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and the first Genoese fleets made their way to assist the Latin East. Over 2000 documents are, however, available for the years 1190 - 1192, from the cartularies of Oberto Scriba, Guglielmo Cassinese and a few dozen documents by Guglielmo di Sori. For the period before the crusade there exist over 1000 more documents; all are attributed to Oberto Scriba di Mercato. " The comparison between the periods of commerce before 1187 and the beginning of the 1190s is interesting in itself; however, the contracts from the period of the crusade, 1190-2, are especially significant for the study of the Third Crusade. The cartularies contain many documents that may contribute to the above questions; they open a window into commercial life during times of crisis and war. Hundreds of commercial contracts deal with investments as well as imports and exports of a variety of goods. Some of the contracts that were made between shipowners and merchants, sailors or even crusaders are especially significant. These documents will be examined closely in this chapter. Importantly, although the crusade is not explicitly mentioned in the contracts, every travelling contract to Ultramare is, in a direct or indirect way, about the crusade. Based on this research it will be argued that scholarship on the Third Crusade has under- appreciated the contribution of individual Genoese and the activity of the commune's contingent that sailed to Tyre in 1189. The fighting spirit of the Genoese had left a remarkable impression in the Latin East. Moreover, it will be argued that Genoa paid a heavy price when some of the distinguished personnel of the commune, who led the crusade, perished in the Latin East. Similarly, some individuals' dedication can be traced throughout the period from the spontaneous acts of shipowners and merchants in 1187 to the continuous support, including donations of money and the shipping of supplies, in the following years. The commitment of Genoa as a commune is distinguishable in the shipping contract it signed with the king of France in February 1190, after which it did not allow private enterprise until the French failed to embark in time and caused economic disturbance in Genoa. On the other hand, it will be argued that the Third Crusade, which was organised during times of profound emotional distress over the fall of Jerusalem, also created great expectations in Genoa of vast profits. When a shipping contract was signed between Genoa and France for the shipping of thousands of French knights to the Latin East, it meant a commitment on both sides. This contract is important for the understanding of the practicalities of the crusade as well as the mentality of the Genoese merchants who organised and embarked on the crusade. The various implications of the Genoese commitment to the crusade will be examined. It will be argued, for "An index to the cartularies was published by the archive of Genoa. See Marco Bologna, Cartolari notarili Genovesi: inventario (Genoa, 1990). However, this index contains many mistakes. I would like to thank David Abulafia and Steven Epstein for their helpful warning on the errors in this index and for referring me to a corrected copy, which is only available in Genoa, in the archives' main reading room. 19
example, that shipowners and sailors did not volunteer their services for the crusade without charge. On the contrary, they clearly expected to profit from the expedition. it will be further argued that even local merchants, the suppliers of food, wine and other goods shared similar economic expectations. The prospects of a lucrative crusade were not fulfilled in the summer of 1190, because the French contingent failed to embark on time. Consequently, the Genoese suffered a financial crisis and a similar anxiety that the Venetians must have felt in 1202 when there were not enough knights to pay for the already equipped ships. At the end of the summer of 1190, the crusade became a source of financial disappointment to the people of Genoa. Finally, it will be argued that as much as Genoa contributed to the crusading movement it was also affected by it. The crusade caused a change in the lives of many Genoese, crusaders as well as the seamen who transported them across the Mediterranean Sea. Genoa itself was affected too. Because it was a crossroads to many crusaders, merchants and pilgrims, Genoa was inevitably introduced during the crusade to new commodities and to different cultures. The people of Genoa witnessed the traffic of people who passed through their city twice, on their way to the Latin East and on their back. 1187 - The response in Genoa to the fall of Jerusalem: The fall of the first kingdom of Jerusalem was a major event in the history of Europe and the Mediterranean in the twelfth century. It directly affected the lives of people throughout western Europe. The loss of Jerusalem was felt, if not in the hearts of all Europeans, at least in their pockets when a special tax was imposed in many countries. Although collecting such taxes for the purpose of the crusade had been a familiar phenomenon since the days of the Second Crusade, the preparations for the Third Crusade introduced in the west a collection of a general tax - the famous Saladin tithe. In Genoa, like in many other cities, the news of the fall of Jerusalem was received in amazement. The city's annals, written by Ottobono Scriba, describe the war with the Muslims in 1187 and the eventual fall of Jerusalem into the hands of Saladin. In particular, Ottobono mentions the capture of the Holy Cross and of the king of Jerusalem by the enemy. At this point the scribe abruptly interrupted his rather dry and informative narrative with the deepest, if somewhat short, emotional expression: `proh dolor! ' Ottobono then describes the heroism of Conrad of Montferrat who saved Tyre `with divine inspiration. "' Special tribute is given in the text to the Genoese who took Conrad aboard their ship and assisted him in the first crucial steps. Finally, Ottobono Scriba mentions Conrad's appeal for help to the leaders of the world. In particular, he sought the help of the people of Genoa and Pisa. 18 Ann. Ian., vol. 2, p. 23. 20
