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Acknowledgments I would like to thank many people, scholars, teachers and friends for advice and support during my studies in Cambridge. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor David Abulafia. I would also like to express my thanks to Professor Jonathan Riley Smith and the participants of the seminar on the crusades and the Latin East who invited me to present papers and gave me many useful comments. Dr Jonathan Philips kindly read and commented on parts of the manuscript. I am grateful to many members of Lucy Cavendish College, in particular, to my tutor, Dr Julie Dashwood and the college's vice-president Dr Anna Abulafia. The librarians and members of stuff who have always been kind and helpful and made Lucy Cavendish a welcoming four years. home for Many scholars in Israel have encouraged me to pursue my studies. In particular I am grateful to Professor David Jacoby, who commented on two chapters. I would also like to thank Dr Ronnie Ellenblum, Professor Benjamin Kedar, Professor Amnon Linder, Professor Gabriel Motzkin, Professor Shulah Shahar, Professor Esther Cohen and Dr Judith Bronstein. I would like to thank several scholars for exchanging mail and sharing their ideas. Dr Iris Shagrir provided some data on the Genoese in the Latin East. Helen Nicholson advised me about some issues regarding the chronicle of Ambroise. John Pryor, Jessalynn Bird, John Tolan, Steven Epstein and Alan Hartley kindly replied to my emails. During my visits to Genoa many people helped me. I owe special thanks to Professor Sandra Origone and Professor Laura Balletto, who introduced me to the libraries and archives in Genoa. I would also like to thank Dr Assini, the director of the archivio di stato. Numerous institutions provided me with some financial help. The faculty of History in Cambridge and especially the Lightfoot organisation, Lucy Cavendish College, the ORS and Cambridge Overseas Trust, the Board of Graduate Students in Cambridge, the Friends of the Hebrew University in London, the Anglo-Jewish Association, the Ian Karten Foundation and the Italian foreign ministry which funded my research in Genoa. It is special pleasure to thank my friends. Some patiently read the text and others encouraged me at different stages of my course. Peter Jacobsen, Kendal Martyn, Robert Hobbs, Neil Robinson, Mid Rubin, Gareth Stedman Jones, Emma Rothschild, Amartya Sen, Greer Morpeth, Sunil Shah and Prashant Shah, Agnes Batory, Mike Boyle, Amanda Power, Carolina Lo-Nero, Zur Shalev, Mark Butcher, Angela Sweeny, Carina O'Reily, Eva Laurie. Finally, I would like to affectionately dedicate this dissertation to my parents, Zippi and Gershon Mack, and my grandparents Shoshana and Yaacov Shifman, Miriam Mack and the late Emanuel Mack. 7 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
Introduction: The merchant of Genoa is the figurative hero of this dissertation. The real heroes were many people, merchants who lived in Genoa, travellers who explored the Mediterranean Sea, men of war and peace, crusaders and also the Genoese who settled in the crusader states, far away from Genoa. What these people had in common, apart from being Genoese, is that they left records of their activities in the form of notarial documents. These records were registered in large notebooks, better known as cartularies, and were later deposited in the archive of Genoa, where whatever remains is nowadays accessible. Probably this is the earliest time in the history of Europe in which such documents were not only recorded but also preserved for posterity. Coincidentally, the period in which these documents were written was also one of the most interesting periods in the history of Europe and the Mediterranean, the time of the crusades. This means that from the perspective of the history of the crusades, there is a bulk of documents that have not been previously utilised. It is also exciting from the perspective of the Genoese history, because it provides a special opportunity to examine the Genoese contribution to the crusades and to the crusading states. This was the reason for pursuing this research beginning with the examination of thousands of such notarial documents, published and unpublished ones, covering a period of several decades. Historians who have examined the evolvement of Italian commerce have raised the question of the impact of the crusade on the patterns of trade. In particular, it has been asked if the foundation of the crusader states created an alternative to trade in Alexandria. In his article `Trade and Crusade, 1050-1250', David Abulafia reviewed the existing historiography on the matter. Adolf Schaube's theory was that the crusader states were used as a station for the Italian merchants in order to sell their commodities for local bezants before they continued to Egypt to purchase goods with this money. Abulafia argued against this theory utilising notarial evidence that reveals that many merchants who travelled to the Latin East did not travel to Alexandria while many others sailed directly to Alexandria where they sold merchandise and bought other goods. ' The current study will take this issue a step further by examining the ways in which three crusades affected commercial activities, trade with the Latin East and with Alexandria, and how 1 David Abulafia, `Trade and Crusade1050-1250', in Michael Goodich, Sophia Menache and Sylvia Schein (eds. ), Cross Cultural Convergences in the Crusader Period (New York, 1995), pp. 14; Adolf Schaube, Mandelgeschichte der romanischen Völker des Mittelmeergebiets bis zum Ende der Kreuzzüge (München, 1906), pp. 152-169. Abulafia thus accepts Erik Bach's arguments about the nature of Italian trade in the Latin East, but takes this argument further. See Erik Bach, La Cite de genes au XI! siecle (Copenhagen, 1955). See also Eugene H. Byrne, `Commercial Contracts of the Genoese in the Syrian Trade of the Twelfth Century', The Quarterly Journal of Economics 31 (1917), p. 134, n. 1; Claude Cahen, Orient et occident au temps des croisades (Paris, 1983), p. 192. 8
