The Crusades, the Genoese and the Latin East - DSpace at ...

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(Figure 2). With these categories it is possible to sort and select information that is of interest. Other columns were often added for themes or comments of different sort. For example, this often happened when there was a change in the notarial formulae. A category of ship-name was unnecessary for cartularies which were compiled before 1198, and the time factor was only introduced by notaries at the beginning of the thirteenth century. 12 Figure 3 is an example taken from the spreadsheet, in which the theme column (G) is used to sort the documents and show only items that concern the crusades, in their chronological order. Figure 2: Table column headings used in the analysis of the notarial records I Notary 2 Year 3 act number 4 Mss 5 Date 6 Side a 7 Theme 8 Permissions 9 Position 10 Side b 11 Type of contract 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 description libra solidi denarii destinations destination (1) destination (2) destination (3) destination (4) destination (5) export to 23 import from 24 merchandise 25 merchandise details 26 Shipowner 27 ship name 28 Quantities 29 money exchange 30 signed in 31 32 Witnesses With the assistance of these tools, it is possible to make use of the cartularies for the purpose of answering many questions. One example is the use of currencies' exchange rates. In the appendices to the dissertation there are tables showing the exchange rates between several currencies that are discussed in the text. These are based on information in the contracts, drawing mainly on sea-loans, in which the exchange rates in various destinations were agreed upon in advance. All these rates included certain percentage of interest on top of the local exchange rate. For example, the interest varied in different contracts depending on the amount of money borrowed, the length of loan, the distance and supposedly the danger rate. For example, contracts from 1214 mention an interest rate of between 24% and 30% for sea-loans to the Latin East. 13 Another contract from 1203 shows that the merchants took into account that the exchange rate 12 Steven Epstein observed that the notary Oberto Scriba regularly wrote down the time of the day in 1200 but not previously in the 1180s and 1190s. Steven Epstein, Wills and Wealth in Medieval Genoa, 1150- 1250 (Cambridge, Mass. 1984), p. 54; See also Hilmar C. Krueger, Navi e propriety navale a Genova seconda meta del sec. X11, in ASLSP: Nuova serie, vol. 25 (99) (Genoa, 1985), p. 57f 13 Lanfranco 1216, no. 1248 from 18 October 1216. Interest of 30% for a loan of £50 and no. 1280, from 08 November 1216, interest of 25% on loan over £ 100. Both contracts were of travelling to Ultramare. In 1182 a traveller to Sardinia borrowed £3 and promised to pay back with interest of 15% if he makes it there safely. A contract to Sardinia under similar conditions in 1225 included an interest of 25% on a loan of £10. 15 Time
they used was dated and therefore might be wrong. 14 Despite these problems, this information is valuable and was often used in the analysis of the economic meaning of the crusades and other questions. Moreover, Spufford's book on medieval currencies did not often utilise the cartularies as source and did not cover the period under discussion here. '` Therefore, it proved even more important to include such extracts from the table in the appendices of the thesis. Figure 3: An example of part of the cartularies' spreadsheet sorted by theme Ij Ck Cdt 1- V-d FWeat Iook Qsta Ovk w tj* 1365 1450 F1617 it Johannes de Pontremolo ABC0EF GH K notry a actnum bet MSS date skN a " NOW. Cakrda Oonw pernYSNOn aM/ar sidey d camae desctiptlon s Oberto Sabe 1190 271 2s1 , 11N MabUs tuta earn third etttsede, sep Rau. Tebatdo at PM eltass Of she so" 13 erepetpttts: ! 