The Arcades Project - Operi

Bairam. Either of two Muslim religious festivals following the fast of Ramadan.
Ballliorn,Johann (1528-1603). Printer famous for his disastrous emendations (identity
with figure named in hO,l is speculative).
Baltard, Louis (1764-1846). French arcbitect nd engTaver; professor at the Ecole des
Beaux-Arts and the Ecole Poly technique.
banquets. During the last months of Louis Philippe's reign, in 1847, the opposition
organized a series of so-called Refonn banquets, at which speakers called for electoral
reforms.
Banville, Theodore de (1823-1891). Poet, playwTight, critic. Close friend of Baudelaire
and, with Charles Asselineau, editor of his works.
Barbara, Cbarles (1822-1886). Satirical writeT active in the 1840s; associated with Le
Conaire and the group of bohemians aTound Henri Murger.
Barbes, Armand. Republican leader. Co-conspirator with, and later archenemy of,
Louis-Auguste Blanqui, with whom he was imprisoned in the 1850s.
Barbey d'Aurevilly, Juies (1808-1889). FTench critic and novelist; long-time friend of
Baudelaire.
Barbier, Augoste (1805-1882). Poet whom Baudelaire admired but criticized for moralistic
tendencies. His Iambe.r (1831) satirized the monarchy of Louis Philippe.
Barnum, Phineas (1810-1891). American showman, cOIUlected with the CITCUS business.
Opened "The Greatest Show on Earth" in Brooklyn in 1871.
Barrault, Emile (1799-1869). Saint-Simonian writer and politician who published in Le
Globe and wrote many works on Saint-Simomanism.
Barres, Maurice (1862-1923). Writer and politician. Called for the restoration of "national
energy" to France.
Barrot, Odilon (1791-1873). Leader of the liberal opposition in France prior to February
1848. From December 1848 to October 1849, he headed the lninistry supported by
monarchists.
Barthelemy, Augoste (1796-1867). French poet and satirist. He edited the weekly journal
Nemisis, which attacked the goverrunent of Louis Philippe in 1831-1832. Collaborated
withJoseph Mery Ii-om 1824 to 1834.
BasiHdians. Followers of Basilides, an Alexandrian Gnostic of the early second century,
who preached a radical dualism and transcendence of the Creator-God of the Jews.
Batignolles. Village that became part of Paris in 1860; a meeting place of artists and
politicians in the nineteenth century.
Bazard, SaintAmand (1791-1832). Socialist, follower of Saint-Simon, and organizer of
the French Carbonari (ChaTboIUliers). He gave a long series oflectures in Paris (1828-
1830), which won many adherents to Saint-Simonianism.
Beaumont, Charles (1821-1888). French graphic artist, contributor to Le Charivari.
Illustrated works by Hugo and Sue.
Belgrand, Eugene (1810-1878). Engineer who modernized sewer service for the City of
Paris. Ananged official support for Nadar's photography of the sewers. Author of Les
Tra uaux soulelTains de Paris (1875).
Bellamy, Edward (1850-1898). American author of Looking Backward (1888), a utopian
romance based on socialist principles.
Bellange. Pseudonym of Frans:oisJoseph Belanger (1744-1818), French architect famous
for his innovative use of iron in the construction of the cupola of the old grain market
in Paris.
Belle Isle. Island in the Bay of Biscay. From 1849 to 1857, it was a place of detention for
French political prisoners; in particular, workers involved in the Paris uprising of June
1848 were imprisoned there.