Page 1 and 2: PtiD . ascýo The Merchant of Genoa
Page 3 and 4: I 2 3 4 5 Contents: Abbreviations L
Page 5 and 6: Abbreviations Ann. Ian. Caffaro, An
Page 7: Tables Table 1: Genoese ships and t
Page 11 and 12: Benjamin Kedar, Marie-Luise Favreau
Page 13 and 14: notary Lanfranco from the first eig
Page 15 and 16: money or merchandise! These tables
Page 17 and 18: they used was dated and therefore m
Page 19 and 20: Genoa and the Third Crusade This ch
Page 21 and 22: example, that shipowners and sailor
Page 23 and 24: annals from that period, written by
Page 25 and 26: The first wave of Genoese crusaders
Page 27 and 28: East, especially under Conrad of Mo
Page 29 and 30: crusade. Two of them, Maurino and S
Page 31 and 32: Provisions (vianda) for each person
Page 33 and 34: the travelling contracts of the tim
Page 35 and 36: following year supply some leads to
Page 37 and 38: For example, the years 1190 to 1192
Page 39 and 40: they were promised part of the paym
Page 41 and 42: wine exported to Bougie and sold fo
Page 43 and 44: allowed to carry this money with hi
Page 45 and 46: transition marked by the Third Crus
Page 47 and 48: Fourth Crusade, there was an increa
Page 49 and 50: 2 The impact of a crusade: the reac
Page 51 and 52: enewal and extension of Barbarossa'
Page 53 and 54: Oberto Malocello, and Heredes de Ma
Page 55 and 56: would sail in custodiam navium and
Page 57 and 58: The preparations for the Fourth Cru
Page 59 and 60:
perhaps he was more accurate than u
Page 61 and 62:
All the records that contain such r
Page 63 and 64:
esult of various reasons including
Page 65 and 66:
econfirmed. ' 87 The plan was there
Page 67 and 68:
Not all merchants detailed their pl
Page 69 and 70:
Figure 4: Map of the main trade and
Page 71 and 72:
is correct and the significance of
Page 73 and 74:
This paragraph is a conspicuous pre
Page 75 and 76:
east at the same time as Giovanni t
Page 77 and 78:
Abulafia wrote about Crete that `st
Page 79 and 80:
Henry's fleet harbour in Tripoli? I
Page 81 and 82:
Malta in Tripoli in great detail wi
Page 83 and 84:
3 An unprovoked crusade? This chapt
Page 85 and 86:
success, especially with the women
Page 87 and 88:
Although Friedman did not explicitl
Page 89 and 90:
war business could have been for th
Page 91 and 92:
Or vos dirai que les Sarazins d'Ali
Page 93 and 94:
Pope Innocent III and the maritime
Page 95 and 96:
with Venice. 309 This eventually en
Page 97 and 98:
peace truces after Hattin, and espe
Page 99 and 100:
eceived concessions in Tripoli and
Page 101 and 102:
commerce in Bougie as well as Alexa
Page 103 and 104:
such specification was necessary. I
Page 105 and 106:
James's letters written to the pope
Page 107 and 108:
most of the ships that sailed in 12
Page 109 and 110:
The sum bequeathed was not related
Page 111 and 112:
4 Embriaco or do Biblio, what's In
Page 113 and 114:
town may contribute to the understa
Page 115 and 116:
Les Genois transformerent vite ou l
Page 117 and 118:
ecause another branch of the family
Page 119 and 120:
high fee. For Antioch, Genoa reques
Page 121 and 122:
Unfortunately, Gibelet was not incl
Page 123 and 124:
comparative map presented by Elieze
Page 125 and 126:
`perhaps most notable for its hands
Page 127 and 128:
[my 444 emphasis] At first glance,
Page 129 and 130:
One practical implication of this c
Page 131 and 132:
There was some similarity between t
Page 133 and 134:
of James of Vitry there is a simila
Page 135 and 136:
On the following day, 12 March 1186
Page 137 and 138:
of Genoa turned their attention mor
Page 139 and 140:
epresentatives of the church of St
Page 141 and 142:
church of St Lawrence were on the l
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 11: Acre - the census per ho
Page 145 and 146:
5 The Genoese communities in the ki
Page 147 and 148:
settlers acted as representatives o
Page 149 and 150:
suffered as a result of the Venetia
Page 151 and 152:
Tyre. Who was responsible to these
Page 153 and 154:
leased for twenty eight years in th
Page 155 and 156:
interests, and their intense enmity
Page 157 and 158:
Genoese sources. Perhaps some of th
Page 159 and 160:
Genoese. The Third and Fourth Crusa
Page 161 and 162:
her family could have been part of
Page 163 and 164:
Bonvicino, who were indeed new sett
Page 165 and 166:
was brought up in the parliament. I
Page 167 and 168:
Genoese names in the charters of Ar
Page 169 and 170:
Tyre. Perhaps this means that despi
Page 171 and 172:
Conclusions The main contribution o
Page 173 and 174:
towards the Latin East. The signifi
Page 175 and 176:
Appendix 2: The exchange rate betwe
Page 177 and 178:
c 'ýg C o° 1° cL 0 2 c u) . "c
Page 179 and 180:
Appendix 4: Bequest for the crusade
Page 181 and 182:
Edbury, Peter (ed. and trans. ), Th
Page 183 and 184:
Tangl, Georgine, Studien zum Regist
Page 185 and 186:
Bartholomaeis, Vincenzo de (ed. ),
Page 187 and 188:
Friedman, Yvonne, Encounter between
Page 189 and 190:
Olivieri, Agostino, `Indice per ord
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