl avonoid, a polyphenolic compound based on the coupling of two fl avonoid monomeric units; another was shown to be positive for iridoids (15-carbon terpenoid derivatives). As Gartlan et al. (1980) discussed, these observations are in agreement with the idea that taxa from habitats where plants undergo rapid growth (i.e., stem elongation and leaf replacement) invest a comparatively smaller amount of resources in production of defensive chemicals (allelochemics) than species in habitats where growth is slower. Growth would be expected to be slower in habitats where soil nutrients are in short supply, as observed in the Douala-Edea site in this study. It has been debated that plants in nutrient-challenged habitats are more likely to produce tannins or other polyphenolic compounds, rather than alkaloids or other “qualitative” allelochemics, as defensive compounds. This wide-ranging study would seem to offer support for the idea. A few years earlier, Levin (1976) discussed, in some detail, the distribution of alkaloid-bearing plants in relation to geography. The basic premise was that plants from tropical regions are under more concentrated attack by predators of one sort or another, and thus invest more biosynthetic effort in chemical defense systems. His survey of the literature provided information on alkaloid occurrence in 110 families, representing 38 orders of dicots, and showed that: (1) nearly twice as many annuals as perennials were alkaloid bearing; (2) tropical fl oras had almost twice the level of alkaloid-bearing taxa as temperate fl oras; (3) Magnoliales and Ranales had higher levels of alkaloid-bearing components than other dicot families; and (4) there is a latitudinal gradient with higher percentages of alkaloid-bearing taxa nearer the equator. Three values representing the extremes of the latter point are 40% alkaloidbearing taxa in Kenya (0°), 24.9% in taxa sampled from Mexico (ca. 25°N), and 10.8% in taxa from New Zealand (ca. 43°S). In a subsequent paper, Levin and York (1978) assessed the alkaloid situation in greater detail — again based on an extensive search of the literature — by calculating “alkaloid toxicity indices.” Analysis at the generic level revealed that herbs, shrubs, and trees consistently showed higher levels of toxicity in tropical fl oras (based on 159 genera), lesser levels in subtropical fl oras (based on 109 genera), and the smallest levels in temperate fl oras (based on 210 genera). The same trend was evident when the data were assessed at the family level (analysis was based upon 24 tropical families, 14 cosmopolitan families, and 14 temperate families). 2.1.2 The Senecio radicans Complex (Asteraceae) The Senecio radicans complex, a somewhat amorphous taxonomic assemblage, is a group of succulent groundsels, most of which are native to Africa. Glennie et al. (1971) examined 25 “species” of this group for their fl avonoids. Although the overall fl avonoid profi le of the group was comparatively simple, some interesting patterns of distribution did emerge. The pigment profi le of the complex consisted of kaempferol [1] (See Fig. 2.2 for structures 1–5) and quercetin [2] 3-O-mono- and diglycosides,
Page 2 and 3: The Geography of Phytochemical Race
Page 4 and 5: Dr. Bruce A. Bohm 3685 West 15th Av
Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgments I thank many worker
Page 8 and 9: x Abstract which biosynthetic step
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Page 18 and 19: 2 1 Introduction It is useful to me
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120 2 Examples Within Continents 2.
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Chapter 3 After the Ice According t
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3.1 North America 127 Fig. 3.1 Comp
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3.1 North America 129 7-O-glucoside
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3.1 North America 131 been found to
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3.1 North America 133 structural ty
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3.1 North America 135 Two species c
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3.1 North America 137 3.1.5 Thuja p
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3.1 North America 139 allele freque
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3.2 North American Conifers 141 fro
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3.2 North American Conifers 143 hom
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3.2 North American Conifers 145 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 147 cam
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3.2 North American Conifers 149 hig
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3.2 North American Conifers 151 dis
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3.2 North American Conifers 153 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 155 agr
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3.2 North American Conifers 157 Tab
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3.2 North American Conifers 159 Fol
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3.2 North American Conifers 161 sim
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3.3 Europe 163 Fig. 3.11 Compounds
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3.3 Europe 165 levels of 3-carene i
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3.4 South America 167 historic time
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3.4 South America 169 Fig. 3.13 Com
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3.4 South America 171 Mediterranean
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174 4 Intercontinental Disjunctions
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240 5 Wide Disjunctions Fig. 5.12 C
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246 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.1 Loca
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248 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.2 Comp
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250 6 Oceanic Islands levels of spe
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254 6 Oceanic Islands Compound Chem
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256 6 Oceanic Islands been cytogene
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260 6 Oceanic Islands compounds wit
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262 6 Oceanic Islands preparation o
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264 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.8 Map
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266 6 Oceanic Islands (formerly the
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268 6 Oceanic Islands It is not pos
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272 6 Oceanic Islands A single popu
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274 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.11 Map
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280 6 Oceanic Islands Fuerteventura
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286 7 Polar Disjunctions and variet
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288 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.2 C
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292 7 Polar Disjunctions (1978), an
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294 7 Polar Disjunctions Table 7.1
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296 7 Polar Disjunctions occurs thr
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Chapter 8 Conclusions Some years ag
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302 Bibliography Amico, V., Caccame
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304 Bibliography Bennett, K. D. 199
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306 Bibliography Caccamese, S., R.
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308 Bibliography ———, Hussain
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310 Bibliography Del Pero Martinez,
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312 Bibliography ——— 1987. A
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314 Bibliography ———. 1878. F
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316 Bibliography Herz, W. and Kumar
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318 Bibliography Jutila, H. M. 1996
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320 Bibliography Levin, D. A. 1976.
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322 Bibliography Masuda, M., Abe, T
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324 Bibliography ———. 1966. A
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326 Bibliography Prus-Glowacki, W.
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328 Bibliography Sanders, R. W. 197
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330 Bibliography ———, Morgan,
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332 Bibliography Takhajan, A. 1969.
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334 Bibliography von Rudloff, E. 19
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336 Bibliography ———, Koenig,
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Plant Family Index Algae Codiaceae,
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Plant Genus Index Algae Chondrococc
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Plant Genus Index 343 Bryophytes (l
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346 Subject Index Cyanogenesis, gen
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348 Subject Index Romania, 36 Rooib
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The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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