1190 ppklotds LeeavsNtm wiM MahMa GuaMatle rssteas o1 wine ftom be handeel by St Pelz us " the Wig of Ftatce Ouwto Ptyot. P" 76: one vepee e c. Socloboni atd ptopinPd at Ansaldi ecavektm aid twpotls Leeaveb " " ýLQJ xl -8x 12 nfeza oia. Each meza 32.67S papons. In 133e M Genoese took 'otdy aba Abalo Sabe. 1190 1190 356 dKA 190 as* elao $99 Mpdala luxes o11aatss/ N. of tssalsttt at third u traft Joe usdsm nepReM appsYR Th04ý Merüdte ý son 6ry aerld to her chNen, verdts ss to RomaHa ak W70 We esn fieu settN/s - ts esdrgs. lohamea, Symon and AdsMxM Oberlo Scrdie, 1190 521 2017A 190 terrles de PantremaU ausadng shep k1617l6l 1190 merchant 1637 1641 1642 Obato o Sadie, 1190 541 21 pA 190 bherrees de Pontremob clusedrg ahip 1190 merohaM iraveerg Bafotreo de Poecerbs Accornoddione L3 Trewelrg Oben. CochoMno aocidss L2 contra ques m1o L1 ý, J Oberto Saba 1190 545 23AA esmuxadam socbtas L20cordraquasmsoLlO , ... 1190 ert mob Fieshe Slaw rows where: Obabo Sas1a 1190 , K 1190 1haM 21A7i contarls ad. aus" Sea loan L50 tar be de Acre 1 S1 to b r glld ! ' Qr 79 de Oorbis cun vobf' ple -J he doeaM mere 151 bIt in Genoa Si0 for each bis he Obdlp Satb aklo Melbno a. 1190 115ri 555 30qA Use 7 to represent arly snple (Sl1P See ban L7S for Mcadien de Acri 8: dwarxer - nava) Use " to repeserd any wies of he ships a tMd in Wh of dearactds U cancd apoece piyus the mchbshop epve; 1666 Oberto SpaM 1190 670 3=7A190 loharvles de Plydreaab crusadh9 shg Trove" Lanearecus Malus sodden W Lniratlcua pas L100 , 1190 merchant FMster bwecem (I e both Idlanes L50 . 1fiSA, N4º M\1179-1207X nionry e, odW" ý( Siied4 PRa Mode . 1.1 1 workhp n this L65 to be taken to (Jhanere peAnersrvp) comeende L20 e ac t.. o.. w. » ei..... » .t:, l Importantly, the cartularies provide an opportunity to follow the career of individual merchants at home and abroad. This implies that the discussion is not restricted to economic and commercial aspects of this period but includes human aspects too. Thus the personal aspect of the crusades comes to light; the stories of people who got involved in impossible debts as a result of the crusade will be related alongside some incomplete stories of the Genoese who never returned home from the Latin East, either because they were taken captive or died. This by no means implies that the cartularies give access to the complete stories. Because they are usually concerned with instructions and their fulfilment, the contracts rarely explain the reasoning or 14 GG 1203, no. 574 from 17 September 1203. 15 Spufford, Peter, Handbook of Medieval Exchange (London, 1986). 16 . ft.
Page 1 and 2: PtiD . ascýo The Merchant of Genoa
Page 3 and 4: I 2 3 4 5 Contents: Abbreviations L
Page 5 and 6: Abbreviations Ann. Ian. Caffaro, An
Page 7 and 8: Tables Table 1: Genoese ships and t
Page 9 and 10: Introduction: The merchant of Genoa
Page 11 and 12: Benjamin Kedar, Marie-Luise Favreau
Page 13 and 14: notary Lanfranco from the first eig
Page 15: money or merchandise! These tables
Page 19 and 20: Genoa and the Third Crusade This ch
Page 21 and 22: example, that shipowners and sailor
Page 23 and 24: annals from that period, written by
Page 25 and 26: The first wave of Genoese crusaders
Page 27 and 28: East, especially under Conrad of Mo
Page 29 and 30: crusade. Two of them, Maurino and S
Page 31 and 32: Provisions (vianda) for each person
Page 33 and 34: the travelling contracts of the tim
Page 35 and 36: following year supply some leads to
Page 37 and 38: For example, the years 1190 to 1192
Page 39 and 40: they were promised part of the paym
Page 41 and 42: wine exported to Bougie and sold fo
Page 43 and 44: allowed to carry this money with hi
Page 45 and 46: transition marked by the Third Crus
Page 47 and 48: Fourth Crusade, there was an increa
