The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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3.2 North American Conifers 145 Fig. 3.8 Map of Cupressus bakeri sites margaric (17:0), behenic (22:0), and lignoceric (24:0). The unsaturated acid fraction consisted of oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), linolenic (18:3), cis-11-octadecenoid (cisvaccenic) (18:1), cis-11-eicosenoic (20:1), cis-5,11-eicosadienoic (20:2), cis-11,14eicosadienoic (20:21), cis-5, 11,14-eicosatrienoic (20:3), cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic (20:3), and cis-5,11,14,17-eicosatetraenoic (20:4). Canonical discriminant analysis revealed statistically signifi cant separations between most population pairs but the sensitivity of the analysis to small changes in fatty acid concentration rendered the results less meaningful. Although there was some separation of the two subspecies with some of the canonical variables, other variables showed no separation at all. The authors chose the more conservative approach and concluded that fatty acid composition provides only marginal support for recognition of the infraspecifi c groups. Foliage from 63 trees representing seven populations of Baker cypress was collected and analyzed for mono- and sesquiterpenes (Rafi i et al., 1992a). The array of compounds identifi ed from this species is quite impressive; structures were established for 31 of the 54 compounds that were detected in greater than trace quantities. Stepwise discriminant analysis for the combined mono- and sesquiterpene data reduced the number of variables to a more manageable dozen: β-pinene, 3-carene, p-cymene, β-phellandrene, camphor, bornyl acetate, and four unknowns. Canonical discriminant analysis of the resulting variables yielded a three-dimensional array that accounted for 84% of the total variation. When the fi rst two variables were plotted, the northernmost populations, 1 and 2, formed a group separated from all others. Population 6, the southernmost population, was also well separated from the others. Populations 4 and 5, constituting the sample from the middle of the range, fell together but were not clearly separated from populations 3 and 7. The latter two
146 3 After the Ice populations, representing Goose Nest Mountain in eastern Siskiyou County, were not separated from each other and were only peripherally separated from populations 4 and 5. Separation of the populations at the northern and southern extremes of the species would seem to offer support for the recognition of the subspecies. Problems arise, however, in that the populations in the middle of the range do not fall nicely into either camp. The conclusion of the authors that the terpene data do not support recognition of infraspecifi c taxa seems reasonable. The unexpected similarity of populations 3 and 7 from Goosenest Mountain prompted Dodd and Rafi i (1994) to examine a larger sample for terpene variation. Fifty-one trees from fi ve populations were analyzed and found to exhibit a larger level of chemical and genetic variation than seen in any other population. This was in total agreement with earlier morphometric studies. The authors suggested that these levels of variation could be accounted for if the Goosenest Mountain area is considered as a region of transition for the species. Further, the high level of variation between adjacent populations was taken to indicate restricted gene fl ow within the species. 3.2.3 Picea (Pinaceae) Picea—the spruces—consists of about 40 species (Mabberley, 1997, p. 555), members of which occur widespread in cooler habitats in the Northern Hemisphere. Picea is a major element in the forest fl ora of many areas of North America: P. breweriana S. Wats. (Brewer’s spruce) of central California; P. engelmannii Parry (Engelmann’s spruce) of western North America; P. glauca (Moench) Voss and P. mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. (white and black spruce, respectively) of boreal North America; P. pungens Engelm. (blue or Colorado spruce) of the Rocky Mountains; P. rubens Sarg. (red spruce) of eastern North America; and P. sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. (Sitka spruce) of the Pacifi c coast. All of these species have been examined chemically to a greater or lesser extent. Much of the earlier information on chemotaxonomic studies of spruce, along with other conifer genera, has been reviewed by von Rudloff (1975). The value of spruce-oil chemistry in sorting out problems of hybridization and introgression—major factors in Picea taxonomy—was succinctly summarized by von Rudloff who defi ned three situations: (1) Terpene variation is limited such that it is not possible to use these characters in studies of introgression; this is the case in eastern North America where the ranges of black spruce and red spruce overlap. (2) Suffi cient variation in terpene profi les exists for the compounds to be useful markers in systematic studies as seen in white spruce, Brewer’s spruce, and Sitka spruce. (3) Tree-to-tree variation in terpene content is so variable that use in chemosystematic studies is precluded, or at least requires very large sample sizes for statistical reliability, as seen with Engelmann’s spruce. The overall usefulness of terpene data for defi ning geographical races is shown in the comparison of profi les of eastern and western white spruce (see von Rudloff, 1975, for specifi c citations). Leaf oil analysis revealed consistent differences in
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The Geography of Phytochemical Race
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Dr. Bruce A. Bohm 3685 West 15th Av
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Acknowledgments I thank many worker
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x Abstract which biosynthetic step
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xii Zusammenfassung Leider wurden n
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xiv Contents 2.3.11 Thymus (Lamiace
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xvi Contents 4 Intercontinental Dis
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xviii Contents 6.8 Kerguelen Island
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2 1 Introduction It is useful to me
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292 7 Polar Disjunctions (1978), an
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294 7 Polar Disjunctions Table 7.1
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Chapter 8 Conclusions Some years ag
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302 Bibliography Amico, V., Caccame
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304 Bibliography Bennett, K. D. 199
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306 Bibliography Caccamese, S., R.
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308 Bibliography ———, Hussain
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310 Bibliography Del Pero Martinez,
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312 Bibliography ——— 1987. A
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314 Bibliography ———. 1878. F
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316 Bibliography Herz, W. and Kumar
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318 Bibliography Jutila, H. M. 1996
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320 Bibliography Levin, D. A. 1976.
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322 Bibliography Masuda, M., Abe, T
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324 Bibliography ———. 1966. A
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326 Bibliography Prus-Glowacki, W.
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328 Bibliography Sanders, R. W. 197
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330 Bibliography ———, Morgan,
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332 Bibliography Takhajan, A. 1969.
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334 Bibliography von Rudloff, E. 19
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336 Bibliography ———, Koenig,
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Plant Family Index Algae Codiaceae,
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Plant Genus Index Algae Chondrococc
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Plant Genus Index 343 Bryophytes (l
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346 Subject Index Cyanogenesis, gen
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348 Subject Index Romania, 36 Rooib
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The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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