The Arcades Project - Operi

"The Independents had their secret society, the Charbonnerie , or­
ganized at the beginning of 1821 on the model of the Italian Carbonari. The
organizers were a wine merchant, Dugied, who had spent time in Naples, and a
medical student, Bazard . ... Every member was required to contribute one franc
a month, to possess a gun and fifty bullets, and to swear to carry out blindly the
orders of his superiors. The Charbonnerie recruited among students and soldiers
in particular; it ended up numbering 2,000 sections and 40,000 adherents. The
Charbonniers wanted to overthrow the Bourbons, who had been 'brought back
by foreigners; and 'to restore to the nation the free exercise of its right to choose
a suitable government: They organized nine plots during the first six months of
1822; all failed." A. Malet and P. Grillet, XIX' Siede (Paris, 1919), p. 29. The
uprisings of the Carbonari were military revolts; they had, perhaps, a certain
analogy to those of the Decembrists. [V 4,1]
April 29, 1827: dissolution of the Garde Nationale by order of Villelc, on account
of a demonstration which it had organized against him. (V 4)2]
About sixty students from the Ecole Poly technique at the head of the July Revolution.
[V 4,3]
M.arch 25, 1831: reinstatement of the Garde Nationale. " It named its own officers,
except for the military chiefs . ... The Garde Nationale constituted . .. a veritable
army, numbering some 24.,000 men . .. ; this army was a police force . ... Also,
care was taken to separate out the workers . ... This was achieved by requiring
the Garde Nationale to wear uniforms and to pay its own expenses . ... This bourgeois
guard, moreover, did its duty bravely in all circumstances. As soon as the
drums had sounded the call, each man would leave his place of work, while the
shopkeepers closed their stores, and, dressed in uniform, they would all go out to
join their battalion, not needing to muster." A. Malet and P. Grillet, XIX" Siecle
(Paris, 1919), p. 77, 79. [V4,4]
The republicans had belonged, for the most part, to the Charbonnerie; against
Louis Philippe, they multiplied the number of secret societies. The most important
... was that of the Droits de l'Homme < Rights of Man>. Founded in Paris (where
it quickly grew to nearly 4,000 members), and modeled on the Charbonnerie, it
had branches in most of the major cities. It was this secret society that organized
the great insurrections in Paris and Lyons in June 1832 and April 1834. The
principal republican newspapers were La Tribune and Le National, the first directed
by Armand Marrast and the second by Armand Carrel. " Malet and Grillet,
XIX" Siiicle (Paris, 1919), p. 81. [V4,5]
Declaration of December 19, 1830, issued by students at the Ecole Poly technique
to the editorial office of Le Constitutionnel: '''If any man among the agitators; they
say, 'is found wealing the uniform of the Ecole, that man is an impostor .... ' And
so they had these men tracked down wherever they appeared in the faubourgs in