Port baseline surveys for introduced marine pests- The ... - Cairns Port

PORT BASELINE SURVEYS FOR INTRODUCED 

MARINE PESTS: THE PORT OF CAPE 

FLATTERY 

FINAL REPORT 

PREPARED FOR 

PORTS CORPORATION QUEENSLAND 

AUTHORS 

NEIL, K.M., J. SHEAVES, A. WIEBKIN 

CRC REEF RESEARCH 

SCHOOL OF MARINE BIOLOGY AND AQUACULTURE 

MAY 2002 

CRC REEF JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY 

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CAPE FLATTERY FINAL REPORT 

Table of Contents 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................ii 

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 

2. Description of the Port of Cape Flattery...................................................................... 3 

3. Existing Environmental and Biological Information ...................................................... 5 

4. METHODS ............................................................................................................... 6 

4.1 Details of sampling design for Cape Flattery............................................................... 6 

4.1.1 Wharf pile scrapings........................................................................................... 7 

4.1.2 Intertidal rocky substrate sampling...................................................................... 8 

4.1.3 Beam trawls ...................................................................................................... 9 

4.1.4 Ocklemann sledge-dredge .................................................................................. 9 

4.1.5 Benthic infauna – grab samples .......................................................................... 9 

4.1.6 Dinoflagellate cysts ............................................................................................ 9 

4.1.7 Sediment samples.............................................................................................10 

4.1.8 Crabs and shrimps ............................................................................................10 

4.1.9 Fish .................................................................................................................10 

4.1.10 Crab exuviae – beach drift surveys ....................................................................10 

4.1.11 Phytoplankton and zooplankton........................................................................11 

4.1.12 Environmental Data............................................................................................11 

4.2 Approval of the sampling methods by CRIMP ............................................................11 

4.3 Sorting and identification of specimens .....................................................................11 

5. SURVEY RESULTS ...................................................................................................13 

5.1 .........................................................................Hard substrates, algae and invertebrates 

...................................................................................................................................15 

5.1.1 Wharf pile scrapings..........................................................................................15 

5.1.2 Intertidal rocky substrate collections and crab exuviae – beach wrack ...................15 

5.2 Soft substrate algae and invertebrates......................................................................16 

5.3 ........................................................................................ Phytoplakton and zooplankton 

...................................................................................................................................16 

Table 2: Phytoplankton taxa recorded from samples collected at the Port of Cape Flattery..17 

Table 3: Zooplankton taxa recorded from samples taken within the Port of Cape Flattery ...18 

5.3 Fish, crab and shrimp samples .................................................................................19 

5.4 Environmental data.................................................................................................19 

Table 4: Environmental data recorded at the Port of Cape Flattery during April, 2001.........19 

5.5 Dinoflagellate cysts .................................................................................................19 


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5.6 Sediment samples...................................................................................................20 

6. Introduced Taxa ..........................................................................................................21 

6.1 ABWMAC Target species..........................................................................................21 

6.2 ................................................................ Cryptogenic species and other introduced taxa 

...................................................................................................................................22 

6.2.1 Cryptogenic species ..........................................................................................22 

6.2.2 Taxa new to science .........................................................................................23 

6.3 ......................................................Potential impacts of introduced taxa found in the port 

...................................................................................................................................24 

6.4 Possible vectors and a risk assessment for the introduction of exotic species to the Port 

of Cape Flattery ............................................................................................................24 

7. CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................27 

References.......................................................................................................................29 

Appendix 1: Taxa recorded from the Port of Cape Flattery Baseline survey. Where possible 

taxa have been identified to the lowest taxonomic unit. ....................................................31 



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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

The Ports Corporation of Queensland, in recognition of the potential introduction of marine 

pests via shipping, initiated a biological survey within the Port of Cape Flattery and adjacent 

marine habitats in order to determine biodiversity levels of endemic and introduced marine 

species. The purpose of this study was to undertake a baseline marine biota survey of the 

marine habitats in the Port of Cape Flattery to determine the presence and/or prevalence of 

introduced marine species and to determine the biodiversity of the native marine assemblages 

present. The Port of Cape Flattery was surveyed for endemic biota and introduced species in 

April and September 2001. The survey primarily focussed on habitats in the vicinity of the main 

shipping berth; samples were also collected from areas adjacent to the Service Jetty and within 

the mouth of Blackwater Creek to ensure a comprehensive coverage of all available marine 

habitats was gained. The selection of habitats for sampling, and the survey methodology, 

broadly followed the sampling protocols for Australian port surveys developed by the CSIRO 

Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Species (CRIMP), outlined in Hewitt and Martin 

(1996, 2001), and met the requirements of the CRIMP protocols. The scope of this work 

involved: 

Development of a field survey protocol for the Port of Cape Flattery that adhered to, but 

was not restricted to, the CRIMP guidelines for port baseline surveys for introduced 

marine pests 

A field survey to collect representative samples of marine organisms present in habitats 

within and adjacent to the Port of Cape Flattery 

Primary and secondary taxonomic analysis of all organisms collected to determine the 

taxonomic composition of the collected assemblages and to determine the 

presence/prevalence of any introduced marine organisms 

A review of available information and literature 

An assessment of the potential impacts of introduced species found in the Port 

An assessment of the potential origin and vectors of introduced species found in the Port 

Assessment of the risk of new introduced species to the Port 

Conclusions from this study as they relate to any actions or future studies 



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The main findings of this study were as follows: 

Design of the field study, field work and the primary and secondary taxonomic analysis of 

specimens from Cape Flattery have been completed. A total of 12 different sampling 

techniques were implemented during the field work to ensure a representative account of the 

biota present within and adjacent to the marine habitats of the Port of Cape Flattery were 

collected. These techniques targeted hard and soft substrata both intertidally and subtidally 

and also the water column collecting both flora and fauna. 

In excess of 870 taxa have been recorded from the Port of Cape Flattery. No Australian 

Ballast Water Management Advisory Committee (ABWMAC) designated pest species 

(Hewitt and Martin, 1996) have been detected at the Port. 

Several isopods belonging to the Family Sphaeromatidae are known to be introduced to the 

Townsville region: Paracerceis sculpta, Spaeroma sculpta and Paradella dianae. Individuals 

belonging to the Family Sphaeromatidae were also recorded from the Cape Flattery region, 

however, their taxonomic identity has not been resolved during the scope of this project. As 

such, the taxa collected may be individuals related to these introduced taxa, may themselves be 

introduced or cryptogenic, or may in fact be native taxa. Until the identity of these taxa is 

resolved they have been listed as cryptogenic. 

A number of taxa were noted to be new to the Queensland fauna. These included one shrimp 

taxa, the Pasiphaeidae Leptochela pugnax (A. Bruce, pers.comm.) and a number of polychaete 

taxa (Perinereis sp.2, Pseudonereis anomala, Pseudonereis sp.2, Ceratonereis perkinsi). A 

number of taxa that were examined by an expert taxonomist from the Phyla Echinodermata and 

Porifera could not be identified to species level within the scope of this project. This may be 

because many of these taxa may be undescribed. Given the lack of knowledge of tropical 

coastal fauna the finding of undescribed taxa is not surprising. It is also unlikely that these 

undescribed taxa represent introduced individuals. However, until the origin of these taxa is 

determined they have been tentatively classified as cryptogenic. Future work in the taxonomy 

of echinoderms and sponges in Australia will clarify the status of these taxa. 

The cryptogenic barnacle, Balanus amphitrite was recorded from both the Cape Flattery region. 

This taxa has previously been recorded in Australia and is regarded as a cosmopolitan fouling 

species with a long history of introduction (Hewitt et al., 1998). The barnacle Tetraclitella 



iii


divisa was also recorded from the Port of Cape Flattery area. This taxa may be a new record 

for the region, although it has been recorded as occurring elsewhere in northern Queenland (J. 

Collins, pers. comm.). Given the unknown origin of this taxa it was tentatively classified as 

cryptogenic until further information is available. 

Three of the pycnogonids sampled from Cape Flattery, belonging to the Families Ammotheidae 

and Callipallenidae, may be new species. Of the polychaetes, the Perinereis sp.2 and the 

Pseudonereis sp.2 which were not previously recorded from the Queensland region may in fact 

be new species and not just new taxa for Australia. Similarly, the polychaete Grubeulepis sp. 

may also be a new species, however, more material is needed to resolve the identity of this 

species. As mentioned above, a number of sponge and echinoderm taxa were undescribed and 

were classified as cryptogenic. These may, however, represent new taxa, not just new records 

for Australian waters. Representatives of the new taxa have been lodged with the appropriate 

taxonomic experts to allow them to be described. A reference collection of taxa sampled from 

the Port of Cape Flattery will be lodged with the CRIMP group, as per the requirements of the 

CRIMP sampling protocols. 

There is no indication that eradication activities at the port should be undertaken at this stage 

as no introduced taxa that would detrimentally influence native assemblages were detected, 

and the cryptogenic species were found to be present in low numbers and are not considered to 

pose a threat of ecological damage to the native biota. It is recommended that monitoring be 

continued on a periodic basis to screen for introduced species but that settlement-monitoring 

devices also be used periodically. The use of settlement-monitoring devices in conjunction with 

ongoing surveys would provide an optimal chance of detecting any invasive species early, 

allowing appropriate management of such a situation to be implemented ensuring minimal 

impact on the native biodiversity in an area. 



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1. INTRODUCTION 

The transfer of species across natural oceanic barriers by shipping has led Carlton and Geller 

(1993) to suggest that bays, estuaries and inland deepwater ports may be amongst the world’s 

most threatened ecosystems. Over 200 exotic marine species have been identified in Australian 

waters and most are believed to have been unintentional introductions associated with shipping 

and mariculture activities (Thresher, 1999). Ballast water and ship hull fouling are widely 

recognised as significant vectors for exotic marine species (e.g. Carlton, 1999; Lavoie et al., 

1999; Reise et al., 1998; Ruiz et al., 2000; Wonham et al., 2000). 

Most ballast water discharge comes from bulk commodity vessels that release ballast water 

prior to and during loading adjacent to and within ports. In July 2001, mandatory arrangements 

were introduced to manage international ballast water. How effective these arrangements will 

be in halting the transfer of exotics to Australian waters is, as yet, unknown. Furthermore, 

currently there are no effective controls governing the transfer of exotics via other vectors, such 

as hull fouling. Therefore, the risk of introduction of exotic species to Australian waters is 

considered high and ports and harbours are particularly at risk. 

Introduced taxa have often been seen to establish in areas with a similar geographical range 

and set of biotic pressures to that of their native environments (Sax, 2001). Queensland has 14 

trading ports and in 1991 these ports received the second largest number of ship visits of the 

Australian states (Kerr, 1994). Despite the large volume of shipping that passes through 

Queensland waters yearly, risk assessment studies for Queensland ports have described the risk 

of an introduced taxa establishing as relatively low because of the different environmental 

conditions (colder) at most of the ports with which they trade (Hilliard and Raaymakers, 1997). 

Recent studies are, however, revealing that although all systems are not equally invasible, that 

is equally, susceptible or resistant to invasion, factors determining the susceptibility of a 

community to invasion remain unclear and may not be restricted to biotic pressures (Lonsdale, 

1999; Stachowicz et al., 1999). 

Since it’s introduction to Tasmanian waters pre 1986 the Northern Pacific seastar, Asterias 

amurensis, has undergone rapid range expansion, decimating native assemblages. The seastar 

is now estimated to occur in numbers in excess of 3 million in the Derwent estuary, Tasmania, 

and is reaching levels around 12 million in just two years in Port Phillip Bay. This rapid range 

expansion has been facilitated, to an extent, by domestic shipping movements. In the tropics 



1


of Australia, the Black Striped Mussel, Mytilopsis sallei, demonstrated a similar capacity to 

invade all local marine habitats, displacing native assemblages, following its accidental 

innoculation to Darwin harbour in 1999. Although successful eradication of this pest from 

Darwin is believed to have been achieved (A. Marshall, NT DPI & Fisheries, pers. comm. 2001), 

the potential for future introductions of this or another organism to the Darwin area, or other 

ports within tropical Australia, remains a real threat. The recent discovery of the invasive Asian 

Green Mussel (Perna viridis) and Caribbean Tube Worm (Hydroides sanctaecrucis) in Trinity 

Inlet, Cairns, exemplifies this. 

