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the free trade zone to include the territory of Antioch was of great importance: Ìtem dono et concedo eis in Antiochia tam in marl quam in terra liberaliter et integre omnes rationes et iura in introitu et exitu quas melius Ianuenses possederunt pro nullo tempore in Iota vita patris mei. '254 Secondly, the permission included in the contracts between the Genoese merchants suggests that the travelling partners were not always intended to carry out the inland expedition themselves. The typical contract specifies that the residing merchant `... dat ei [to the travelling merchant] licentiam mittendi et portandi per riveiram Solie usqua ad Ilalep cum testibus' [my emphasis]. However, did the privilege apply to non Genoese carrying Genoese goods? The charter from 1205 solved this problem and clearly states: Ìtem dono eis et concedo ut ipsi salvi et secure in omni terra mea et in omni posse meo tam in personis quam in rebus et per terrain et mare existere valeant et exire' [my emphasis]. 55 The expansion of the 1205 charter to include commercial privileges in Antioch was significant. The privileges are not clearly specified, as the document only states that they include: òmnes rationes et iura in introitu et exitu quas melius Ianuenses possederunt pro nullo tempore in tota vita patris mei. '256 This vague sentence probably refers to the privilege that Bohemond III granted the Genoese in 1190.257 The important meaning of this addition is that it reveals again the growing interest of Genoa in the northern parts of the crusader states. This series of differences between the charters of 1203 and 1205 suggests that when Bohemond granted the latter he not `merely confirmed an earlier privilege' as some scholars have suggested. S8 Indeed, it was not simply an attempt to satisfy a raging gang of Genoese and Maltese pirates by the grant of old privileges. The new charter was very carefully written and corresponded to specific problems that the previous charter had left unsolved. Albertus Gallina, one of the officers who received the charter in Henry of Malta's name, had an established career as a travelling merchant before he pursued his commanding career under Henry. For example, the unpublished part of Oberto Scriba's cartulary from 1200 contains a contract by Alberto Gallina. He carried fabrics to Ceuta followed by a venture to Alexandria or the Latin East 259 It is safe to assume therefore that he was familiar with merchants' interests and needs in the region. No less important for the current analysis are those privileges not granted in the two charters. The Genoese annals relate the story about the expedition of the admirals of Henry of 254 1 Libri lurium, vol. 1/2, no. 345. 255 Röhricht, ibid, p. 489. 2561 Libri lurium, vol. 1/2, no. 345. 2571bid, vol. 1/2, no. 343. 258 David Abulafia, `Henry of Malta', p. 113, n. 41. Abulafia followed Ileyd who commented about this privilege that'Bohemond donna... un diplome analogue ä celui qu'ils avaient obtenu deux ans auparavant', see Heyd, Histoire du commerce du Levant, vol. 1, p. 323. 259 Os, 1200, cart 4, p. 125, V3. 79
Malta in Tripoli in great detail with a clear note of pride. However, in the description of the privileges obtained in Tripoli the annals' version is somewhat different to reality: èt insuper iura omnia et rationes omnes que et quas lanuensis ciuitas in Tripolitana ciuitate et in Antiochia habere et tenere solita eras, et rugam et balneum et ecclesiam et cetera omnia lanuensi ciuitati concessit. 160i A street, a bath-house and a church were not mentioned in any of the charters. Interestingly, this mistake attracted the attention of contemporary reader or someone who carefully read the annals in a later period. The editors of Ogerio Pane's book have noted that in the margins of that page in the manuscript someone had commented: Non tonsil (concessit) balneum nec rugam nec ecclesiam. These are of course very important differences, and they indeed highlight the fact that despite its achievements, Genoa had never secured the privileges it aspired for and it had originally been granted in Tripoli. In 1186, Urban III wrote two letters about Genoese rights in Tripoli. These letters, like the letters concerning Byblos, had accomplished nothing, as a result of the fall of the entire region into the hands of Saladin's troops in the following year. However, these letters stand out and reveal the extent to which Genoa had reduced its demands in the northern states over the years. Was the Genoese-Maltese expedition successful? It is plausible that they could have demanded more than they received, if not one-third of Tripoli as had been originally promised in the over one hundred year old charter, then at least a ruga, a fundaco and a church, or even a small neighbourhood as Genoa had in so many markets around the Mediterranean. However, it seems that the achievement of Henry of Malta should be mainly appreciated in the light of the growing strength of the Venetians after the Fourth Crusade. The fact that Henry was unable to enter the kingdom of Jerusalem is a clear indication of how powerful and influential Venice became and how much Genoa could have lost otherwise. Genoa and the Fourth Crusade Genoa did not take direct part in the Fourth Crusade. However, this chapter revealed that it was highly affected by it. Ayyubid Aleppo became a central destination for the commercial activities of many merchants, not only Genoese. David Abulafia examined a series of medieval transcripts compiled by notaries from San Gimignano as part of court cases. He found evidence of Tuscan trade with Aleppo, which began in the middle of the 1220s. Àleppo appears no less often than Tripoli in the San Gimignano law-suits. ' In particular, Abulafia argued that `quantities of... best saffron, were being shipped from San Gimignano via Pisa and Acre to Aleppo. '26' The interests 260 Ann. Ian., vol. 2, pp. 100-1. 26! David Abulafia, `Crocuses and Crusaders: San Gimignano, Pisa and the Kingdom of Jeursalem', in Benjamin Z. Kedar, Hans E. Mayer and Raymond C. Smail (eds. ), Outremer: Studies in the History of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem Presented to Joshua Prawer (Jerusalem, 1982), pp. 230-231. 80