Page 49 and 50: 2 The impact of a crusade: the reac
Page 51 and 52: enewal and extension of Barbarossa'
Page 53 and 54: Oberto Malocello, and Heredes de Ma
Page 55 and 56: would sail in custodiam navium and
Page 57 and 58: The preparations for the Fourth Cru
Page 59 and 60: perhaps he was more accurate than u
Page 61 and 62: All the records that contain such r
Page 63 and 64: esult of various reasons including
Page 65 and 66: econfirmed. ' 87 The plan was there
Page 67 and 68:
Not all merchants detailed their pl
Page 69 and 70:
Figure 4: Map of the main trade and
Page 71 and 72:
is correct and the significance of
Page 73 and 74:
This paragraph is a conspicuous pre
Page 75 and 76:
east at the same time as Giovanni t
Page 77 and 78:
Abulafia wrote about Crete that `st
Page 79 and 80:
Henry's fleet harbour in Tripoli? I
Page 81 and 82:
Malta in Tripoli in great detail wi
Page 83 and 84:
3 An unprovoked crusade? This chapt
Page 85 and 86:
success, especially with the women
Page 87 and 88:
Although Friedman did not explicitl
Page 89 and 90:
war business could have been for th
Page 91 and 92:
Or vos dirai que les Sarazins d'Ali
Page 93 and 94:
Pope Innocent III and the maritime
Page 95 and 96:
with Venice. 309 This eventually en
Page 97 and 98:
peace truces after Hattin, and espe
Page 99 and 100:
eceived concessions in Tripoli and
Page 101 and 102:
commerce in Bougie as well as Alexa
Page 103 and 104:
such specification was necessary. I
Page 105 and 106:
James's letters written to the pope
Page 107 and 108:
most of the ships that sailed in 12
Page 109 and 110:
The sum bequeathed was not related
Page 111 and 112:
4 Embriaco or do Biblio, what's In
Page 113 and 114:
town may contribute to the understa
Page 115 and 116:
Les Genois transformerent vite ou l
Page 117 and 118:
ecause another branch of the family
Page 119 and 120:
high fee. For Antioch, Genoa reques
Page 121 and 122:
Unfortunately, Gibelet was not incl
Page 123 and 124:
comparative map presented by Elieze
Page 125 and 126:
`perhaps most notable for its hands
Page 127 and 128:
[my 444 emphasis] At first glance,
Page 129 and 130:
One practical implication of this c
Page 131 and 132:
There was some similarity between t
Page 133 and 134:
of James of Vitry there is a simila
Page 135 and 136:
On the following day, 12 March 1186
Page 137 and 138:
of Genoa turned their attention mor
Page 139 and 140:
epresentatives of the church of St
Page 141 and 142:
church of St Lawrence were on the l
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 11: Acre - the census per ho
Page 145 and 146:
5 The Genoese communities in the ki
Page 147 and 148:
settlers acted as representatives o
Page 149 and 150:
suffered as a result of the Venetia
Page 151 and 152:
Tyre. Who was responsible to these
Page 153 and 154:
leased for twenty eight years in th
Page 155 and 156:
interests, and their intense enmity
Page 157 and 158:
Genoese sources. Perhaps some of th
Page 159 and 160:
Genoese. The Third and Fourth Crusa
Page 161 and 162:
her family could have been part of
Page 163 and 164:
Bonvicino, who were indeed new sett
Page 165 and 166:
was brought up in the parliament. I
Page 167 and 168:
Genoese names in the charters of Ar
Page 169 and 170:
Tyre. Perhaps this means that despi
Page 171 and 172:
Conclusions The main contribution o
Page 173 and 174:
towards the Latin East. The signifi
Page 175 and 176:
Appendix 2: The exchange rate betwe
Page 177 and 178:
c 'ýg C o° 1° cL 0 2 c u) . "c
Page 179 and 180:
Appendix 4: Bequest for the crusade
Page 181 and 182:
Edbury, Peter (ed. and trans. ), Th
Page 183 and 184:
Tangl, Georgine, Studien zum Regist
Page 185 and 186:
Bartholomaeis, Vincenzo de (ed. ),
Page 187 and 188:
Friedman, Yvonne, Encounter between
Page 189 and 190:
Olivieri, Agostino, `Indice per ord
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