In light of growing concern regarding the detrimental effects of introduced marine pest species 

and the potential risk of their translocation by shipping activity, an introduced species survey 

program for Australian ports was initiated through the CSIRO Centre for Research on 

Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) and the Australian Association of Port and Marine Authorities 

(AAPMA). A sampling protocol for surveys of Australian ports for introduced marine pest 

species was developed and produced by CRIMP (Hewitt and Martin, 1996) to provide different 

agencies and research organisations with a set of standardised survey methods. The Ports 

Corporation of Queensland (PCQ), in recognition of the potential introduction of marine pests 

via shipping, initiated, through its EcoPorts program, a series of baseline surveys within the 

ports that they manage. In April and September 2001, James Cook University, through the CRC 

Reef, undertook a two-stage baseline survey for introduced marine pests at the Port of Cape 

Flattery. The primary objective of the survey was to evaluate the taxonomic composition of the 

biota within the port area and surrounding marine habitats, and identify species that may have 

been introduced, in particular, species defined by Australian Ballast Water Management 

Advisory Council (ABWMAC) as having the potential to become pests and having the propensity 

to be introduced via ballast water. 

The first survey undertaken in a tropical Queensland port was that conducted by CRIMP in 1997 

(Hay Point, Hewitt et al., 1998). Subsequently James Cook University’s School of Marine 

Biology and Aquaculture, on behalf of the CRC Reef Research Centre, has undertaken a series 

of tropical harbour surveys commencing with Abbot Point and Mourilyan Harbour (Hoedt et al., 

2000) and including Lucinda (Hoedt et al., 2001a), Weipa (Hoedt et al., 2001b) and Karumba 

(Neil et al., 2001). The CRIMP sampling protocols were used as a basis for these surveys. This 

report summarises the findings of the Port of Cape Flattery survey. 



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2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PORT OF CAPE FLATTERY 

The Port of Cape Flattery is located on the east coast of the Cape York Peninsula 250km north 

of Cairns (14°59’S, 145°21’E). The port lies partially within the Cairns Section of the Great 

Barrier Reef Marine Park with the port limits extending north to Lookout Point, and south to a 

latitude of 15°00’S south of the Cape Flattery wharf (Figure 1). The port is owned by PCQ and 

operated by Cape Flattery Silica Mines Pty Ltd and detailed information regarding the location of 

the port, and the regional setting and catchment area of the port has been described by Hilliard 

et al. (1997). 

The port has a single berth dedicated to the export of mineral sands, principally to Asian 

destinations including Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Hong Kong and the Philippines (Hilliard et al., 

1997). This berth is comprised of a 350m jetty and wharf that extend off the south side of the 

Cape Flattery headland and lie in open, well-mixed coastal waters. A small, sheltered, service 

jetty is also located on the north-west of the Cape Flattery headland (Figure 1). The relatively 

small McIvor River, that drains the Mount Webb National Park (114km 2 catchment), is located 

approximately 18km south of the port and is the only major river system located within the port 

limits (Hilliard et al., 1997) although the smaller Blackwater Creek, situated to the north-west of 

the main headland, also drains within the port limits. 



3


Figure 1. General location map of the Port of Cape Flattery. Sampling 

sites for Grab Samples (ϑ), Ockelman sledge-dredge samples ( ) and Beam trawl 

samples ( ) are also indicated. Pile scrapings were collected from both the 

Service Jetty and the main Cape Flattery Wharf. 

3. 

Blackwater 

Creek 

N 

0 6 

Kilometers 

o 

145 15.8’ 

Pile scrapings 

2 m 

1 m 

Service 

Jetty 

5 m 

15 m 

10 m 

Port Limits 

Cape 

Flattery 

Cape Flattery 

Wharf 

Warf 

Q ueensland 

o 

145 23’ 


ϑϑϑ 

15m 

Pile scrapings 

5m 

10m 

Cairns 


4 

0 

14 55’ 

o 

15 00’


3. EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOLOGICAL 

INFORMATION 

Water temperature and salinity 

Hilliard et al. (1997) note that no water temperature or salinity data specific to the port have 

been collected, but suggest some typical ranges of water temperature and salinity in the region. 

They indicate that the average range of water temperature in the region is approximately 22- 

30°C with mean summer and winter salinity values for the port likely to be close to 35.3ppt and 

34.4ppt respectively. 

Bathymetry 

Hilliard et al. (1997) report that depths beside the main wharf facility fall rapidly from 15m 

(minimum depth) to over 20m within 100m, and fall to over 30m within a further 300m to the 

south–east. Inshore of the berth, depths shoal rapidly to a rocky platform less than 5m deep. 



5


4. METHODS 

Details of the various sampling methods used at Cape Flattery were outlined in the original 

proposal and the first interim report (Sheaves et al., 2001) and are outlined in brief in section 

4.1. The sampling proposal for the Port of Cape Flattery was based on the CRIMP sampling 

protocols for port surveys for introduced marine pests (Hewitt and Martin, 1996) with some 

minor modifications, which have since been recognised by CRIMP in their revised sampling 

protocol (Hewitt and Martin, 2001). 

Visual underwater surveys were not conducted to preclude any potential risks of attack by 

estuarine crocodiles and sharks, which are common inhabitants of waters in the Cape Flattery 

and have previously been known to interfere with divers working in the area. As an alternative 

to visual surveys benthic epifauna and infauna were sampled with two devices: a modified 

Ockelmann sledge-dredge (benthic sled) and a beam trawl. When used in conjunction, these 

devices effectively sample mobile and sessile benthic epifauna and infauna, and obtain a 

representative sample of organisms normally observed by divers during visual transect surveys 

(Hoedt et al., 2001c). For our survey we elected to collect a greater number of beam trawls and 

benthic sleds than are recommended (10 instead of 5). We also used a Smith-McIntyre grab as 

an alternative to diver hand coring (Hewitt and Martin, 1996). The grab is an efficient method 

of collecting large-sized samples of benthic sediment for benthic infauna, dinoflagellate cyst and 

sediment analysis (Wigley, 1967; Smith and Howard, 1972). 

All samples were to be collected during a field trip conducted in April, 2001, however, due to 

rough seas and the loss of some vital sampling equipment (during transit to the field site) some 

scheduled samples were not obtained. All sampling was completed on the secondary field 

survey, undertaken in September 2001, with the assistance of divers contracted to Pacific 

Marine Group who were carrying out works on the main wharf facility for PCQ. Details of which 

samples were collected successfully on the first trip, and those that were obtained at the later 

date were provided in the first interim report to PCQ (Sheaves et al., 2001) and in a progress 

update submitted to PCQ November 2001, respectively. 

4.1 Details of sampling design for Cape Flattery 

Samples were collected from areas within the Port of Cape Flattery, with most of our sampling 

effort focussed around the main export facility (Cape Flattery Wharf, Figure 1). For sampling 



6


purposes the Cape Flattery Wharf was arbitrarily separated in two sections: the inner section 

(IN) which extends from the shore to the 15m isobath line; the outer section (OUT) which 

extends from the 15m isobath line seaward to the loading end (Figure 2). 

4.1.1 Wharf pile scrapings 

Wharf piles harbour a diverse and abundant community of organisms. Samples of fouling 

organisms growing on wharf pile surfaces were collected by divers from the Pacific Marine Dive 

Group. Hewitt and Martin (1996) suggest sampling a minimum of three piles per berth, at 

three depths on each pile, -0.5m, -3m and -7 m below mean sea level (MSL), providing a total 

of 9 samples per berth. 

To ensure a representative sample of taxa inhabiting the pylons within the extensive area 

encompassed by the Port of Cape Flattery it was decided that pylons located at both the inner 

and outer sections of the main wharf were to be sampled in the manner suggested by Hewitt 

and Martin (1996). Biota were collected by undertaking pile scrapes at 3 depths (-0.5m, -3m 

and -7m below Mean Sea Level - MSL) on 3 piles on each of the inner and outer sections of the 

Cape Flattery Wharf. Additionally, 4 samples at 0.5m depth (below MSL) were collected from 

the Service Jetty (Figure 1). Samples from the main wharf were collected during the second 

survey trip conducted in September 2001, while samples collected from the Service Jetty were 

collected during the first survey conducted in April 2001. In total 22 pile scrape samples were 

collected. As divers from Pacific Marine Group, not James Cook University, collected the 

samples from the main wharf facility as part of separate works being undertaken by that group 

on the main wharf facility (for PCQ) it was not possible to obtain videographic and photographic 

records of the samples prior to destructively sampling them. Pacific Marine Group did, 

however, note that photographic records of the pylons (and their encrusting biota) were being 

obtained during the course of other works and that those visual records would be made 

available to PCQ independently to this work. 

When collecting pile scrape samples an area of approximately 0.1m 2 of the pylon was carefully 

scraped to remove all fouling organisms that were present. For each scraping, the biota were 

carefully guided into guided into a collection bag and each sample bag was sealed and hauled 

to the surface where it was immediately preserved. 



7


4.1.2 Intertidal rocky substrate sampling 

Algae and invertebrates inhabiting intertidal regions were collected from rocky substrata and 

man made structures along transects, located parallel to the water, from the same locations as 

crab exuviae surveys (section 4.1.10). Within each location, exposed rocky/hard substrata were 

visually inspected and representative samples of the different types of marine biota were 

collected for identification. In addition, samples of high intertidal biota (above MSL) were 

scraped from wharf piles sampled by divers. 

Figure 2. Location map of the Cape Flattery Wharf showing sampling areas. IN = 

Inner Sampling Section, OUT = Outer Sampling Section. Grab samples taken from this 

area are indicated ( ). 

OUT 

0 500 

Meters 


IN 

N 


8


4.1.3 Beam trawls 

A lightweight aluminium beam trawl mounted on skis was deployed to sample mobile 

epibenthos. Samples were collected around dusk to optimise catches (Hoedt et al., 2001). The 

beam trawl had mouth dimensions of 150x60 cm and the mesh was 3 mm. Tows were of 5-10 

minutes duration, depending upon sediment type at 5 depths (-1m, -2m, -5m, -10m and -15m 

below MSL) from areas adjacent to the Cape Flattery main wharf and adjacent to the Service 

Jetty (Figure 1). A total of 10 beam trawl samples were collected. Samples were preserved in 

10% formalin in seawater for 24 hrs before being transferred to 70% ethanol. 

4.1.4 Ocklemann sledge-dredge 

A modified Ockelmann sledge-dredge device (herafter termed ‘benthic sled’) was used to soft 

substrate epibenthic biota and infauna. The benthic sled is constructed of steel with a 50x14cm 

mouth and a 6mm steel mesh net. It is towed along the bottom and the mouth partially digs 

into the sediment sampling both epibenthic biota and infauna. As for the beam trawls, the 

benthic sled was towed for approximately 10 minutes duration (depending on sediment type) 

from the same depths and locations that the beam trawl was deployed (section 4.1.3). A total 

of 10 sled samples were collected. Samples were preserved in 10% formalin in seawater for 24 

hrs before being transferred to 70% ethanol. 

