The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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122 2 Examples Within Continents undeca-2E,4Z-diene-8,10-diynoic acid isobutylamide. Other members of this group differ in length of chain, degree of unsaturation, and constitution of the amine function. Caffeic-acid derivatives include the widely distributed chlorogenic acid (3-caffeoylquinic acid), cynarin (dicaffeoyl quinic acid), caftaric acid [247], and cichoric acid [248], which are mono- and diesters of tartaric acid and caffeic acid, respectively, and echinacoside [249]. In addition to chemotype patterning revealed by statistical analysis of the data, latitudinal relationships emerged as well. Concentrations of cichoric acid and echinacoside and one of the amides, undeca-2Z,4Z-diene-8,10-diynoic acid 2-methylbutyl amide [246], with a larger amine-bearing group increased with latitude. The inverse relationship was observed for caftaric acid and hexadeca-2E,9Z-diene- 12,14-diynoic acid isobutylamide. The latitudinal differences may be of importance in helping to identify populations for selection of seed for propagation. 2.7.26 Lippia dulcis (Verbenaceae) The last example in this section features Lippia dulcis Trev., whose range extends from southern Mexico to Panama and Colombia and on the Caribbean islands of Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Hispaniola, among others. This example underlines a fundamental question that must always be borne in mind: is the taxonomy of the subject species correct? The plant has long been used in traditional medicine for a variety of illnesses and is characterized by having intensely sweet-tasting leaves and fl owers, and a highly aromatic scent. Earlier work by Compadre et al. (1985) described identifi cation of the bisabolene sesquiterpenoid hernandulin as the sweet principle of plants collected in Mexico (known locally as “hierba dulce”). Subsequent studies from the same laboratory (Compadre et al., 1985, 1987) resulted in contradictory fi ndings, in that some specimens had very little hernandulin, while others, in fact, had substantial quantities of camphor (up to 53%) who’s bitter taste is not at all in accord with the various names by which the plant is known, as well as accounts in older literature that the plant is “sweeter than honey” (Souto-Bachiller et al., 1997). These last named workers subjected plant material from Puerto Rico to detailed chemical analysis with particular emphasis on identifying the camphoraceous component. (+)-Hernandulcin [250] and its epimer (−)-epi-hernandulcin [251] (see Fig. 2.77) were found to be the major components of the herb. The level of camphor, if present, was less than 0.01%. In addition to the hernandulcin epimers, numerous other volatile components of the Puerto Rican material were detected, almost none of which were detected in extracts of the Mexican material analyzed under identical conditions. Moreover, those compounds that are held in common are present in often very different proportions. Differences in summed volatiles are also signifi - cantly different: 8.14% total monoterpenoids in Puerto Rican material opposed to 86.29% in Mexican and 79.52% versus 6.00% total sesquiterpenoids, respectively. Differences in total volatile fractions were of the same magnitude.
2.7 North and Central America 123 The authors discounted the existence of two chemotypes of L. dulcis on the grounds that no evidence appears to exist as to this level of plasticity in this species. Rather, they suggested that the problem likely arose in the source of the Mexican specimen, which consisted of plants collected in the vicinity of Tlayacapan ( Morelos) and mixed with “hierba dulce” purchased in a market in Mexico City. Adulteration of the commercial product, not an uncommon practice, likely accounts for the striking chemical differences between the two specimens.
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The Geography of Phytochemical Race
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Dr. Bruce A. Bohm 3685 West 15th Av
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Acknowledgments I thank many worker
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x Abstract which biosynthetic step
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xii Zusammenfassung Leider wurden n
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xiv Contents 2.3.11 Thymus (Lamiace
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xvi Contents 4 Intercontinental Dis
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xviii Contents 6.8 Kerguelen Island
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2 1 Introduction It is useful to me
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Page 178 and 179: 3.3 Europe 163 Fig. 3.11 Compounds
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174 4 Intercontinental Disjunctions
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218 5 Wide Disjunctions consisting
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220 5 Wide Disjunctions and, unrela
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226 5 Wide Disjunctions differences
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228 5 Wide Disjunctions also been i
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230 5 Wide Disjunctions Table 5.2 A
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234 5 Wide Disjunctions Southern He
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236 5 Wide Disjunctions obtained. E
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238 5 Wide Disjunctions Table 5.4 O
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240 5 Wide Disjunctions Fig. 5.12 C
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242 5 Wide Disjunctions comparable
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246 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.1 Loca
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248 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.2 Comp
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250 6 Oceanic Islands levels of spe
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254 6 Oceanic Islands Compound Chem
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256 6 Oceanic Islands been cytogene
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260 6 Oceanic Islands compounds wit
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262 6 Oceanic Islands preparation o
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264 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.8 Map
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266 6 Oceanic Islands (formerly the
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268 6 Oceanic Islands It is not pos
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270 6 Oceanic Islands appropriate p
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272 6 Oceanic Islands A single popu
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274 6 Oceanic Islands Fig. 6.11 Map
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276 6 Oceanic Islands primarily of
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278 6 Oceanic Islands the present c
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280 6 Oceanic Islands Fuerteventura
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282 6 Oceanic Islands tetraploid Me
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284 6 Oceanic Islands to support re
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286 7 Polar Disjunctions and variet
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288 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.2 C
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290 7 Polar Disjunctions Fig. 7.3 C
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292 7 Polar Disjunctions (1978), an
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294 7 Polar Disjunctions Table 7.1
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296 7 Polar Disjunctions occurs thr
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Chapter 8 Conclusions Some years ag
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302 Bibliography Amico, V., Caccame
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304 Bibliography Bennett, K. D. 199
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306 Bibliography Caccamese, S., R.
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308 Bibliography ———, Hussain
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310 Bibliography Del Pero Martinez,
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312 Bibliography ——— 1987. A
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314 Bibliography ———. 1878. F
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316 Bibliography Herz, W. and Kumar
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318 Bibliography Jutila, H. M. 1996
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320 Bibliography Levin, D. A. 1976.
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322 Bibliography Masuda, M., Abe, T
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324 Bibliography ———. 1966. A
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326 Bibliography Prus-Glowacki, W.
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328 Bibliography Sanders, R. W. 197
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330 Bibliography ———, Morgan,
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332 Bibliography Takhajan, A. 1969.
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334 Bibliography von Rudloff, E. 19
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336 Bibliography ———, Koenig,
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Plant Family Index Algae Codiaceae,
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Plant Genus Index Algae Chondrococc
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Plant Genus Index 343 Bryophytes (l
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346 Subject Index Cyanogenesis, gen
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348 Subject Index Romania, 36 Rooib
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The Geography of Phytochemical Races

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