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ackground that had brought the two sides to the notary. For example, when a lady from Jerusalem approached the notary in Genoa at the beginning of 1190 she asked to appoint one of her sons as a messenger. He received a large sum of money that he had to deliver to his siblings, two brothers and a sister, who were in the Latin East. This case shows how technical the contracts often were, allowing only a narrow glimpse into the story of this family that clearly escaped the disaster of 1187 alive, but was spread around the world. 17 FMBRIDGE UNIVERSRY
Genoa and the Third Crusade This chapter, is about the people of Genoa at the time of the Third Crusade, from the reception of the news of the fall of the kingdom of Jerusalem until the contingents of the Third Crusade made their way to the Latin East. How was the news received in Genoa? What actions were taken in response to the news? In particular, this chapter will concentrate on the stories of the Genoese whose activities can be followed through the contracts they signed during these years and which remain in the notarial archive. Many of these documents, from the 1170s onwards, were included in the research for this chapter but particular interest is found in the period immediately before the fall of Jerusalem (1186) and from the years 1190-2, which were two important years of the Third Crusade. In the past, the relationship between crusade and commerce has attracted the interest of scholars such as Aziz Atiya and more recently David Abulafia. 16 Having a direct window into the acts of the merchants who transported and organised a crusade in the form of commercial contracts is especially valuable for any discussion of the nature of the relationship between crusade and commerce. This chapter touches on some aspects of a complex historical and social issue and might have been subtitled `the economic value of religious sentiment. ' Some particular questions are targeted in the following discussion: what did the crusade mean to the working people of Genoa? Were the Genoese expected to contribute to the war efforts by investing their money or perhaps volunteering their ships and expertise? It should be further asked whether the Genoese, as individuals or as a commune, expected to profit from their contribution to the war efforts. With these questions in mind the objective is also to examine those parts of society that did not necessarily participate in the crusade as warriors, but provided supplies and support for the fighting people. Such is especially the case of the other residing merchants, men and women. The sources utilised in the research for this chapter include two historical works which were compiled in Genoa at the time: the Genoese annals and a chronicle about the kingdom of Jerusalem. The annals' prime interest is Genoa and its population while the Regni Iherosolymitani brevis historic is a short chronicle about the crusader states with several interesting entries elaborating the Genoese contribution to the foundation of the kingdom and the Genoese role in the following years. A third source is the cartularies of the Genoese notaries. Unfortunately, no cartulary remains from the years 1187-9 when the news of the fall of Jerusalem reached Genoa 16 Aziz S Atiya, Crusade, Commerce and Culture (Indiana, 1962); David Abulafia, `The Role of Trade in Muslim-Christian Contact during the Middle Ages', in Dionisius A. Agius and Richard Hitchcock (eds. ), The Arab Influence in Medieval Europe: Folia Scholastica Mediterranea, in Middle East Cultures Series, vol. 18 (Reading, 1994), pp. 1-24; David Abulafia, `Trade and Crusade1050-1250', in Michael Goodich, Sophia Menache and Sylvia Schein (eds. ), Cross Cultural Convergences in the Crusader Period (New York, 1995), pp. 1-20. 18
Page 1 and 2: PtiD . ascýo The Merchant of Genoa
Page 3 and 4: I 2 3 4 5 Contents: Abbreviations L
Page 5 and 6: Abbreviations Ann. Ian. Caffaro, An
Page 7 and 8: Tables Table 1: Genoese ships and t
Page 9 and 10: Introduction: The merchant of Genoa
Page 11 and 12: Benjamin Kedar, Marie-Luise Favreau
Page 13 and 14: notary Lanfranco from the first eig
Page 15 and 16: money or merchandise! These tables
Page 17: they used was dated and therefore m
Page 21 and 22: example, that shipowners and sailor
Page 23 and 24: annals from that period, written by
Page 25 and 26: The first wave of Genoese crusaders