4.1.5 Benthic infauna – grab samples 

Soft-bottom benthic infauna samples were collected using a Smith-McIntyre grab with paired 

samples taken adjacent to wharf piles along the main wharf. One grab sample was taken close 

to the pile base (4m away to avoid the debris layer of dead pile-fouling organisms at the pile 

base) and a second grab sample was collected 50m away from, and perpendicular to, the berth 

(Figure 2). Six samples were collected from the IN area of the main wharf facility, six others 

were collected from the OUT area of the main wharf. In addition, three samples were collected 

around the Service Jetty and three others from the mouth of the Blackwater Creek (Figure 1). A 

total of 18 grab samples were collected. Samples were washed in a 1mm sieve before being 

fixed in 10% formalin/seawater solution for 24 hours prior to being preserved in 70% etOH. 

4.1.6 Dinoflagellate cysts 

Six samples of dinoflagellate cysts were collected using a van Veen Grab. Although eight 

samples were originally proposed, the limited availability of suitable sediment and sample sites 

restricted the number of samples able to be collected. Much of the sediment within the Cape 



9


Flattery area was coarse-grained sand that was frequently disturbed by water movement (pers. 

obs.). Dinoflagellate cysts are most likely to occur in anoxic, fine grained mud that is not 

frequently disturbed (G. Hallegraeff pers. comm.). Sample sites were selected on site based on 

bathymetry and sediment type. Samples were transported fresh (within 24 hours) to the 

University of Tasmania laboratories for cyst culture and identification (see Hewitt and Martin, 

1996, for methods). 

4.1.7 Sediment samples 

Sediment samples were collected with a Smith-McIntyre grab for particle size analysis from the 

same sites where samples for infauna analysis were taken (Section 4.1.5). A total of 12 samples 

were taken and analysed for grain size and sediment type (ie sand, silt etc.) characteristics. 

4.1.8 Crabs and shrimps 

Three types of commercially available funnel entrance traps were deployed to sample crab and 

shrimp fauna. Two trap types which target crabs are of dimensions 80cm x 55cm x 25cm with 

4cm mesh and 65cm x 45cm x 20cm with 12mm mesh respectively. Traps which target shrimp 

taxa are of dimensions 40cm x 25cm x 25cm with 2mm mesh. Six of each of the above three 

types of trap were deployed between afternoon and morning on successive days from the inner 

and outer sections of the Cape Flattery Wharf and the Service Jetty. A total of 18 traps were 

deployed per location during three nights. Traps were baited with frozen pilchards and prawns 

and were checked within 12 hours of deployment. 

4.1.9 Fish 

A beach seine (50m long with 12mm mesh) was used to sample nearshore fish communities. 

Paired samples were collected at three sites: 1km east of the Service Jetty, 2km west of the 

Service Jetty and 500m south of the Cape Flattery Wharf. Organisms were identified in the 

field when possible. Representative samples of taxa not able to be identified in the field were 

collected for identification at a later date. Any taxa not able to be identified were preserved in 

10% formaldehyde/seawater solution for laboratory examination. 

4.1.10 Crab exuviae – beach drift surveys 

Visual searches for crab exuviae (rocky and sandy shores) were undertaken during low tide at 

the main wharf facility, in two areas adjacent to the Service Jetty and along the shoreline to the 

south-west of the main wharf facility. Any crab exuviae found were collected for subsequent 

identification in the laboratory. 


10 



4.1.11 Phytoplankton and zooplankton 

Phytoplankton and zooplankton were collected using a 20µm mesh ring net and a 100µm mesh 

ring net, respectively. Horizontal surface tows (5 minutes duration) and vertical tows (three 

vertical drops of the net) were taken alongside the Cape Flattery Wharf and the Service Jetty 

with each net type. Zooplankton samples were preserved in 10% formaldehyde/seawater 

solution and phytoplankton samples were preserved in 2% glutaraldehyde-seawater solution. 

In total 8 samples (4 phytoplankton and 4 zooplankton) were collected. 

4.1.12 Environmental Data 

Temperature, salinity and pH were measured in the proximity of the Cape Flattery Wharf and 

the Service Jetty. 

4.2 Approval of the sampling methods by CRIMP 

The survey proposal was reviewed by CRIMP and found to meet the requirements of the CRIMP 

baseline survey protocols. A number of deviations from the standard CRIMP protocols were 

incorporated into the design of the Cape Flattery field survey: 

the addition of 9 scrapings (3 at each depth) to increase the number of samples 

collected from the main Cape Flattery wharf; 

the collection of intertidal samples; 

the use of a 150cm x 60cm beam trawl to collect benthic taxa; 

the use of a modified Ocklemann sledge-dredge to collect benthic taxa; 

the use of a Smith-Mcintyre grab (25cm x 25cm x 13cm) as an alternative to collecting 

diver cores for benthic infauna. 

All of these alterations were found to be acceptable by CRIMP and approved for the field survey 

that was undertaken. 

4.3 Sorting and identification of specimens 

All samples were sorted and underwent preliminary taxonomic analysis at James Cook 

University. Any taxonomic groups requiring a taxonomic specialist for identification to the lowest 

possible taxonomic unit were sent to the appropriate person/institution (Table 1). Where 

possible, and within the confines of this project, these taxa have been identified to the lowest 

possible taxonomic unit, however, a number of taxa collected during the Port of Cape Flattery 

survey represent as yet undescribed species. These taxa have been lodged with appropriate 

taxonomic experts for description. 


11 



Table 1: Specialist taxonomists external to the JCU/CRC introduced marine 

species group involved in identifying material collected from Port Baseline Surveys. 

(Note that these taxonomists may not have confirmed identifications provided by the JCU/CRC group.) 

Taxonomist Speciality Institute 

Dr J. Lowry Amphipoda Australian Museum 

Ms J. Bite Algae/Seagrasses DPI, Northern Fisheries 

Dr J. Hooper Ascidians Queensland Museum 

Dr J. Collins Barnacles James Cook University 

Dr R. Willan Bivalves Northern Territory Museum 

Dr P. Arnold Bryozoans Museum of Tropical Queensland 

Dr P. Davie Crabs Queensland Museum 

Dr G. Hallegraeff Dinoflagellates University of Tasmania 

Dr A. Dartnall Echinoderms James Cook University 

Dr J. Collins Gastropods James Cook University 

Dr J. Watson Hydrozoans Private 

Dr G. Poore Isopods Museum Victoria 

Dr G. Brodie Nudibranchs James Cook University 

Dr G. Hallegraeff Phytoplankton University of Tasmania 

Dr C. Watson Polychaete worms Northern Territory Museum 

Ms C. Arango Pycnogonids James Cook University 

Dr A. Bruce Shrimps Private 

Dr A. Dartnall Sipunculids James Cook University 

Dr J. Hooper Sponges Queensland Museum 

Dr D. McKinnon Zooplankton Australian Institute of Marine Science 


12 



5. SURVEY RESULTS 

A total of 877 different taxa, that were categorised into 24 different taxonomic groupings, were 

recorded from scrape samples, grab samples, beam trawl samples, sled samples, intertidal 

surveys, seine nets, beach wracks and shrimp traps. Appendix 1 represents a complete list of 

these taxa. The greatest number of taxa were found from piles scrapes, grab samples, beam 

trawl and sled samples and the least number were found from shrimp trap samples (Figure 3). 

Number 

1000 

900 

800 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

Figure 3: Number of taxa/species sampled by each 

different sampling technique 

Pile 

scrape 

Grab Beam 

trawl 

Sled Beach 

wrack 

Sampling Technique 

Intertidal 

survey 

Seine net Shrimp 

pot 

# taxa 

# species 

797 of the 877 taxa sampled from Cape Flattery were collected by the four main sampling 

techniques (sleds, trawls, grabs and pile scrapes) and very few taxa were recorded from 

samples collected by two or more techniques. Of the taxa sampled by the four main sampling 

techniques only 1 of these taxa was sampled by all four methods, a bryozoan belonging to the 

Family Membranipora. The majority of taxa were, however, recorded from only one of the four 

major sampling tools. Ten of these taxa were sampled by three of the four main sampling 

methods and 51 taxa were sampled by two of the sampling methods (Figure 4). 


13 



Number of taxa 

800 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

Figure 4: Number of taxa found using a combination of 

sampling techniques 

0 

735 

51 

10 1 

1 2 3 4 

Number of sampling techniques 

Samples were very diverse. Groups that typically dominate other port areas (pers. obs., K.Neil) 

were also dominant within samples collected from the Port of Cape Flattery. These were the 

crustaceans, polychaetes and molluscs. These three groupings accounted for over 54% of the 

877 different taxa sampled (Figure 5). None of the ABWMAC-listed marine pest species 

were detected from any of the samples. 

Figure 5: Percentage contribution of taxa to total 

number of taxa sampled 

46% 


16% 

24% 

14% 

Mollusca 

Annelida 

Crustacea 

Others 

14 



5.1 Hard substrates, algae and invertebrates 

446 and 53 different taxa were collected from pile scrapes and intertidal collections, 

respectively, collected from both the Cape Flattery main wharf facility and the Service Jetty. 

5.1.1 Wharf pile scrapings 

All piles had an extensive covering of fouling organisms, the taxonomic composition of which 

changed markedly with depth. The 0.5m (below Mean Sea Level, MSL) pile scrapes were 

dominated by barnacles (e.g. Balanus amphitrite), bivalves, crabs and small gastropods (e.g. 

Littorinidae) (Appendix 1). Pycnogonids and algae were also present in these samples, although 

they were less common. The 3m and 7m (below MSL) pile scrapes were primarily dominated by 

polychaetes (e.g. Families Eunicidae, Nereidae, Syllidae), sponges (e.g. Families Tedaniidae, 

Halichondriidae, Chalinidae) and bivalves (particularly Families Mytilidae, Isognomidae, 

Chamidae). Ascidians were more common in the deeper samples and crabs were occasionally 

sampled from both the 3m and 7m scrapes. Hydrozoans, bryozoans, Caprellid and Gammarid 

amphipods were less dominant in all pile scrapes, although these taxa were well represented 

(Appendix 1). Nematodes, flatworms (Platyhelminthes) and other unsegmented worms were 

also found throughout pile scrape samples, however the taxonomy of many of these specimens 

are as yet undetermined as the Australian fauna is not well known. A number of algae taxa 

were also present in most samples from all depths as were a number of echinoderm taxa; 

mainly Ophuroids and Echinoids. None of the ABWMAC target species have been 

detected from samples collected from these locations and analysed as part of this 

research project. 

5.1.2 Intertidal rocky substrate collections and crab exuviae – 

beach wrack 

Numerous invertebrates were collected during the intertidal rocky substrate and crab exuviae 

sampling (Appendix 1). Barnacles (Balanus amphitrite) were found in high numbers on hard 

substrates with other organisms such as bryozoa (Family Candidae), Gammarid amphipods, 

Flabellifera isopods and polychaetes (Families Eunicidae and Opheliidae) also recorded. A 

number of different gastropod and crab taxa were also recorded from the beach wracks. None 

of the ABWMAC target species have been detected from samples collected from 

these locations. 


15 



5.2 Soft substrate algae and invertebrates 

Beam trawls, Grab samples and Ocklemann sledge-dredges (sleds) 

A diverse array of flora and fauna was collected within the beam trawl, sled and grab samples 

(Appendix 1). The diversity and abundance was particularly high in groups such as 

polychaetes, bivalves, bryozoans, hydrozoans, algae and amphipods. A number of seagrasses 

and small gastropods were also common. 115 and 208 different taxa were recorded from beam 

trawls and grab samples, respectively, and 102 different taxa were recorded from sled samples. 

Taxa belonging to the group Malacostraca dominated many of the beam trawls and sled 

samples from most locations, but particularly within samples collected from the mouth of 

Blackwater Creek. Bivalves, foraminifera, echinoderms and polychaetes dominated the grab 

samples. The bivalves were, however the most dominant taxa with individuals belonging to the 

Families Tellinidae, Veneridae, Nuculidae and Lucinidae well represented. None of the 

ABWMAC target species have been detected from samples collected from these 

locations. 