Page 1 and 2: PtiD . ascýo The Merchant of Genoa
Page 3 and 4: I 2 3 4 5 Contents: Abbreviations L
Page 5 and 6: Abbreviations Ann. Ian. Caffaro, An
Page 7 and 8: Tables Table 1: Genoese ships and t
Page 9 and 10: Introduction: The merchant of Genoa
Page 11 and 12: Benjamin Kedar, Marie-Luise Favreau
Page 13 and 14: notary Lanfranco from the first eig
Page 15 and 16: money or merchandise! These tables
Page 17 and 18: they used was dated and therefore m
Page 19: Genoa and the Third Crusade This ch
Page 23 and 24: annals from that period, written by
Page 25 and 26: The first wave of Genoese crusaders
Page 27 and 28: East, especially under Conrad of Mo
Page 29 and 30: crusade. Two of them, Maurino and S
Page 31 and 32: Provisions (vianda) for each person
Page 33 and 34: the travelling contracts of the tim
Page 35 and 36: following year supply some leads to
Page 37 and 38: For example, the years 1190 to 1192
Page 39 and 40: they were promised part of the paym
Page 41 and 42: wine exported to Bougie and sold fo
Page 43 and 44: allowed to carry this money with hi
Page 45 and 46: transition marked by the Third Crus
Page 47 and 48: Fourth Crusade, there was an increa
Page 49 and 50: 2 The impact of a crusade: the reac
Page 51 and 52: enewal and extension of Barbarossa'
Page 53 and 54: Oberto Malocello, and Heredes de Ma
Page 55 and 56: would sail in custodiam navium and
Page 57 and 58: The preparations for the Fourth Cru
Page 59 and 60: perhaps he was more accurate than u
Page 61 and 62: All the records that contain such r
Page 63 and 64: esult of various reasons including
Page 65 and 66: econfirmed. ' 87 The plan was there
Page 67 and 68: Not all merchants detailed their pl
Page 69 and 70: Figure 4: Map of the main trade and
Page 71 and 72:
is correct and the significance of
Page 73 and 74:
This paragraph is a conspicuous pre
Page 75 and 76:
east at the same time as Giovanni t
Page 77 and 78:
Abulafia wrote about Crete that `st
Page 79 and 80:
Henry's fleet harbour in Tripoli? I
Page 81 and 82:
Malta in Tripoli in great detail wi
Page 83 and 84:
3 An unprovoked crusade? This chapt
Page 85 and 86:
success, especially with the women
Page 87 and 88:
Although Friedman did not explicitl
Page 89 and 90:
war business could have been for th
Page 91 and 92:
Or vos dirai que les Sarazins d'Ali
Page 93 and 94:
Pope Innocent III and the maritime
Page 95 and 96:
with Venice. 309 This eventually en
Page 97 and 98:
peace truces after Hattin, and espe
Page 99 and 100:
eceived concessions in Tripoli and
Page 101 and 102:
commerce in Bougie as well as Alexa
Page 103 and 104:
such specification was necessary. I
Page 105 and 106:
James's letters written to the pope
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most of the ships that sailed in 12
Page 109 and 110:
The sum bequeathed was not related
Page 111 and 112:
4 Embriaco or do Biblio, what's In
Page 113 and 114:
town may contribute to the understa
Page 115 and 116:
Les Genois transformerent vite ou l
Page 117 and 118:
ecause another branch of the family
Page 119 and 120:
high fee. For Antioch, Genoa reques
Page 121 and 122:
Unfortunately, Gibelet was not incl
Page 123 and 124:
comparative map presented by Elieze
Page 125 and 126:
`perhaps most notable for its hands
Page 127 and 128:
[my 444 emphasis] At first glance,
Page 129 and 130:
One practical implication of this c
Page 131 and 132:
There was some similarity between t
Page 133 and 134:
of James of Vitry there is a simila
Page 135 and 136:
On the following day, 12 March 1186
Page 137 and 138:
of Genoa turned their attention mor
Page 139 and 140:
epresentatives of the church of St
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church of St Lawrence were on the l
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 11: Acre - the census per ho
Page 145 and 146:
5 The Genoese communities in the ki
Page 147 and 148:
settlers acted as representatives o
Page 149 and 150:
suffered as a result of the Venetia
Page 151 and 152:
Tyre. Who was responsible to these
Page 153 and 154:
leased for twenty eight years in th
Page 155 and 156:
interests, and their intense enmity
Page 157 and 158:
Genoese sources. Perhaps some of th
Page 159 and 160:
Genoese. The Third and Fourth Crusa
Page 161 and 162:
her family could have been part of
Page 163 and 164:
Bonvicino, who were indeed new sett
Page 165 and 166:
was brought up in the parliament. I
Page 167 and 168:
Genoese names in the charters of Ar
Page 169 and 170:
Tyre. Perhaps this means that despi
Page 171 and 172:
Conclusions The main contribution o
Page 173 and 174:
towards the Latin East. The signifi
Page 175 and 176:
Appendix 2: The exchange rate betwe
Page 177 and 178:
c 'ýg C o° 1° cL 0 2 c u) . "c
Page 179 and 180:
Appendix 4: Bequest for the crusade
Page 181 and 182:
Edbury, Peter (ed. and trans. ), Th
Page 183 and 184:
Tangl, Georgine, Studien zum Regist
Page 185 and 186:
Bartholomaeis, Vincenzo de (ed. ),
Page 187 and 188:
Friedman, Yvonne, Encounter between
Page 189 and 190:
Olivieri, Agostino, `Indice per ord
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