The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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3.1 North America 127 Fig. 3.1 Compounds 252–255, fl avonoids from Luetkea pectinata. Compounds 256–258, fl avonoids from Tolmeia menziesii. Compounds 259–263, fl avonoids from Arnica cordifolia (x = 7, 2n = 28), while those from the southern part of the range, northern California, and southern Oregon, were diploid (2n = 14). The fl avonoids of T. menziesii were fi rst reported in 1979 (Bohm, 1979) before the existence of two cytotypes had been reported. Owing to the limited sampling in that work (six populations), and the more recent discovery of autopolyploidy, it was decided to reinvestigate the situation.
128 3 After the Ice Specimens from 29 populations, representing the entire range of the species, were analyzed and found to exhibit extremely similar profi les (Soltis and Bohm, 1986). Kaempferol [256], quercetin [253], isorhamnetin [257], and myricetin [258] 3-Omono- and 3-O-diglycosides were observed in all specimens with variation limited to 3-O-triglycosides (see Fig. 3.1 for structures 256–258). Since the triglycosides were present in much smaller amounts than the other glycoside classes and limited amounts of plant material were used in the analyses, it was not possible to say with certainty that triglycosides were absent (visual inspection of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatograms). With that caveat in mind, it was concluded that there is no distinction between the cytotypes based upon fl avonoid profi le, which is what one would anticipate in an autotetraploid system. 3.1.3 Arnica (Asteraceae), a Note on Sedum (Crassulaceae), and a Comment on Antennaria (Asteraceae) The fi rst species of Arnica that we examine belong to subgenus Austromontana Maguire, a North American group that consists of nine species (Maquire, 1943). Members of the group occur over a large area in western North America, although some of its constituent species have very limited ranges. Arnica cordifolia Hook. and its derivative species A. latifolia Bong. are considered ancestral and occupy the widest ranges within the subgenus. The fi rst detailed study of the fl avonoids of the group focused on A. cordifolia, an apomictic polyploid complex that extends from the Yukon Territory to central California and northern New Mexico, with disjunct populations in Ontario and Michigan. Wolf and Denford (1983) sampled 33 populations representing all fi ve known chromosome races with numbers ranging from 2n = 38 (diploids) to 2n = 114 hexaploids). Tetraploids are widespread and triploids occur along the front ranges of the Rocky Mountains, while diploids, pentaploids, and hexaploids are rare and are widely scattered. There was no correlation of fl avonoid profi le with chromosome number, reminiscent of the fi ndings of Glennie et al. (1971) on the Senecio radicans complex in Africa and adjacent regions where eight chromosome races were involved. Similarly, diploid and tetraploid races of Lasthenia californica (Asteraceae) show no relationship with fl avonoid profi les throughout the range of the species (Desrochers and Bohm, 1993). Quercetin 3-O-gentiobioside and quercetin 3-O-diglucoside [233-O-Glycs) were, with a single exception, ubiquitous in the 33 populations of A. cordifolia. Apigenin 7-methyl ether (genkwanin) [259] (see Fig. 3.1 for structures 259–263) was seen in the one population collected in California, and quercetin 3-methyl ether [260] was seen in two populations, one in British Columbia and one in Oregon. 6-Methoxyapigenin (hispidulin) [261], 6-methoxykaempferol 3-O-glucoside [262], and the 3-O-glucosides of kaempferol and quercetin were all more or less randomly distributed throughout the populations. Two compounds, however, showed regionalism in their distribution, luteolin 7-O-glucoside [254] and 6-methoxyluteolin 7-O-glucoside [263]. Luteolin
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The Geography of Phytochemical Race
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Dr. Bruce A. Bohm 3685 West 15th Av
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Acknowledgments I thank many worker
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x Abstract which biosynthetic step
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xii Zusammenfassung Leider wurden n
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xiv Contents 2.3.11 Thymus (Lamiace
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xvi Contents 4 Intercontinental Dis
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xviii Contents 6.8 Kerguelen Island
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2 1 Introduction It is useful to me
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178 4 Intercontinental Disjunctions
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246 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.1 Loca
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254 6 Oceanic Islands Compound Chem
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256 6 Oceanic Islands been cytogene
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280 6 Oceanic Islands Fuerteventura
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286 7 Polar Disjunctions and variet
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288 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.2 C
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292 7 Polar Disjunctions (1978), an
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294 7 Polar Disjunctions Table 7.1
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Chapter 8 Conclusions Some years ag
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302 Bibliography Amico, V., Caccame
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304 Bibliography Bennett, K. D. 199
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306 Bibliography Caccamese, S., R.
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308 Bibliography ———, Hussain
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310 Bibliography Del Pero Martinez,
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312 Bibliography ——— 1987. A
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314 Bibliography ———. 1878. F
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316 Bibliography Herz, W. and Kumar
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318 Bibliography Jutila, H. M. 1996
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320 Bibliography Levin, D. A. 1976.
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322 Bibliography Masuda, M., Abe, T
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324 Bibliography ———. 1966. A
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326 Bibliography Prus-Glowacki, W.
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328 Bibliography Sanders, R. W. 197
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330 Bibliography ———, Morgan,
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332 Bibliography Takhajan, A. 1969.
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334 Bibliography von Rudloff, E. 19
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336 Bibliography ———, Koenig,
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Plant Family Index Algae Codiaceae,
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Plant Genus Index Algae Chondrococc
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Plant Genus Index 343 Bryophytes (l
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346 Subject Index Cyanogenesis, gen
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348 Subject Index Romania, 36 Rooib
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The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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