5.3 Phytoplakton and zooplankton 

Numerous taxa were recorded from the phytoplankton samples collected from Cape Flattery 

(Table 2). The majority of taxa were recorded from both the horizontal and vertical 

phytoplankton tows. None of the ABWMAC-listed marine pest species were detected 

from any of the samples. 

Zooplankton samples were dominated by a wide variety of copepods, the most numerous of 

these belonged to the Families within the Order Calanoida (e.g. Paracalanus spp., Eucalanus 

spp. and Corycaeus spp.) (Table 3). Other planktonic organisms such as chaetognaths, 

larvaceans and cnidarians were also common. Some of these were larval forms that are unable 

to be identified to the level of genus or species (e.g. polychaete larvae) (Table 3). 

None of the ABWMAC-listed marine pest species were detected from any of the 

samples. 


16 



Table 2: Phytoplankton taxa recorded from samples collected at the Port of Cape 

Flattery. 

Type of Organism Taxa 

Cyanobacteria 

Trichodesmium spp. 

Diatoms 

Actinoptychus 

Campylodiscus 

Cocconeis 

Coscinodiscus 

Mastogloia 

Melosira moniliformis 

Navicula 

Nitzschia 

Odontella sinensis 

Palmeria 

Paralia 

Pleurosigma 

Proboscia alata f. indica 

Rhizosolenia clevei 

Rhizosolenia stoltherfothii 

Rhisosolenia spp 

Surirella 

Thalassiosira spp. 

Trigonium 

Dinoflagellates 

Ceratium fusus 

Ceratium furca 

Ceratium spp. 

Dinophysis tripos 

Goniodoma 


17 


18 


Table 3: Zooplankton taxa recorded from samples taken within the Port of Cape Flattery 

Higher Classification Family Genus species Higher Classification Family Genus species Higher Classification Family Genus species 

Phylum Crustacea - Crustacea sp.1 Phylum Crustacea Phylum Mollusca 

- Crustacea sp.2 Class Malacostraca 

Subclass Copepoda - Copepod metanauplius O. Decapoda Penaeidae Lucifer sp. Class Gastropoda - Gastropod sp.1 

- Copepoda nauplii Brachyura Portunus zoea Cl. Opisthobranchia Cavoliniidae Creseis acicula 

Order Calanoida - Calanoida sp. Thallassinidae Upogebia sp.1 Class Bivalvia Bivalve sp.1 

Pontellidae Calanopia elliptica ? O. Cladocera Sididae Penilia sp.1 

Calanidae Canthocalanus sp. Phylum Annelida 

Calanidae Undinula sp. Phylum Chordata Pices Fish eggs Class Polychaeta - Polychaete larvae sp.1 

Eucalanidae Eucalanus sp. Blennidae larvae - Polychaete larvae sp.2 

Paracalanidae Paracalanus sp. Phy. Echinodermata Ophiopluteus 

Pseudodiaptomidae Pseudodiaptomus 

Phylum Chaetognatha Saggittidae Saggitta enflata Phylum Ciliata Tintinnida ?Parafavella sp.1 

mertoni 

Acartiidae Acartia sp. Saggitta bipunctata Other Amphiura filiformis 

Pontellidae Labidocera sp. Cyphonautes larva 

Pontellidae Pontella sp. Phylum Coelenterata Obelia sp. 

Pontellidae Labidocera sp. Phialidium sp. Phy. Protochordata Oikopleuridae Oikopleura sp. 

Subclass Copepoda Leptomedusae Medusa sp1 Class Urochordata Ascidiacea Ascidian larvae sp.1 

O. Cyclopoida Corycaeidae Corycaeus sp. Leptomedusae Medusa sp2 Salpidae Doliolum sp.1 

Oithonidae Oithona sp. Scyphomedusae Aurelia sp.1 ephyra Hemichordata Hemichordate sp.1 

larvae 

O. Harpacticoida Harpacticoidae Enterpina? sp. Trachymedusae Trachymedusae sp.1 

Harpacticoidae Harpacticoida sp. Siphonophora Galeolaria sp.1 

Sergestidae Acetes sp.1 larvae 

Phylum Ctenophora Pleurobranchia sp.1 

Class Cirripedia Cirripede nauplius Larvacea Larvacea 




5.3 Fish, crab and shrimp samples 

Beach seines were conducted at three sites near the port facility at Cape Flattery. Taxa 

collected included individuals belonging to the Families Carangidae, Mugilidae and Teraponidae 

(Appendix 1). Very few taxa were sampled using the seine net. No pest or target species 

were recorded from the seine net samples. 

Currents within the Port of Cape Flattery area were very strong and may not have allowed the 

crab and shrimp traps to fish effectively. A number of prawns (Family Penaeidae) and some 

small toad fish (Family Batrachoididae) were, however, caught by the traps that were deployed. 

Crab and shrimp taxa were also sampled using the trawl and sled (e.g. individuals from the 

Family Portunidae). It is suggested that even if the traps did not work to maximum 

effectiveness, a representative account of the biota was obtained through the use of multiple 

sampling techniques. No pest or target species were recorded from these samples. 

5.4 Environmental data 

The salinity, temperature and pH were recorded at the Service Jetty and main wharf facility 

(Table 2). The lower salinity at the main wharf facility is most likely due to rain at the time of 

sampling. 

Table 4: Environmental data recorded at the Port of Cape Flattery during April, 

2001. 

Site Salinity (ppt) Temperature (°C) pH 

Service Jetty 33.0 29.6 8.24 

Inner Wharf 27.8 28.1 8.20 

Outer Wharf 27.3 27.9 8.21 

5.5 Dinoflagellate cysts 

Six samples of sediment were sent to the University of Tasmania laboratories for dinoflagellate 

cyst culture and identification. All samples contained a very similar assemblage of 

Cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and diatoms, which are listed in Table 5. None of the ABWMAC 

target species were present in any of the samples. 


19 



Table 5: Diatoms, cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates present in sediment samples 

collected from Cape Flattery. 

Taxa Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 

Fragilidium cf. subglobosum # # # # 

Gonyaulax sp. # 

Protoperidinium cf. avellana # # 

Protoperidinium cf. minutum # # 

Protoperidinium cf. oblongum # 

Protoperidinium cf. subinerme # 

Protoperidinium compressum # 

Protoperidinium denticulatum # 

Protoperidinium pentagonum # 

Protoperidinium sp. 1 # # 

Protoperidinium sp. 2 # # # 

Protoperidinium sp. 3 # # # # # # 

Protoperidinium sp. 4 # 

Scrippsiella sp. # 

Undetermined gonyaulacoid cyst # 

Undetermined gymnodinioid cyst # 

5.6 Sediment samples 

Much of the sediment collected from the Cape Flattery area was silica sand with a proportion of 

coralline sand and finer silts mixed through. In all samples the majority of sediment was 

between 63µm - 500µm in size (Figure 6). Samples taken from the Service Jetty and 

Blackwater Creek areas had a higher proportion of silty mud than other locations and this was 

reflected in those areas having a higher proportion of finer grained sediments (e.g. 125µm) in 

the samples that were collected (Figure 6). These areas are (comparatively) more sheltered 

from prevailing winds and coastal currents than the main wharf facility and they are also more 

shallow (pers. obsv.) which may facilitate the deposition of finer, more silty sediments. In all 

locations the upper layers of sediment were loosely packed and easily moved by wave 

action/water movement (e.g. generated by boat propellers). 


20 



Figure 6: Sediment grain size characteristics 

Proportion of sediment per grain size 

class 

100% 

80% 

60% 

40% 

20% 

0% 

1 

2 

3 

6. INTRODUCED TAXA 

6.1 ABWMAC Target species 

1 

2 

Logistical and cost constraints limit both the taxonomic and spatial scope of any survey of 

species inhabiting a port. Recognition of these constraints lead the AAPMA and CRIMP to adopt 

a targeted approach which concentrates on determining whether a known group of species are 

present in any one habitat. Species listed on the ABWMAC schedule of introduced pest species 

are summarised in Table 6. Detection of many of these species relies heavily on visual 

recognition. Field personnel involved in the survey of the Port of Cape Flattery were familiar 

with the appearance of these taxa prior to conducting field work such that they could readily 

identify target species, if present. Although the dive staff from the Pacific Marine Group were 

not specifically trained in the recognition of target species, they were briefed on the appearance 

of individuals that they should be particularly observant for, and all samples collected by the 

divers underwent an immediate visual check by Dr Kerry Neil once they were brought to the 

surface. 


3 

1 

Blackwater Ck Inner wharf Outer wharf Service Jetty 

Sites 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

21 


Following taxonomic analysis of samples collected during the Port of Cape Flattery 

survey it has been determined that none of the ABWMAC target species were seen 

to be present either during the survey of the Port of Cape Flattery and associated 

habitats or within any of the samples collected from Cape Flattery during the 

survey. 

Table 6: Likely occurrence in different habitats for ABWMAC target 

species. (Adapted from Hewitt and Martin 1996). X indicates their likely occurrence in these 

habitats. 

Target species Group Soft 

substrata 

Sabella spallanzanii 

Polychaeta X 

Carcinus maenas 

Crustacea X 

Asterias amurensis 

Echinodermata X 

Alexandrium cantenella Dinophyceae X 

Alexandrium miutum Dinophyceae X 

Alexandrium tamarense Dinophyceae X 

Gymnodinium catenatum Dinophyceae X 

Undaria pinnatifida 

Plantae 

Hard 

substrata 

Habitats 

Seagrass/ 

macro algae 

6.2 Cryptogenic species and other introduced taxa 

6.2.1 Cryptogenic species 

Plankton 

/nekton 


X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

22 

Beach 

wrack 

A cryptogenic species is one ‘of uncertain origin that is neither demonstratively native or 

introduced’ (Carlton, 1996). A native species is one that has a distributional and historical 

record implying that it occurs naturally in a region where they are found. A number of species 

collected at the port were tentatively classed as cryptogenic. Some of these species had not 

previously been recorded in Australia and could, therefore, also be classified as introduced taxa. 

This finding is not surprising, as very few comprehensive surveys have been carried out in these 

Queensland tropical waters. As such, caution is required in classifying these taxa as possible 

introductions as the fauna is poorly known and further, some species could be endemic to 

Australia and have been transported overseas and first reported from these destinations. 

X 

X 

X 


X


Several isopods belonging to the Family Sphaeromatidae are known to be introduced to the 

Townsville region: Paracerceis sculpta, Spaeroma sculpta and Paradella dianae. Individuals 

belonging to the Family Sphaeromatidae were also recorded from the Cape Flattery region, 

however, their taxonomic identity has not been resolved during the scope of this project. As 

such, the taxa collected may be individuals related to these introduced taxa, may themselves be 

introduced or cryptogenic, or may in fact be native taxa. Until the identity of these taxa is 

resolved they have been listed as cryptogenic. 

A number of taxa were noted to be new to the Queensland fauna. These included one shrimp 

taxa, the Pasiphaeidae Leptochela pugnax (A. Bruce, pers.comm.) and a number of polychaete 

taxa (Perinereis sp.2, Pseudonereis anomala, Pseudonereis sp.2, Ceratonereis perkinsi). A 

number of taxa that were examined by an expert taxonomist from the Phylums Echinodermata 

and Porifera were not able to be identified to species level within the scope of this project. This 

may be because many of these taxa may be undescribed. Given the lack of knowledge of 

tropical coastal fauna the finding of undescribed taxa is not surprising. It is also unlikely that 

these undescribed taxa represent introduced individuals. However, until the origin of these 

taxa is determined they have been tentatively classified as cryptogenic. Future work in the 

taxonomy of echinoderms and sponges in Australia will clarify the status of these taxa. 

The cryptogenic barnacle, Balanus amphitrite was recorded from both the Cape Flattery region. 

