The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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3.2 North American Conifers 159 Foliage of Douglas fi r had only trace amounts of (+)-camphene in trees from the coast but major concentrations in trees from the other three sites. In contrast, terpene mixtures from lodgepole pine leaf and bole tissues had nearly the same levels of the major compound, (−)-β-phellandrene, and minor components regardless of origin. Patterns of variation in the other species were less extreme. 3.2.6 Sequoia sempervirens (Cupressaceae) Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl., the coast redwood, is one of the most striking members of coastal forests of the western United States. The range of the redwoods extends from southwestern Oregon to the Santa Cruz region of central California. Although restricted to a strip of coastal North America at the present time, fossil evidence shows that Sequoia was well developed in the Upper Jurassic and that the genus enjoyed a wide distribution in appropriate habitats throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Despite the importance of this species, both from the commercial forestry standpoint as well as a species of major tourist attraction, comparatively little work had been done on establishing limits of variation with the apparent exception of varieties based upon leaf and branch morphology (Dallimore and Jackson, 1966). In order to rectify this state of affairs, Hall and Langenheim (1987) undertook a study of monoterpenes of the leaves of redwood collected from sites representing essentially the entire range of the species. This was done in two ways, sampling of 13 wild populations and sampling of trees grown from seed collected at eight locations throughout the species’ range and grown and maintained under cultivation for about 20 years at the Russell Reservation, Contra Costa County, California. Fifteen compounds were identifi ed and quantifi ed as percentages of the total monoterpene fraction. α-Pinene was the major monoterpene followed, in descending order, by the common terpenes limonene, sabinene, β-phellandrene, γ-terpinene, and myrcene. The other identifi ed compounds, α-thujene, camphene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, α- terpinene, the cis- and trans- isomers of ocimene, p-cymene, and terpinolene, were present at levels too low to be of use in numerical analysis. In general, results from analysis of wild-collected material and cultivated material were in agreement with similar levels of interpopulation variation which points to the source of variation being genetic rather than environmental. Cluster analysis revealed the existence of three groups of populations with a strong break in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay (Fig. 3.10). Population group 3 occurred exclusively south of San Francisco Bay, whereas the other two types occur scattered throughout the northern part of the range of the redwoods. Although the three population groups exhibited all six marker terpenes, obvious distinctions can be seen, even with visual examination of the data. Thus, all northern populations, that is, population groups 1 and 2, exhibited higher levels of α-pinene and β-phellandrene. The highest levels of limonene, sabinene, myrcene, and γ-terpinene were observed in type 1 populations, although the level of variation among populations was substantial.
160 3 After the Ice Fig. 3.10 Map of Redwood (Sequoia) distribution. The numbers refer to the three chemotypes Further distinctions between the northern population groups can be made. Thus, only group 2 populations were found in Marin and Sonoma Counties. Central Mendocino County appears to be an area of transition characterized by the appearance of group 1 populations, which then continue northward through Humboldt and Del Norte Counties into Oregon. Located near the northern end of the range of the redwoods, however, were three populations, one in extreme northern Humboldt County and two in Del Norte County very near to the Oregon border, that bear more
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The Geography of Phytochemical Race
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Dr. Bruce A. Bohm 3685 West 15th Av
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Acknowledgments I thank many worker
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x Abstract which biosynthetic step
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xii Zusammenfassung Leider wurden n
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xiv Contents 2.3.11 Thymus (Lamiace
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xvi Contents 4 Intercontinental Dis
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xviii Contents 6.8 Kerguelen Island
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2 1 Introduction It is useful to me
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246 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.1 Loca
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254 6 Oceanic Islands Compound Chem
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256 6 Oceanic Islands been cytogene
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286 7 Polar Disjunctions and variet
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288 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.2 C
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292 7 Polar Disjunctions (1978), an
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294 7 Polar Disjunctions Table 7.1
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Chapter 8 Conclusions Some years ag
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302 Bibliography Amico, V., Caccame
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304 Bibliography Bennett, K. D. 199
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306 Bibliography Caccamese, S., R.
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308 Bibliography ———, Hussain
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310 Bibliography Del Pero Martinez,
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312 Bibliography ——— 1987. A
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314 Bibliography ———. 1878. F
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316 Bibliography Herz, W. and Kumar
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318 Bibliography Jutila, H. M. 1996
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320 Bibliography Levin, D. A. 1976.
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322 Bibliography Masuda, M., Abe, T
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324 Bibliography ———. 1966. A
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326 Bibliography Prus-Glowacki, W.
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328 Bibliography Sanders, R. W. 197
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330 Bibliography ———, Morgan,
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332 Bibliography Takhajan, A. 1969.
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334 Bibliography von Rudloff, E. 19
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336 Bibliography ———, Koenig,
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Plant Family Index Algae Codiaceae,
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Plant Genus Index Algae Chondrococc
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Plant Genus Index 343 Bryophytes (l
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346 Subject Index Cyanogenesis, gen
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348 Subject Index Romania, 36 Rooib
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The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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