The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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3.1 North America 129 7-O-glucoside occurred only in populations in the northern part of the species’ range, that is, in populations from Alberta, British Columbia, Washington, and the Yukon Territory. An apparent anomaly was pointed out by Wolf and Denford, namely, that the population from Ontario, which would have been expected to mirror other northern populations, did not exhibit luteolin 7-O-glucoside, although this compound had been reported in fl oral tissue from plants from this general area (Borokowski et al., 1966). 6-Methoxyluteolin 7-O-glucoside was observed in fewer populations than the previous compound, but their ranges did overlap. This compound also was observed in one of two Montana populations sampled. The authors suggested that the present fl avonoid profi les represent, for the most part, the result of depletion of the ancestral profi le through the action of founder effect, genetic drift, and a reduction of “phenotypes-chemotypes” as a result of apomictic reproductive isolation. The existence of two different arrays with respect to luteolin 7-O-glucoside and 6-methoxyluteolin 7-O-glucoside was taken to indicate the possible existence of two different refugia during Pleistocene glaciation, although the possibility of other explanations was not ruled out. Other possible effects of glaciation will be encountered below when we examine the remaining species in subgenus Austromontana. Examination of all members of subgenus Austromontana for fl avonoids (Wolf and Denford, 1984a) and morphological features, followed by multivariate statistical analyses (Wolf and Whitkus, 1987), confi rmed the close relationship among the species and supported the view that A. cordifolia and A. latifolia were ancestral types. Differentiation of the remaining species seems to have occurred primarily in the Klamath region of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon, from which area dispersal has occurred (Fig. 3.2). A quick look at the range of each species will set the scene for speculation as to how the present overall pattern became established. Arnica cordifolia is a very wide-ranging species, as noted in the paragraphs above. Arnica latifolia, which is considered to have originated from A. cordifolia, is also widely distributed, ranging from Alaska through Colorado and northern California. It is comprised of mostly diploid populations. Chemical, cytological, and morphological information led to the conclusion that these two taxa represent a progenitor-daughter species pair. Additional support for the close relationship between them comes from the observation that they have hybridized to produce A. gracilis Rydb. (Wolf and Denford, 1984b). Arnica discoidea Benth. is of more limited occurrence than either A. cordifolia or A. latifolia with a range that includes the Californian Coast Ranges, foothills of the Sierra Nevada, and in the Cascades as far north as southern Washington. Diploid, triploid, and tetraploid races have been reported with the diploids largely restricted to the Klamath area. Although the fl avonoid profi le of A. discoidea resembles that of A. cordifolia quite closely, some interesting geographic patterns exist. For example, luteolin 7-O-glucoside and its 6-methoxy derivative, known otherwise only from A. cordifolia, occur only in populations of A. discoidea in the Klamath area. Populations in the Klamath area in general exhibit greater fl avonoid diversity than populations that occur farther to the east and north. In addition to simpler fl avonoid profi les in the non-Klamath populations, plants in these areas tend to be
130 3 After the Ice Fig. 3.2 Map of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon showing the Klamath area. Arrows represent general dispersals from the refugial area characterized by higher ploidy levels (3n and 4n). These observations are consistent with the origin of A. discoidea from A. cordifolia in the Klamath region, with subsequent radiation accompanied by polyploidization and simplifi cation of fl avonoid profi le. Arnica spathulata Greene is a largely diploid, serpentine endemic of the Klamath region thought by Wolf and Denford (1984a) to have arisen from A. discoidea. The fl avonoid profi le of A. spathulata, which is a subset of the A. discoidea profi le, is concordant with that origin. The much more uncommon tetraploid form of this species has a simpler fl avonoid profi le, again suggesting that radiation from the center of origin of these taxa is accompanied by an increase in chromosome number and fl avonoid-profi le simplifi cation. Arnica venosa H. M. Hall, also a diploid, is the most restricted species in this set, with a range that includes arid sites in western Shasta County and eastern Trinity County, California. The fl avonoids identifi ed from this species represent a subset of the profi le of A. discoidea, from which it is thought to have arisen. Possible hybrids between A. discoidea and A. venosa have
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The Geography of Phytochemical Race
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Dr. Bruce A. Bohm 3685 West 15th Av
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Acknowledgments I thank many worker
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x Abstract which biosynthetic step
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xii Zusammenfassung Leider wurden n
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xiv Contents 2.3.11 Thymus (Lamiace
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xvi Contents 4 Intercontinental Dis
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xviii Contents 6.8 Kerguelen Island
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2 1 Introduction It is useful to me
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Page 178 and 179: 3.3 Europe 163 Fig. 3.11 Compounds
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180 4 Intercontinental Disjunctions
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230 5 Wide Disjunctions Table 5.2 A
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246 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.1 Loca
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250 6 Oceanic Islands levels of spe
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254 6 Oceanic Islands Compound Chem
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256 6 Oceanic Islands been cytogene
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260 6 Oceanic Islands compounds wit
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264 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.8 Map
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266 6 Oceanic Islands (formerly the
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268 6 Oceanic Islands It is not pos
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272 6 Oceanic Islands A single popu
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274 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.11 Map
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276 6 Oceanic Islands primarily of
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280 6 Oceanic Islands Fuerteventura
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282 6 Oceanic Islands tetraploid Me
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284 6 Oceanic Islands to support re
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286 7 Polar Disjunctions and variet
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288 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.2 C
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290 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.3 C
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292 7 Polar Disjunctions (1978), an
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294 7 Polar Disjunctions Table 7.1
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296 7 Polar Disjunctions occurs thr
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Chapter 8 Conclusions Some years ag
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302 Bibliography Amico, V., Caccame
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304 Bibliography Bennett, K. D. 199
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306 Bibliography Caccamese, S., R.
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308 Bibliography ———, Hussain
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310 Bibliography Del Pero Martinez,
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312 Bibliography ——— 1987. A
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314 Bibliography ———. 1878. F
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316 Bibliography Herz, W. and Kumar
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318 Bibliography Jutila, H. M. 1996
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320 Bibliography Levin, D. A. 1976.
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322 Bibliography Masuda, M., Abe, T
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324 Bibliography ———. 1966. A
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326 Bibliography Prus-Glowacki, W.
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328 Bibliography Sanders, R. W. 197
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330 Bibliography ———, Morgan,
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332 Bibliography Takhajan, A. 1969.
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334 Bibliography von Rudloff, E. 19
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336 Bibliography ———, Koenig,
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Plant Family Index Algae Codiaceae,
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Plant Genus Index Algae Chondrococc
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Plant Genus Index 343 Bryophytes (l
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346 Subject Index Cyanogenesis, gen
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348 Subject Index Romania, 36 Rooib
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The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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