This taxa has previously been recorded in Australia and is regarded as a cosmopolitan fouling 

species with a long history of introduction (Hewitt et al., 1998). The barnacle Tetraclitella 

divisa was also recorded from the Port of Cape Flattery area. This taxa may be a new record 

for the region, although it has been recorded as occurring elsewhere in northern Queenland (J. 

Collins, pers. comm.). Given the unknown origin of this taxa it was tentatively classified as 

cryptogenic until further information is available. 

6.2.2 Taxa new to science 

Three of the pycnogonids sampled from Cape Flattery, belonging to the Families Ammotheidae 

and Callipallenidae, may be new species. Of the polychaetes, the Perinereis sp.2 and the 

Pseudonereis sp.2 which were not previously recorded from the Queensland region may in fact 

be new species and not just new taxa for Australia. Similarly, the polychaete Grubeulepis sp. 


23 



may also be a new species, however, more material is needed to resolve the identity of this 

species. As mentioned above, a number of sponge and echinoderm taxa were undescribed and 

were classified as cryptogenic. These may, however, represent new taxa, not just new records 

for Australian waters. Representatives of the new taxa have been lodged with the appropriate 

taxonomic experts to allow them to be described. 

6.3 Potential impacts of introduced taxa found in the port 

No ABWMAC designated pest species (Hewitt and Martin 1996) were found at the 

port. The taxa that were collected that could be classified as introduced or cryptogenic were 

typically in low numbers. This suggests that these do not appear to be having a major impact, 

detrimental or otherwise, on the ports native biota. Further study is needed to clarify the status 

of the cryptogenic species collected. 

6.4 Possible vectors and a risk assessment for the introduction of 

exotic species to the Port of Cape Flattery 

Introduction of exotic species to the Port of Cape Flattery could potentially occur via: 

Natural range expansion if species had previously been introduced to other parts of the 

coast of Australia 

Direct introduction via shipping, either by ballast water or hull fouling 

Domestic translocation from commercial or recreational vessels 

The Port of Cape Flattery is primarily a base for the export of bulk quantities of mineral sands, 

principally to Asian destinations including Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Hong Kong and the Philippines 

(Hilliard et al., 1997). These areas are suggested to pose a moderate to high risk of being a 

source of an introduced taxa to the Port of Cape Flattery. 

Hilliard and Raaymakers (1997) identify a triangular subtropical/tropical region south from 

Shanghai and southernmost Japan, past Taiwan and Hong Kong to Malaysia and Singapore as 

the area containing species considered to pose the highest risk of introduction into Queensland. 

This region has similar environmental characteristics and biological assemblages to Queensland. 

These authors categorised the overseas source ports for each Queensland port into risk 


24 



categories from A (highest risk) to E (lowest risk). Most of the source ports were considered to 

be “low risk” (due to differences in environmental conditions) and only a small number were 

considered higher risk ports (category A or B). The authors also suggested that the majority of 

source ports for the Port of Cape Flattery should be considered as moderate to low risks of 

being a source for potential pest species introductions to the area. 

Cape Flattery receives ships from a number of locations including the Philippines and Hong 

Kong. Although Hilliard and Raymaakers (1997) categorised the majority of these ports as 

posing a moderate-low threat of being a source of introduced marine pest species, their risk 

assessment was based on ballast water dumping and did not consider hull fouling as a vector 

for introduction, an introduction from these areas is still a risk. 

There is relatively little information on introduced species in tropical Australian waters, possibly 

in part due to the lack of searching. The series of surveys undertaken by JCU/CRC Reef within 

tropical Australia is helping to address. Of the 200+ introduced marine species recorded from 

Australian waters, only 15 of these are recorded in Queensland (Hilliard and Raaymakers, 1997) 

and none represent a current or potential Australian pest as defined by the ABWMAC and 

CRIMP (Hilliard and Raaymakers, 1997). Of the introduced species recorded for states in 

Australia other than Queensland, 11 were considered to have a moderate to high potential to 

be found or establish in Queensland (Table 7). Hilliard and Raaymakers (1997) identify nine 

overseas species not yet recorded in Australia but with a moderate to high potential to establish 

in Queensland (Table 7). Only one, the Asian mussel Musculista senhousia was considered a 

high risk species. Taiwan, which sends ships to Cape Flattery, is home to the Asian mussel. 

The black striped mussel, Mytilopsis sallei, the Asian Green Mussel, Perna viridis, and the 

Caribbean tube worm (Hydroides sanctaecrucis) were recent introductions to the Darwin and 

Cairns regions and, as such, should be added to the list of potential introduced species. Hull 

fouling was reportedly the vector by which all of these taxa were introduced to Australian 

waters. Results to date indicate that the Black Striped Mussel and Asian Green Mussel have 

been successfully eradicated from Darwin (R. Willan pers. comm.), however the presence of the 

Asian Green Mussel and Caribbean tube worm in Cairns is still being determined. Both of these 

taxa have the potential to reach pest status within tropical Australian waters and to spread to 

the Cape Flattery Port region. 


25 



Clearly all of these taxa are capable of being transported to and colonising tropical Australian 

coastal habitats. Furthermore, their introduction to tropical regions in Australia highlights the 

need to examine hull fouling as a vector for introduced marine pests. 

Table 7: List of taxa with estimated moderate or high potential to be found or 

establish in Queensland (from Hilliard and Raaymakers, 1997). 

Common name Species 

Species already recorded for other Australian states 

Toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum 

Acorn barnacle Megabalanus rosa 

Fouling amphipod Corophium insidiosum 

Japanese opossum shrimp Neomysis japonica 

Asian mussel Musculista senhousia 

Green lipped mussel Perna viridis 

Sea moss Bugula stolonifera 

Sea moss Zoobotryon verticillatum 

Sea moss Bowerbankia spp. 

Sparid teleost fish Sparidentex hasta 

Species not yet recorded in Australia 

Asian clam Potamocorbula amurensis 

Fouling boring sponge Cliona vastifera 

Estuarine ragworm Perinereis vancuaria tetradenta 

Fouling serpulid worm Hydroides cf. ezoensis 

Fouling serpulid worm Pomatoleios krausii 

Caribbean barnacle Cthalamus proteus 

South China Sea copepod Acafrtiella sinensis 

Estuarine copepod Pseudodiaptomus marinus 

Red Sea Jewel box shell Chama elatensis 

Black tip ship worm Lyrodus pedicellatus 


26 



7. CONCLUSIONS 

The ongoing baseline surveys of Queensland ports are an important step in the management of 

introduced marine species. The incidents of the black-striped mussel invasion at Darwin and the 

Asian Green Mussel invasion in Cairns have both highlighted the importance of discovering 

introduced species early to allow action to be taken to implement a program of 

control/eradication. Actions to eradicate both of these taxa followed their discovery in the 

respective harbours during port-wide baseline surveys. Further to this, it is recommended that 

monitoring of ports in Queensland should be continued on a periodic basis to screen for 

introduced species enabling appropriate action to be taken should a problem arise. This is 

particularly important given the lack of regulations regarding hull fouling, and the high 

probability that non-indigenous marine taxa, with a propensity to become pests, could be 

transferred to Australian waters via this mechanism. Regular port surveys are a principal means 

of detecting invasive taxa that may be introduced via hull fouling. A suggested time frame for 

surveys is every three years and surveys should incorporate a wet and dry season component 

to consider potential seasonal changes in species assemblages. 

The port surveys currently underway were primarily designed to target ABWMAC defined pest 

species and other recognised introduced species, many of which are temperate species. Given 

the costs involved in large-scale port surveys, it is suggested that future surveys utilise 

information gained from a baseline survey to identify habitats within a port likely to harbour 

introduced pest species and to identify sampling mechanisms which gain the most information 

in the most cost effective manner. As the highest risk species for tropical Queensland ports are 

those from tropical regions overseas, ecological information, gained from the source ports, on 

the taxa that may pose a risk of being transferred to Australian waters, should also be 

considered when designing monitoring surveys for Australian ports. 

In conjunction with ongoing monitoring surveys it is also recommended that settlementmonitoring 

devices, similar to those used recently for monitoring potential black-striped mussel 

(Mytilopsis sallei) outbreaks in Queensland ports, be used on an ongoing basis. The Port of 

Cape Flattery has already implemented this practice in the Port area and it is recommended 

that the practice be continued. Many potential invaders are fouling organisms and the periodic 

use of settlement-monitoring devices provides a cost effective and efficient method of 

monitoring the presence of such organisms. It is suggested that the use of settlement- 


27 



monitoring devices in conjunction with monitoring surveys will provide an optimal chance of 

detecting any invasive species early, allowing appropriate management of such a situation to be 

implemented ensuring minimal impact on the native biodiversity in an area. 

It is clear that the majority of nonindigenous marine taxa are being transferred to Australian 

waters as a result of hull fouling and ballast water. Further investigations on means of 

treating/clearing ballast water, and mechanisms to minimise hull fouling are required to achieve 

a reduction in the number of taxa arriving in Australia. If so, it follows that a reduction of 

logistically expensive post-introduction response mechanisms, such as port surveys, could 

eventually be realised. Until then surveys are the best mechanisms of providing an early 

detection of introduced marine taxa. 


28 



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Carlton, J.T. 1999. Molluscan invasions in marine and estuarine communities. Malacologia 

41(2): 439-454. 

Carlton, J.T. and Geller, J. 1993. Ecological roulette: the global transport and invasion of 

nonindigenous marine organisms. Science 261: 78-92. 

Hewitt, C.L., Campbell, M.L., Moore, K.M, Murfet, N.B., and Robertson, B. 1998. Introduced 

species survey, Port of Hay Point Queensland. CSIRO Marine Research, Centre for 

Research on Introduced Marine Pests, report to Ports Corporation of Queensland. 

Hewitt, C.L. and Martin, R.B. 1996. Port surveys for introduced marine species - background 

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Hilliard, R.W., and Raaymakers, S. 1997. Ballast water risk assessment for 12 Queensland 

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EcoPorts Monograph Series No. 10. Ports Corporation of Queensland, Brisbane. 

Hoedt, F.E., Choat, J.H., Collins J.C., and Cruz, J.J. 2000. Mourilyan Harbour and Abbot Point 

surveys for monitoring the endemic coastal biota and for detection of invading species. 

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University, Townsville. 

Hoedt, F.E., Choat, J.H., Collins J.C., and Cruz, J.J. 2001c. Sample collection methods and 

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Research Technical Report No. 35, Townsville, Qld. 

Hoedt, F.E., Choat, J.H., Neil, K.M., Cruz, J.J, and Collins, J. 2001b. Survey of the Port of 

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1121. 


30 



Appendix 1: Taxa recorded from the Port of Cape Flattery Baseline survey. Where 

possible taxa have been identified to the lowest taxonomic unit. 

PS = Pile Scrape, S = Sled, G = Grab, BT = Beam Trawl, BW = Beach wrack, IS = Intertidal 

Survey, SN = Seine Net, SP = Shrimp Pot. 