Page 1 and 2:
PtiD . ascýo The Merchant of Genoa
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I 2 3 4 5 Contents: Abbreviations L
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Abbreviations Ann. Ian. Caffaro, An
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Tables Table 1: Genoese ships and t
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Introduction: The merchant of Genoa
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Benjamin Kedar, Marie-Luise Favreau
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notary Lanfranco from the first eig
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money or merchandise! These tables
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they used was dated and therefore m
Page 19 and 20:
Genoa and the Third Crusade This ch
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example, that shipowners and sailor
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annals from that period, written by
Page 25 and 26:
The first wave of Genoese crusaders
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East, especially under Conrad of Mo
Page 29 and 30: crusade. Two of them, Maurino and S
Page 31 and 32: Provisions (vianda) for each person
Page 33 and 34: the travelling contracts of the tim
Page 35 and 36: following year supply some leads to
Page 37 and 38: For example, the years 1190 to 1192
Page 39 and 40: they were promised part of the paym
Page 41 and 42: wine exported to Bougie and sold fo
Page 43 and 44: allowed to carry this money with hi
Page 45 and 46: transition marked by the Third Crus
Page 47 and 48: Fourth Crusade, there was an increa
Page 49 and 50: 2 The impact of a crusade: the reac
Page 51 and 52: enewal and extension of Barbarossa'
Page 53 and 54: Oberto Malocello, and Heredes de Ma
Page 55 and 56: would sail in custodiam navium and
Page 57 and 58: The preparations for the Fourth Cru
Page 59 and 60: perhaps he was more accurate than u
Page 61 and 62: All the records that contain such r
Page 63 and 64: esult of various reasons including
Page 65 and 66: econfirmed. ' 87 The plan was there
Page 67 and 68: Not all merchants detailed their pl
Page 69 and 70: Figure 4: Map of the main trade and
Page 71 and 72: is correct and the significance of
Page 73 and 74: This paragraph is a conspicuous pre
Page 75 and 76: east at the same time as Giovanni t
Page 77 and 78: Abulafia wrote about Crete that `st
Page 79: Henry's fleet harbour in Tripoli? I
Page 83 and 84: 3 An unprovoked crusade? This chapt
Page 85 and 86: success, especially with the women
Page 87 and 88: Although Friedman did not explicitl
Page 89 and 90: war business could have been for th
Page 91 and 92: Or vos dirai que les Sarazins d'Ali
Page 93 and 94: Pope Innocent III and the maritime
Page 95 and 96: with Venice. 309 This eventually en
Page 97 and 98: peace truces after Hattin, and espe
Page 99 and 100: eceived concessions in Tripoli and
Page 101 and 102: commerce in Bougie as well as Alexa
Page 103 and 104: such specification was necessary. I
Page 105 and 106: James's letters written to the pope
Page 107 and 108: most of the ships that sailed in 12
Page 109 and 110: The sum bequeathed was not related
Page 111 and 112: 4 Embriaco or do Biblio, what's In
Page 113 and 114: town may contribute to the understa
Page 115 and 116: Les Genois transformerent vite ou l
Page 117 and 118: ecause another branch of the family
Page 119 and 120: high fee. For Antioch, Genoa reques
Page 121 and 122: Unfortunately, Gibelet was not incl
Page 123 and 124: comparative map presented by Elieze
Page 125 and 126: `perhaps most notable for its hands
Page 127 and 128: [my 444 emphasis] At first glance,
Page 129 and 130: One practical implication of this c
Page 131 and 132:
There was some similarity between t
Page 133 and 134:
of James of Vitry there is a simila
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On the following day, 12 March 1186
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of Genoa turned their attention mor
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epresentatives of the church of St
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church of St Lawrence were on the l
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Figure 11: Acre - the census per ho
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5 The Genoese communities in the ki
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settlers acted as representatives o
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suffered as a result of the Venetia
Page 151 and 152:
Tyre. Who was responsible to these
Page 153 and 154:
leased for twenty eight years in th
Page 155 and 156:
interests, and their intense enmity
Page 157 and 158:
Genoese sources. Perhaps some of th
Page 159 and 160:
Genoese. The Third and Fourth Crusa
Page 161 and 162:
her family could have been part of
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Bonvicino, who were indeed new sett
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was brought up in the parliament. I
Page 167 and 168:
Genoese names in the charters of Ar
Page 169 and 170:
Tyre. Perhaps this means that despi
Page 171 and 172:
Conclusions The main contribution o
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towards the Latin East. The signifi
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Appendix 2: The exchange rate betwe
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c 'ýg C o° 1° cL 0 2 c u) . "c
Page 179 and 180:
Appendix 4: Bequest for the crusade
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Edbury, Peter (ed. and trans. ), Th
Page 183 and 184:
Tangl, Georgine, Studien zum Regist
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Bartholomaeis, Vincenzo de (ed. ),
Page 187 and 188:
Friedman, Yvonne, Encounter between
Page 189 and 190:
Olivieri, Agostino, Ìndice per ord
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