The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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xviii Contents 6.8 Kerguelen Islands ..................................................................................277 6.8.1 Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae) ....................................................277 6.9 Macaronesia ..........................................................................................279 6.9.1 Anomalographis madeirensis (Graphidaceae) ..........................280 6.9.2 Dactylis glomerata (Poaceae) ...................................................280 6.9.3 Laurus azorica (Lauraceae) ......................................................282 6.9.4 Todaroa aurea (Apiaceae) .........................................................282 7 Polar Disjunctions ....................................................................................... 285 7.1 Ambrosia chamissonis (Asteraceae) .....................................................285 7.2 Blennosperma (Asteraceae) ..................................................................288 7.3 Chrysosplenium (Saxifragaceae) ...........................................................289 7.4 Encelia canescens (Asteraceae) ............................................................290 7.5 Eschscholzia californica (Papaveraceae) ..............................................291 7.6 Krameria (Krameriaceae) .....................................................................291 7.7 Larrea (Zygophyllaceae) ......................................................................292 7.8 Lasthenia (Asteraceae) ..........................................................................295 7.9 Perityle emoryi (Asteraceae) .................................................................295 7.10 Tradescantia (Commelinaceae) ............................................................296 8 Conclusions .................................................................................................. 299 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 301 Plant Family Index ............................................................................................ 339 Plant Genus Index ............................................................................................. 341 Subject Index ..................................................................................................... 345
Chapter 1 Introduction Patterns of occurrence of morphological features of a species across its natural range can often provide insights into evolutionary relationships within the taxon. In principal, at least, this should be no less true when the differences involve secondary metabolites. That secondary metabolites indeed have played and continue to play a role in systematics is borne out by the very signifi cant impact that chemotaxonomy has had on the subject. An added feature of the use of secondary metabolites is the extensive literature documenting the biosynthetic steps by which they are formed, and in several cases, the genetic basis for many of the steps involved. Thus, if the details of a given biosynthetic pathway are suffi ciently well understood, it is often possible to infer differences in the genetic composition of species (or populations) that differ by the presence or absence of a particular compound or set of compounds. This application is most useful in the case of compound types that have lent themselves to straightforward biosynthetic analysis, fl avonoids, and simple terpene derivatives in particular. In the case of simple terpenes, where quantitative information is more reliably available, differences in chemical structures are less important. Although it is possible to infer genetic differences between species, or among populations, as mentioned above, the direction of evolutionary change in the chemistries involved is not at all straightforward. For example, a very simple fl avonoid profi le may be interpreted as either representing the primitive (or pleisiomorphic) condition or an advanced (apomorphic) condition where loss of one or more members of a pathway represents a derived condition. Only when detailed phylogenetic analyses have been performed is it possible to say which of these positions the profi le represents. In a few cases described below, phylogenetic analysis of the taxa involved has been carried out, making it possible to comment on the evolutionary signifi cance, if any, of the secondary compounds involved. The natural product literature is vast, with only a passing comment on chemical differences between plants from different sources occasionally included. It is virtually impossible to track down all of these examples; thus, the examples below represent only a sampling of chemical variation in the plant kingdom. Although not exhaustive, the sampling does include most classes of natural products and a fairly wide sampling of major taxa, including lichens, algae, bryophytes, ferns, fl owering plants, and conifers. B.A. Bohm, The Geography of Phytochemical Races, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009 1
Page 2 and 3: The Geography of Phytochemical Race
Page 4 and 5: Dr. Bruce A. Bohm 3685 West 15th Av
Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgments I thank many worker
Page 8 and 9: x Abstract which biosynthetic step
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Page 12 and 13: xiv Contents 2.3.11 Thymus (Lamiace
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Chapter 3 After the Ice According t
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3.1 North America 127 Fig. 3.1 Comp
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3.1 North America 129 7-O-glucoside
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3.1 North America 131 been found to
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3.1 North America 133 structural ty
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3.1 North America 135 Two species c
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3.1 North America 137 3.1.5 Thuja p
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3.1 North America 139 allele freque
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3.2 North American Conifers 141 fro
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3.2 North American Conifers 143 hom
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3.2 North American Conifers 145 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 147 cam
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3.2 North American Conifers 149 hig
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3.2 North American Conifers 151 dis
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3.2 North American Conifers 153 Fig
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3.2 North American Conifers 157 Tab
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3.2 North American Conifers 159 Fol
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3.2 North American Conifers 161 sim
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3.3 Europe 163 Fig. 3.11 Compounds
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3.3 Europe 165 levels of 3-carene i
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3.4 South America 167 historic time
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3.4 South America 169 Fig. 3.13 Com
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3.4 South America 171 Mediterranean
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174 4 Intercontinental Disjunctions
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246 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.1 Loca
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254 6 Oceanic Islands Compound Chem
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294 7 Polar Disjunctions Table 7.1
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Chapter 8 Conclusions Some years ag
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302 Bibliography Amico, V., Caccame
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304 Bibliography Bennett, K. D. 199
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306 Bibliography Caccamese, S., R.
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308 Bibliography ———, Hussain
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310 Bibliography Del Pero Martinez,
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312 Bibliography ——— 1987. A
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314 Bibliography ———. 1878. F
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316 Bibliography Herz, W. and Kumar
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318 Bibliography Jutila, H. M. 1996
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320 Bibliography Levin, D. A. 1976.
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322 Bibliography Masuda, M., Abe, T
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324 Bibliography ———. 1966. A
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326 Bibliography Prus-Glowacki, W.
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328 Bibliography Sanders, R. W. 197
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330 Bibliography ———, Morgan,
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332 Bibliography Takhajan, A. 1969.
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334 Bibliography von Rudloff, E. 19
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336 Bibliography ———, Koenig,
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Plant Family Index Algae Codiaceae,
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Plant Genus Index Algae Chondrococc
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Plant Genus Index 343 Bryophytes (l
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346 Subject Index Cyanogenesis, gen
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348 Subject Index Romania, 36 Rooib
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The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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