Phylum Higher Grouping Family Genus Species PS S G BT BW IS SN SP 

Annelida Actonoinae Polynoidae Paradyte crinoidicula 1 

Annelida Ampharetinae Terebellidae Ampicteis sp. 2 

Annelida Amphitrinae Terebellidae Loimia cf ochracea 1 

Annelida Amphitrinae Terebellidae Streblosoma sp. 1 

Annelida Harmothinae Polynoidae Harmothinae indeterminate 3 

Annelida Harmothinae Polynoidae Harmothoe sp.1 1 



Annelida Harmothoinae Eunicidae Lysidice collaris 1 

Annelida Harmothoinae Opheliidae Polyophthalmus pictus 1 

Annelida Harmothoinae Polynoidae Harmothoe sp.1 2 

Annelida Leptidonotinae Polynoidae Lepidonotus carinulatus 1 

Annelida Polychaeta ?Paraonidae - indeterminate 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Acrocirridae Dodaceria sp. 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Amphinomidae Chloeia flava 4 

Annelida Polychaeta Aphroditidae Aphroditidae FA 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Aphroditidae Magelonidae FA 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Aprhoditidae Laetmonice brachyceras 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Capitellidae Capitellidae not entire 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Capitellidae Notomastus sp.1 4 

Annelida Polychaeta Capitellidae Notomastus sp.2 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Chaeptopteridae Chaetopterus varieopedatus 2 

Annelida Polychaeta Chrysopetalidae Bhawania ambonensis 2 

Annelida Polychaeta Cirratulidae Cirratulidae FB 2 

Annelida Polychaeta Cirratulidae Cirriformia sp. 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Cirratulidae Dodaceria sp. 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Eulepethidae Grubeulepis sp. 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Eunicidae Eunice antennata 9 

Annelida Polychaeta Eunicidae Eunice cf aequabilis 2 

Annelida Polychaeta Eunicidae Eunice cf grubei 2 

Annelida Polychaeta Eunicidae Eunice indica 3 3 

Annelida Polychaeta Eunicidae Eunice siciliensis 3 

Annelida Polychaeta Eunicidae Eunice sp. Juvenile 2 

Annelida Polychaeta Eunicidae Eunice tubifex 2 

Annelida Polychaeta Eunicidae Eunice sp A FA 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Eunicidae Lysidice collaris 9 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Eunicidae Marphysa sanguinea 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Eunicidae Nematonereis unicornis 1 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Eunicidae small damaged 4 


31 



Annelida Polychaeta Euphrosinidae Euphrosine sp.1 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Glyceridae Glycera damaged 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Glyceridae Glycera sp.1 5 

Annelida Polychaeta Glyceridae Glycera sp.2 2 

Annelida Polychaeta Glyceridae Glyceridae FD 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Lumbrinereis Lumbrinereis sp.1 3 


Annelida Polychaeta Lumbrinereis Lumbrinereis sp.3 1 1 





Annelida Polychaeta Lumbrinereis Lumbrineridae FG 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Maldanidae ?Rhodine sp. 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Maldanidae Euclymene sp. 2 

Annelida Polychaeta Maldanidae Maldanidae FB 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Nereidae Nereid sp. 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Nereididae Ceratonereis perkinsi 3 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Nereididae Indeterminant juveniles 1 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Nereididae Nereid A 4 

Annelida Polychaeta Nereididae Perinereis helleri 5 

Annelida Polychaeta Nereididae Perinereis sp.2 2 

Annelida Polychaeta Nereididae Platynereis polyscalma 5 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Nereididae Pseudonereis anomala 10 

Annelida Polychaeta Nereididae Pseudonereis sp.2 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Nereididae Pseudonereis sp.3 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Oenonidae Oenonidae sp.1 2 

Annelida Polychaeta Onuphidae Diopatra cf maculata 4 

Annelida Polychaeta Onuphidae juvenile - 6 

Annelida Polychaeta Onuphidae Onuphid sp. 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Opheliidae Armandia intermedia 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Opheliidae Ophelina sp. 3 

Annelida Polychaeta Opheliidae Polyophthalmus pictus 8 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Opheliidae Polyophthalmus sp. 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Orbiniidae Scoloplos sp.1 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Orbiniidae Scoloplos sp.2 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Phyllodocidae Phyllodoce sp. 4 

Annelida Polychaeta Polychaeta Harmothoninae FA 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Polychaeta Polychaeta FK 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Polychaeta Polychaete FE 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Polychaeta Scale worm FAA 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Polychaeta Scale worm FAB 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Polychaeta Scale worm FG 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Polychaeta Scale worm FJ 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Polychaeta Scale worm FK 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Polychaeta Scale worm FL 1 


32 



Annelida Polychaeta Polychaeta Scale worm FM 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Polychaeta Scale worm FN 2 

Annelida Polychaeta Polychaeta Scale worm FT 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Polychaeta Scale worm FU 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Polychaeta Scale worm FV 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Polynoidea Polynoidea FA 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Sabellidae Demonax sp. 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Sabellidae Pseudobranchiomma cf orientalis 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Sabellidae Pseudopotamilla laciniosa 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Sabellidae Sabellidae sp. 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Seruplidae Hydroides cf trivesiculosus 2 

Annelida Polychaeta Seruplidae Hydroides cf tuberculata 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Seruplidae Hydroides malleolaspina 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Seruplidae Hydroides unicinata 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Seruplidae Pomatoleios kraussi 2 

Annelida Polychaeta Seruplidae Pomatoleios stellatus 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Spionidae Dispio glabrilamellata 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Spionidae Prionospio multipinnulata 1 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Spionidae Spionidae indeterminate 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Sternaspidae Sternapsis cf scutata 2 

Annelida Polychaeta Syllidae damaged epitoke 4 

Annelida Polychaeta Syllidae Procereae sp. 2 

Annelida Polychaeta Syllidae Syllidae FZ 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Syllidae Syllis (gracilis) australiensis 20 

Annelida Polychaeta Syllidae Trypanosyllis taeniformis 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Syllidae Typosyllis cf armillaris 4 

Annelida Polychaeta Syllidae Typosyllis pseudopapillata 4 

Annelida Polychaeta Syllidae Typosyllis sp. Juvenile 2 

Annelida Polychaeta Syllidae Typosyllis sp.1 4 1 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Syllidae Typosyllis sp.2 1 



Annelida Polychaeta Terebellidae Loimia cf ochracea 1 

Annelida Polychaeta Vermetidae Serpulorbis sp. 1 

Annelida Polynoidae Polynoidae Lepidonotus carinulatus 3 

Annelida Polynoidae Polynoidae Lepidonotus sp.1 1 

Annelida Polynoidae Polynoidae Lepidonotus sp.2 2 

Annelida Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae indeterminate 1 

Annelida Thelepodinae Terebellidae Terebellides sp. 1 

Annelida Trichobranchinae Flabellergeridae Diplocirrus sp. 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Aeteidae Aetea sp.1 2 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoan FD 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoan FE 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoan FH 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoan FK 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoa Encrusting Bryozoan FA 1 


33 



Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoa Encrusting Bryozoan FH 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoa Encrusting Bryozoan FI 2 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoa Erect Bryozoan FA 1 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoa Erect Bryozoan FB 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoa Erect Bryozoan FD 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoa Erect Bryozoan FE 2 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoa Erect Bryozoan FF 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoa Erect Bryozoan FJ 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoa Erect Bryozoan FK 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoa Erect Bryozoan FL 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Bryozoan - - 1 4 

Bryozoan + plant 

Bryozoa Bryozoa 

material - - 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Bugulidae Bugula neritina 1 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Candidae Scrupocellaria cf diadema 2 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Candidae Scrupocellaria sp.1 1 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Electridae Electra cf angulata 2 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Flustridae Retiflustra sp.1 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Lanceoporidae cf calyptotheca sp.1 2 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Lepraliellidae Celleporaria sp.1 1 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Membraniporidae Jellyella eburnea 1 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Membraniporidae Jellyella tuberculata 2 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Membraniporidae Membranipora limosa 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Membraniporidae Membranipora sp.1 1 1 8 1 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Phidoloporidae Badly worn fragment - 1 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Smittinidae Cf Smittoidea sp.1 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Smittinidae Parasmittina sp.1 1 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Steginoporellidae Steginoporella sp.1 1 1 

Bryozoa Bryozoa Thalmoporellidae Thalamoporella novaehollandiae 1 1 1 

Cephalochordata Cephalochordata Branchiostomidae Branchiostoma sp A FA 8 

Cnidaria Anemone Anthozoa Anemone FA 2 

Cnidaria Anemone Anthozoa Anemone FB 1 

Cnidaria Anemone Anthozoa Anemone FD 2 

Cnidaria Anemone Anthozoa Anemone FE 1 

Cnidaria Anemone Anthozoa Anemone FF 1 

Cnidaria Anemone Anthozoa Anemone FG 1 

Cnidaria Anemone Anthozoa Anemone FH 1 

Cnidaria Anemone Anthozoa Anemone FK 1 

Cnidaria Gorgoniacea Gorgonian Gorgonian FA 4 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Aglaopheniidae Aglaophenia delicatula 4 1 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Bryozoan Hydrozoan FP 1 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Bryozoan Hydrozoan FR 1 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Campanulariidae Obelia ?dichotoma 1 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Campanulariidae Obelia bicuspidata 1 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Haleciidae Halecium sp.1 1 


cf 

34 



Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydrozoa Hydrozoan FA 1 1 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydrozoa Hydrozoan FAE 1 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydrozoa Hydrozoan FC 1 1 1 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydrozoa Hydrozoan FD 6 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydrozoa Hydrozoan FK 2 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydrozoa Hydrozoan FL 1 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydrozoa Hydrozoan FO 1 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Pennariidae Pennaria disticha 1 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Plumulariidae Antennella ?secundaria 1 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Plumulariidae Antennella secundaria 1 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Plumulariidae Plumularia sp.1 1 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Plumulariidae Plumularia scabra 1 2 1 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Sertulariidae Dynamena crisioides 2 1 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Sertulariidae Idiellana pristis 1 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Sertulariidae Salacia sp.1 1 3 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Sertulariidae Salacia alata 3 1 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Sertulariidae Sertularella quadridentata 1 

Cnidaria Hydrozoa Sertulariidae Symplectoscyphus sp.1 2 

Coelenterata Coelenterata Zooplankton Medusa FA 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Capitellidae Capitellidae FH 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Caprellidae Caprellida FA 1 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Caprellidae Caprellida FB 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Caprellidae Caprellida FC 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Caprellidae Caprellida FD 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Caprellidae Caprellida FE 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Caprellidae Caprellida FF 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Caprellidae Caprellida FG 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FG 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FJ 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FK 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FL 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gamarida FR 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FA 5 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAA 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAB 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAC 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAD 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAE 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAF 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAG 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAH 6 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAI 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAL 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAM 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAN 2 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAO 1 


35 



Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAQ 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAR 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAS 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAT 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAU 2 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAV 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAW 3 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAX 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FAY 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FB 2 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FBA 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FBB 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FBC 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FBD 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FBE 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FBG 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FBH 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FBI 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FBJ 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FBK 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FC 2 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FD 2 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FE 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FF 1 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FG 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FI 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FM 2 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FN 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FO 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FP 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FQ 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FS 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FT 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FU 3 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FV 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FW 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FX 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FY 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Gammaridae Gammarida FZ 1 

Crustacea Amphipoda Tannaidacea Tannaidacea FB 1 

Crustacea Cirripedia Balanidae Balanus amphitrite 3 

Crustacea Cirripedia Balanidae Balanus FA 1 1 

Crustacea Cirripedia Balanidae Barnacle FB 1 

Crustacea Cirripedia Balanidae Barnacle FD 1 

Crustacea Cirripedia Cirripedia Chthamalus malayensis 2 

Crustacea Cirripedia Cirripedia Lepas sp FA 1 


36 



Crustacea Cirripedia Iblidae Ibla cummingii 6 

Crustacea Cirripedia Tetraclitidae Tetraclita divisa 1 

Crustacea Cirripedia Tetraclitidae Tetraclita squamosa 5 

Crustacea Isopoda Anthuridae Anthuridae FA 1 

Crustacea Isopoda Anthuridae Anthuridae FB 1 

Crustacea Isopoda Anthuridae Anthuridae FC 1 

Crustacea Isopoda Cirrolanidae Cirrolanidae FA 1 

Crustacea Isopoda Cirrolanidae Cirrolanidae FB 1 

Crustacea Isopoda Flabellifera Flabellifera FA 1 

Crustacea Isopoda Flabellifera Flabellifera FB 1 

Crustacea Isopoda Flabellifera Flabellifera FC 1 

Crustacea Isopoda Flabellifera Flabellifera FD 1 1 

Crustacea Isopoda Flabellifera Flabellifera FE 1 1 

Crustacea Isopoda Flabellifera Flabellifera FF 1 

Crustacea Isopoda Flabellifera Flabellifera FH 1 

Crustacea Isopoda Flabellifera Flabellifera FI 1 

Crustacea Isopoda Isopoda Gnathia FA 2 

Crustacea Isopoda Sphaeromatidae Sphaeromatidae FA 1 

Crustacea Isopoda Sphaeromatidae Sphaeromatidae FB 1 

Crustacea Isopoda Sphaeromatidae Sphaeromatidae FD 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Alpheidae Alpheus sp. 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Alpheidae Synalpheus sp. 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Alpheidae Synalpheus tumidomanus 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Cumacean Cumacean FA 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Cumacean Cumacean FB 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Cumacean Cumacean FC 2 