Page 27 and 28: East, especially under Conrad of Mo
Page 29 and 30: crusade. Two of them, Maurino and S
Page 31 and 32: Provisions (vianda) for each person
Page 33 and 34: the travelling contracts of the tim
Page 35 and 36: following year supply some leads to
Page 37 and 38: For example, the years 1190 to 1192
Page 39 and 40: they were promised part of the paym
Page 41 and 42: wine exported to Bougie and sold fo
Page 43 and 44: allowed to carry this money with hi
Page 45 and 46: transition marked by the Third Crus
Page 47 and 48: Fourth Crusade, there was an increa
Page 49 and 50: 2 The impact of a crusade: the reac
Page 51 and 52: enewal and extension of Barbarossa'
Page 53 and 54: Oberto Malocello, and Heredes de Ma
Page 55 and 56: would sail in custodiam navium and
Page 57 and 58: The preparations for the Fourth Cru
Page 59 and 60: perhaps he was more accurate than u
Page 61 and 62: All the records that contain such r
Page 63 and 64: esult of various reasons including
Page 65 and 66: econfirmed. ' 87 The plan was there
Page 67 and 68: Not all merchants detailed their pl
Page 69 and 70:
Figure 4: Map of the main trade and
Page 71 and 72:
is correct and the significance of
Page 73 and 74:
This paragraph is a conspicuous pre
Page 75 and 76:
east at the same time as Giovanni t
Page 77 and 78:
Abulafia wrote about Crete that `st
Page 79 and 80:
Henry's fleet harbour in Tripoli? I
Page 81 and 82:
Malta in Tripoli in great detail wi
Page 83 and 84:
3 An unprovoked crusade? This chapt
Page 85 and 86:
success, especially with the women
Page 87 and 88:
Although Friedman did not explicitl
Page 89 and 90:
war business could have been for th
Page 91 and 92:
Or vos dirai que les Sarazins d'Ali
Page 93 and 94:
Pope Innocent III and the maritime
Page 95 and 96:
with Venice. 309 This eventually en
Page 97 and 98:
peace truces after Hattin, and espe
Page 99 and 100:
eceived concessions in Tripoli and
Page 101 and 102:
commerce in Bougie as well as Alexa
Page 103 and 104:
such specification was necessary. I
Page 105 and 106:
James's letters written to the pope
Page 107 and 108:
most of the ships that sailed in 12
Page 109 and 110:
The sum bequeathed was not related
Page 111 and 112:
4 Embriaco or do Biblio, what's In
Page 113 and 114:
town may contribute to the understa
Page 115 and 116:
Les Genois transformerent vite ou l
Page 117 and 118:
ecause another branch of the family
Page 119 and 120:
high fee. For Antioch, Genoa reques
Page 121 and 122:
Unfortunately, Gibelet was not incl
Page 123 and 124:
comparative map presented by Elieze
Page 125 and 126:
`perhaps most notable for its hands
Page 127 and 128:
[my 444 emphasis] At first glance,
Page 129 and 130:
One practical implication of this c
Page 131 and 132:
There was some similarity between t
Page 133 and 134:
of James of Vitry there is a simila
Page 135 and 136:
On the following day, 12 March 1186
Page 137 and 138:
of Genoa turned their attention mor
Page 139 and 140:
epresentatives of the church of St
Page 141 and 142:
church of St Lawrence were on the l
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 11: Acre - the census per ho
Page 145 and 146:
5 The Genoese communities in the ki
Page 147 and 148:
settlers acted as representatives o
Page 149 and 150:
suffered as a result of the Venetia
Page 151 and 152:
Tyre. Who was responsible to these
Page 153 and 154:
leased for twenty eight years in th
Page 155 and 156:
interests, and their intense enmity
Page 157 and 158:
Genoese sources. Perhaps some of th
Page 159 and 160:
Genoese. The Third and Fourth Crusa
Page 161 and 162:
her family could have been part of
Page 163 and 164:
Bonvicino, who were indeed new sett
Page 165 and 166:
was brought up in the parliament. I
Page 167 and 168:
Genoese names in the charters of Ar
Page 169 and 170:
Tyre. Perhaps this means that despi
Page 171 and 172:
Conclusions The main contribution o
Page 173 and 174:
towards the Latin East. The signifi
Page 175 and 176:
Appendix 2: The exchange rate betwe
Page 177 and 178:
c 'ýg C o° 1° cL 0 2 c u) . "c
Page 179 and 180:
Appendix 4: Bequest for the crusade
Page 181 and 182:
Edbury, Peter (ed. and trans. ), Th
Page 183 and 184:
Tangl, Georgine, Studien zum Regist
Page 185 and 186:
Bartholomaeis, Vincenzo de (ed. ),
Page 187 and 188:
Friedman, Yvonne, Encounter between
Page 189 and 190:
Olivieri, Agostino, `Indice per ord
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