Crustacea Malacostraca Cumacean Cumacean FD 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Cumacean Cumacean FH 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FA 2 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FB 3 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FC 1 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FD 2 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FE 2 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FF 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FG 2 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FH 2 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FI 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FJ 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FK 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FL 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FM 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FN 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FO 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FP 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FQ 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FR 1 


37 



Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FV 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FW 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FX 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Crab FY 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Diogenidae Diogenidae FB 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Dorippidae Dorippidae FA 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Dorippidae Dorippidae FB 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Euphausiacea Euphausiacea sp. 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Grapsidae Grapsidae FB 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Leucosiidae Leucosiidae FA 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Leucosiidae Leucosiidae FB 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Leucosiidae Leucosiidae FC 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Leucosiidae Leucosiidae FD 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Majiidae Majiidae FA 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Majiidae Majiidae FB 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca ? Athanas sp.1 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Alpheus sp.1 1 2 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Anomuran FA 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Brachyura FA 2 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Crustacean FA 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Crustacean FB 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Crustacean FC 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Crustacean FD 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Cummacean FD 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Cummacean FF 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Cummacean FG 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Decapod Larvae FA 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Decapod Larvae FB 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Decapod Larvae FC 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Decapod Larvae FD 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Diogenidae FA 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Diogenidae FC 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Galathea sp A FA 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Grapsidae FA 2 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Grapsidae FC 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Hippoidea FA 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Hippolytidae ?genus 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Leptochela pugnax 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Lucifer FA 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Megalopa FA 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Megalopa FB 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Megalopa FC 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Megalopa FD 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Nikoides sp.1 3 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Ogyrides sp.1 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Penaeidea sp.1 1 


38 



Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Peneaidea sp.1 5 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Peneaus sp.1 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Periclimenes grandis 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Periclimenes sp. nov.s 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Periclimenes sp.1 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Periclimenes sp.nov. 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Petrolisthes FA 2 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Petrolisthes FB 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Petrolisthes FD 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Philocheras lowisii 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Processa sp.1 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Shrimp FAJ 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Shrimp FB 1 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Shrimp FG 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Shrimp FK 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Shrimp FM 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Shrimp FN 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Stomatopoda FA 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Stomatopoda FB 2 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Syllaridae FA 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Synalpheus sp. 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Tanaeidacea FE 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Tanaeidacea FF 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Malacostraca Tanaeidacea FG 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Mysidacea Mysidacea sp.1 1 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Ostracoda Ostracoda FA 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Ostracoda Ostracoda FB 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Ostracoda Ostracoda FC 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Palinuridae Palinuridae FA 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Penaeidae Acetes sp.1 3 

Crustacea Malacostraca Penaeidae Lucifer sp. 3 

Crustacea Malacostraca Penaeidae Metapenaeopsis sp. 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Penaeidae Penaeidae sp. 3 9 

Crustacea Malacostraca Penaeidae Periclimenes prob. Obscurus 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Penaeidae Periclimenes sp. nov.s 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Pontoniinae?? Pontoniinae?? sp.1 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Porcellanidae Porcellanidae FA 2 

Crustacea Malacostraca Porcellanidae Porcellanidae FB 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Portunidae Portunidae FA 1 2 

Crustacea Malacostraca Portunidae Portunidae FB 3 

Crustacea Malacostraca Portunidae Portunidae FD 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Processidae Processidae sp.1 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Scyllaridae Scyllaridae FA 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Tannaidacea Tannaidacea FA 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Tannaidacea Tannaidacea FB 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Tannaidacea Tannaidacea FC 1 


39 



Crustacea Malacostraca Xanthidae Xanthidae FA 2 

Crustacea Malacostraca Xanthidae Xanthidae FB 2 

Crustacea Malacostraca Xanthidae Xanthidae FC 2 

Crustacea Malacostraca Xanthidae Xanthidae FD 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Xanthidae Xanthidae FF 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Xanthidae Xanthidae FG 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Xanthidae Xanthidae FH 2 

Crustacea Malacostraca Xanthidae Xanthidae FI 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Xanthidae Xanthidae FJ 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Xanthidae Xanthidae FK 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Xanthidae Xanthidae FL 1 

Crustacea Malacostraca Xanthidae Xanthidae FM 2 

Crustacea Malacostraca Xanthidae Xanthidae FS 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiopteron vitiense 5 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiopteron vigelandi 2 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiothrix lineocaerulea 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Amphiura sp. Juvenile 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiothrix sp. Juvenile 2 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiopteron sp. Non det. 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Macrophiothrix megapoma 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiothiphrix nereidina 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiothrix striolata 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiopteron vitiense 4 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiothric pusilla 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiothela danae 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Amphioplus sp. Juvenile 2 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiopteron sp. Juvenile 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiotrichid sp. 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Macrophiothrix longipeda 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiacantha sp. Juvenile 2 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiacantha clavigera 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiacantha sp. Non det. 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiacantha discoidea 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiactis savigni 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Macrophiothrix belli 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiomyxa australis 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiuroid FD 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiothrix proteus 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiothricq pusilla 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiothela danae 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiothrix marmorata 1 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Amphipholis sp. Cf misera 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiuroid FJ 9 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiuroid FK 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiuroid FL 2 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiuroid FM 2 


40 



Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiuroid FN 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiuroid FO 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiuroid FP 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiuroid FQ 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiuroid FR 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiuroid FS 2 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiuroid FT 1 

Echinodermata Echinoderm Ophiuroidea Ophiuroid FZ 3 

Echinodermata Echinodermata Echinodermata Arachnoides placenta 1 

Echinodermata Echinodermata Echinodermata Astropecten pulcherrimus 1 1 

Echinodermata Echinodermata Echinodermata Crinoid FA 1 

Echinodermata Echinodermata Echinodermata Comatula pectinata 1 

Echinodermata Echinodermata Echinodermata Clypeaster reticulata 2 8 

Echinodermata Echinodermata Echinodermata Peronella sp. 1 

Echinodermata Echinodermata Echinodermata Bohadschia sp. 1 

Echinodermata Echinodermata Echinodermata Echinoid sp.1 1 

Echinodermata Echinodermata Echinodermata Holothurian FA 1 

Echinodermata Echinodermata Echinodermata Lovenia elongata 1 

Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera Alveolina quoyi 4 

Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera Calcarina hispida 1 

Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera Elphidium sp FA 1 5 1 1 

Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera FA 1 

Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera FB 3 

Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera FC 1 

Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera FD 1 

Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera FE 1 5 1 1 1 

Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera FF 4 

Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera FG 4 

Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera FH 1 

Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera FI 1 

Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera FJ 1 

Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera FK 2 

Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera FL 1 

Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera Peneroplis pertusus 4 2 

Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera Peneroplis pseudoreticulata 4 

Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera Quinqueloculina pseudoreticulata 1 1 2 1 

Foraminifera Foraminifera Foraminifera Calcarina hispida 3 

Larvacean Larvacean Larvacean Larvacean FA 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Aglaopheniidae Aglaophenia delicatula 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Anomiidae Anomia trigonopsis 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Aplysiidae Aplysia sowerbyi 1 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Arcidae Anadara pilula 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Arcidae Arca ventricosa 2 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Arcidae Barbatia amygdalumtostum 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Arcidae Barbatia foliata 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Arcidae Trisidos semitorta 2 


41 



Mollusca Bivalvia Bivalve Timoclea recognita 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Bivalvia Oyster FD 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Bivalvia Oyster FE 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Bivalvia Oyster FF 1 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Bivalvia Parviperna FA 5 

Mollusca Bivalvia Cardiidae Fulvia australis 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Cardiidiae Vasticardium flavum 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Carditidae Carditella torresi 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Chamidae Chama fibula 5 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Chamidae Chama pacifica 10 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Chamidae Chamidae FA 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Chamidae Chamidae FD 5 

Mollusca Bivalvia Corbulidae Anisocorbula macgillivrayi 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Corbulidae Anisocorbula mortenensis 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Corbulidae Notocorbula monilis 1 6 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Dentaliidae Laevidentalium sp.1 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Erycinidae Borniola sp.1 3 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Erycinidae Lasaea australis 6 

Mollusca Bivalvia Gorgonian Gorgonian FA 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Gryphaeidae Parahyotissa numisma 5 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Hiatellidae Hiatella australis 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Isognomonidae Isognomon attenuatus 4 

Mollusca Bivalvia Isognomonidae Isognomon isognomon 12 

Mollusca Bivalvia Isognomonidae Isognomon nucleus 3 

Mollusca Bivalvia Limidae Limatula cf. tadena 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Limopsidae Limopsis woodwardi 2 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Lucinidae Ctena sp.1 5 

Mollusca Bivalvia Mactridae Mactra abbreviata 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Malleidae Vulsella vulsella 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Mesodesmatidae Atactodea striata 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Mytilidae Brachidontes maritimus 14 

Mollusca Bivalvia Mytilidae Lithophaga cf. teres 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Mytilidae Lithophaga divaricalx 4 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Mytilidae Modiolus auriculatus 4 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Mytilidae Modiolus elongatus 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Mytilidae Musculus cumingianus 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Mytilidae Musculus sp.1 11 

Mollusca Bivalvia Mytilidae Septifer bilocularis 7 

Mollusca Bivalvia Mytilidae Trichomya hirstuta 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Mytilidae Xenostrobus sp.1 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Nuculanidae Nuculana cf. darwini 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Nuculidae Leionucula cumingi 7 

Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreidae Dendrostrea folium 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreidae Dendrostrea sandvichensis 2 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreidae Ostrea cf. exigua 3 

Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreidae Saccostrea cucullata 2 


42 



Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreidae Saccostrea mytiloides 4 

Mollusca Bivalvia Ostreidae Saccostrea sp.1 3 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Pandoridae Pandora elongata 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Pinnidae Atrina vexillum 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Psammobiidae Asaphis violascens 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Pteriidae Pinctada cf. chemnitzi 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Pteriidae Pinctada maxima 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Sepiolidae Sepiola sp.1 1 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Solenidae Solen sp.1 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Solenidae Solen timorenesis 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Spondylidae Spondylus nicobaricus 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Tellinidae Cadella diluta 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Tellinidae Tellina cf. pharaonis 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Tellinidae Tellina serricostata 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Trapeziidae Trapeziidae FA 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Ungulinidae Diplodonta sp.1 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneridae Gafrarium tumidum 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneridae Gouldiopa sp.1 2 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneridae Paphia undulata 1 

Mollusca Bivalvia Veneridae Timoclea recognita 1 5 

Mollusca Cnidaria Zoanthid - - 2 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Cellana FA 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Cerithidae FA 2 1 1 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Cerithidae FB 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Cerithidae FC 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Clithon FA 2 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Cresius FA 4 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Cypraea FA 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Cypraea FB 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Cypraea FC 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Cypraea FD 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Emarginula FA 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Gastropoda FD 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Gastropoda FE 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Gastropoda FG 1 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Gastropoda FH 1 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Gastropoda FI 1 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Gastropoda FJ 1 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Gastropoda FK 1 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Gastropoda FL 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Gastropoda FM 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Gastropoda FN 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Gastropoda FO 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Gastropoda FB 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Gastropoda FF 1 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Gastropoda FP 1 


43 



Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Haliotis FA 1 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Littorinidae FA 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Monodonta labio 1 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Morula marginalba 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Nassarius FA 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Nerita chamaeleon 3 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Nerita cosata 1 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Nerita plicata 3 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Nerita polita 4 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Nodilittorina milligrana 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Oliva FA 2 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Oliva FB 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Polinices mammilla 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Gastropoda Strombidae FA 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Hamineidae Gastropoda FA 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Naticidae Naticidae FA 1 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Patellidae Patella FA 1 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Patelloidea Patelloida FA 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Patelloidea Patelloida FB 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Ranellidae Ranellidae FA 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Siliquariidae Siliquariidae FA 2 

Mollusca Gastropoda Terebellidae Terebellum terebellum 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Thaidae Thais FA 1 

Mollusca Gastropoda Trochidae Trochus FA 2 

Mollusca Gastropoda Turbinidae Turbinidae FA 1 

Mollusca Mollusc Mollusca Mollusc FA 1 

Mollusca Mollusc Mollusca Nautilus FA 1 

Mollusca Nudibranchia Mollusca Nudibranchia FB 1 

Mollusca Nudibranchia Nudibranchia Nudibranchia FC 1 

Mollusca Nudibranchia Nudibranchia Nudibranchia FA 1 

Mollusca Scaphopoda Scaphopoda Scaphopoda FA 1 

Mollusca Spirula Spirula Spirula FA 1 

Nemertea Nemertea Nemertea Nemertean FA 1 

Nemertea Nemertea Nemertea Nemertean FB 1 

Nemertea Nemertea Nemertea Nemertean FC 1 

Nemertea Nemertea Nemertea Nemertean FD 1 

Nemertea Nemertea Nemertea Nemertean FE 1 

Pisces Pisces Batrachoididae Toadfish FA 1 1 

Pisces Pisces Batrachoididae Toadfish FB 1 

Pisces Pisces Carangidae Carangidae FA 1 1 

Pisces Pisces Gobidae Gobidae FA 2 

Pisces Pisces Gobidae Gobidae FB 1 

Pisces Pisces Leiognathidae Leiognathidae FA 2 

Pisces Pisces Leiognathidae Leiognathidae FB 1 

Pisces Pisces Leiognathidae Leiognathidae FC 1 

Pisces Pisces O. Pleuronectiformes Flatfish FA 1 


44 



Pisces Pisces O. Pleuronectiformes Flatfish FB 1 

Pisces Pisces O. Pleuronectiformes Flatfish FD 1 

Pisces Pisces Osteichthyes Fish FB 1 1 1 

Pisces Pisces Osteichthyes Fish FC 2 

Pisces Pisces Mugilidae Sillago ciliata 1 

Pisces Pisces Pisces Fish FA 1 

Pisces Pisces Pisces Fish FD 1 

Pisces Pisces Pisces Fish FE 1 

Pisces Pisces Pisces Fish FG 1 

Pisces Pisces Pisces Fish FH 1 

Pisces Pisces Pisces Fish FI 1 

Pisces Pisces Pisces Fish FJ 2 

Pisces Pisces Pisces Fish FK 1 

Pisces Pisces Pisces Fish FL 1 

Pisces Pisces Pisces Fish FF 1 

Pisces Pisces Mugilidae Liza vaigiensis 1 

Pisces Pisces Teraponidae Terapon jarbua 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Acanthophora spicifera 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FA 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAA 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAB 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAC 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAD 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAE 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAF 2 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAG 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAH 3 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAI 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAJ 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAK 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAL 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAM 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAN 1 1 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAO 1 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAP 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAQ 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAR 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAS 1 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAT 2 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FAV 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FB 1 2 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FBC 2 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FBD 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FBE 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FBF 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FBFa 1 


45 



Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FBG 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FBJ 7 2 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FBK 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FBL 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FBM 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FBN 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FBO 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FBP 1 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FBQ 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FBR 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FBS 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FBT 5 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FBZ 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FC 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FE 2 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FF 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FG 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FH 2 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FI 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FJ 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FK 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FL 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FM 2 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FN 1 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FO 1 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FP 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FQ 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FR 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FS 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FT 2 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FU 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FV 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FW 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FX 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FY 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Algae FZ 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Caulerpa FA 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Cheliosporum spectabile 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Codium spongoisum 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Cysteira trinodis 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Filamentose Algae FA 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Filamentose Algae FB 1 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Filamentose Algae FC 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Halimeda macroloba 1 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Lobophora variegata 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Padina australis 1 


46 



Plantae Algae Plantae Rhodophyta FA 6 2 

Plantae Algae Plantae Rhodophyta FA 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Sarconema filiforme 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Sargassum FA 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Sargassum FB 1 

Plantae Algae Plantae Turbinaria ornata 1 

Plantae Plantae Plantae Halodule uninervis 1 

Plantae Plantae Plantae Halophila ovata 1 

Plantae Plantae Plantae Halophila ovata 2 2 1 

Plantae Plantae Plantae Seagrass FB 1 

Platyhelminthes Turbellaria Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes FA 2 

Porifera Porifera Ancorinidae Stelletta sp.1 1 

Porifera Porifera Calcarean Sponge S312 sp. 1 3 

Porifera Porifera Calcarean Sponge S365 sp. 2 1 

Porifera Porifera Chalinidae Haliclona sp.1 14 

Porifera Porifera Chalinidae Haliclona sp.2 3 

Porifera Porifera Coelosphaeridae Lissodendoryx sp. 1 1 

Porifera Porifera Coelosphaeridae Lissodendoryx sp. 2 1 

Porifera Porifera Dysideidae Dysidea sp. 1 2 

Porifera Porifera Halichondriidae Halichondria sp.1 22 1 

Porifera Porifera Halichondriidae Topsentia sp.1 2 

Porifera Porifera Halisarcidae Halisarca sp.1 3 

Porifera Porifera Irciniidae Psammocinia sp. 1 4 

Porifera Porifera Mycalidae Mycale sp. 1 6 

Porifera Porifera Niphatidae Niphates sp. 1 5 

Porifera Porifera Niphatidae Niphates sp. 2 7 

Porifera Porifera Niphatidae Niphates sp. 3 2 1 

Porifera Porifera Porifera Sponge FZ 5 

Porifera Porifera Spongiidae Spongia sp. 2 4 

Porifera Porifera Spongiidae Spongia sp.1 5 

Porifera Porifera Suberitidae Aaptos sp. 2 1 

Porifera Porifera Suberitidae Aaptos sp.1 2 

Porifera Porifera Tedaniidae Sponge FB 2 

Porifera Porifera Tedaniidae Tedania (Tedania) sp. 1 20 1 

Porifera Porifera Tedaniidae Tedania (Tedania) sp. 1 ? 1 

Porifera Porifera Tedaniidae Tedania (Tedania) sp. 2 3 



Pycnogonida Pycnogonida Ammotheidae Achelia assimilis 3 

Pycnogonida Pycnogonida Ammotheidae Achelia cf australiensis 4 

Pycnogonida Pycnogonida Ammotheidae Picnogonida FC 2 

Pycnogonida Pycnogonida Ammotheidae Tanystylum n. sp.? 1 

Pycnogonida Pycnogonida Ammotheidae Tanystylum sp.1 3 

Pycnogonida Pycnogonida Callipallenidae Callipallene novaezealandiae 1 1 

Pycnogonida Pycnogonida Callipallenidae Callipallene sp.1 1 

Pycnogonida Pycnogonida Callipallenidae Callipallene sp.2 3 


47 



Pycnogonida Pycnogonida Phoxichilidiidae Anoplodactylus gestiens-group 2 

Siphonophora Siphonophora Siphonophora Siphonophora FA 1 

Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipunculid FA 1 2 

Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipunculid FB 2 

Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipunculid FC 1 1 

Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipunculid FD 1 

Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipunculid FF 1 

Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipunculid FG 1 

Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipunculid FH 1 1 

Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipunculid FI 1 

Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipunculid FJ 1 

Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipunculid FK 1 

Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipunculid FL 1 

Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipunculid FN 1 

Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipunculid FP 1 

Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipunculid FQ 1 

Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipuncula Sipunculida FE 1 

Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified FA 1 

Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified FB 1 

Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified FC 1 

Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified FD 1 

Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified FE 1 

Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified FN 1 

Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified - 1 

Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified Unidentified - 1 

Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm FA 1 

Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm FB 1 

Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm FC 1 

Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm FD 1 

Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm FE 1 

Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm FF 1 

Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm Unsegmented worm FG 1 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Ascidiacea Ascidea FH 1 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Ascidiacea Ascidea FI 1 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Ascidiacea Ascidean FF 1 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Ascidiidae Ascidia sydneiensis 1 1 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Col.Ascidean Col. Ascidean FJ 3 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Col.Ascidean Col.Ascidean FD 1 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Col.Ascidean Col.Ascidean FH 1 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Didemnidae ?Didemnum psammatodes 1 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Didemnidae ?Immature - 2 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Didemnidae Asc 328 - 1 






48 




Urochordata Ascidiacea Pyuridae Microcosmus sp.1 1 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Pyuridae Pyura sp.1 4 



Urochordata Ascidiacea Styelidae Immature specimen - 1 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Styelidae Botryllus sp.1 1 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Styelidae ?Cnemidocarpa sp.1 2 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Styelidae Chorizocarpa sp.1 1 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Styelidae Cnemidocarpa sp.1 1 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Styelidae Cnemidocarpa sp.1 1 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Styelidae Polycarpa sp.1 2 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Styelidae (Polyzoinae) Asc 337 - 1 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Styelidae (Styelinae) - - 1 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Styelidae (Styelinae) Asc 369 -immature 1 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Unidentifiable -immature 1 

Urochordata Ascidiacea Immature - 1 

Urochordata Ascidian Ascidiidae Ascidia sydneiensis 1 

Urochordata Ascidian Dendrophylliidae Dendrophyllia ? sp.1 2 

Urochordata Ascidian Didemnidae ?Didemnum psammatodes 1 

Urochordata Ascidian Didemnidae ?Immature - 1 

Urochordata Ascidian Didemnidae Asc 328 - 1 











Urochordata Ascidian Polyclinidae Synoicum sp.1 1 

Urochordata Ascidian Pyuridae Microcosmus sp.1 1 

Urochordata Ascidian Pyuridae Pyura sp.1 1 

Urochordata Ascidian Pyuridae Microcosmus sp.1 1 



Urochordata Ascidian Rhizangiidae Rhizangiidae sp.1 1 

Urochordata Ascidian Styelidae ?Cnemidocarpa sp.1 1 

Urochordata Ascidian Styelidae Cnemidocarpa sp.1 4 

Urochordata Ascidian Styelidae Polycarpa sp.1 1 

Urochordata Ascidian Styelidae (Polyzoinae) Asc 337 - 1 

Urochordata Ascidian Styelidae (Styelinae) Immature - 1 




49 




Urochordata Ascidian Thaliacean Thaliacean FA 2 

Urochordata Ascidian Thaliacean Thaliacean FB 4 

Urochordata Ascidian Thaliacean Thaliacean FC 4 

Urochordata Ascidian Thaliacean Thaliacean FD 1 

Urochordata Ascidian Thaliacean Thaliacean FE 1 

Urochordata Holozoidae Holozoidae Distaplia sp.1 1 

Zooplankton Zooplankton Zooplankton Chaetognath FB 2 

Zooplankton Zooplankton Zooplankton Chaetognath FC 2 

Zooplankton Zooplankton Zooplankton Chaetognath FD 1 

Zooplankton Zooplankton Zooplankton Ctenphora FA 1 

Zooplankton Zooplankton Zooplankton Medusa FB 2 


50

Port baseline surveys for introduced marine pests- The ... - Cairns Port

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