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Jerusalem were. In many ways Bohemond's charter reflects the confusion state of the principality of Antioch at the time and the general lack of order in the management of the Genoese community from the fall of the first kingdom to the appointment of Guido Spinola as consul. An important change occurred at the end of 1189. Guido Spinola arrived in the kingdom of Jerusalem in the latter part of 1189 as part of the large Genoese crusading mission. fie was a consul of the commune when he left Genoa which made him the most important person in the fleet. Guido Spinola is first Genoese mentioned in the annals' list of the Genoese leaders of the crusade. 533 In the kingdom of Jerusalem Guido quickly won the personal respect of many people. The Genoese annals and other contemporary sources praise Guido's activities, even charters mention his fighting spirit in the battlefield. Moreover, with the arrival of Guido Spinola in Tyre a new era began in the relationship between Genoa and the kingdom of Jerusalem. Guido arrived as a leader of the Genoese contingent and may have been appointed in Genoa also to the position of Genoese consul in the kingdom of Jerusalem. Guido Spinola was followed by Maurino Rodoano. These two consulates from the autumn of 1189 to the autumn of 1191 are interesting because the appointed consuls were dominant persons who shared some similarities between them. They were both in charge when the Third Crusade was at its height and it is significant that both embarked from Genoa as leaders of their fellow crusaders and as acting consuls of the commune of Genoa. Guido was consul in 1189 and Maurino, who was previously consul in 1186, left Genoa as an acting consul of the commune in 1190. Shortly before Maurino left Genoa he took part in the negotiations and conclusion of the agreement with King Philip Augustus regarding the modified plans for the Third Crusade. The consulates of Guido and Maurino are interesting also because the two consuls achieved a lot in the short period of their consulates in the Latin East. Their activities reflected Genoa's foreign policy in the Latin East. When Guido Spinola arrived in Tyre, he had to manoeuvre in a delicate situation between various powers. The death of many of the leaders in the east and the arrival of forces from the west caused much tension in the Latin East, especially since the leadership of Guy of Lusignan had already proved to be unreliable. The most delicate diplomatic decision to be made was which of the claimants to the crown of Jerusalem to support, King Guy who was unpopular and defeated yet the legitimate king of Jerusalem, or Conrad of Montferrat, a hero and the saviour of Tyre. David Jacoby discussed the complexity of this diplomatic decision: The fierce power struggle between the two men was stimulated by the deep cleavage existing within the higher nobility of the kingdom, which perpetuated the party quarrels that had taken place before Hattin and had been further exacerbated by the defeat of July 1187... The two cities [Pisa and Genoa] took sides in this conflict, to the best of their own 533 Ann. Ian., vol. 2, pp. 32-33 153
interests, and their intense enmity became grafted upon the ongoing struggle for the throne of Jerusalem... ssa Guido Spinola, however, managed the negotiations carefully. He obtained the first letter of privileges from Conrad of Montferrat only after his official recognition as lord of Tyre even though Conrad had been on close terms with the Genoese already from the time of their narrow escape from the harbour of Acre in 1187. Conrad was officially entitled lord of Tyre, Sidon and Beirut, a title which he used when he granted his privilege to the Genoese (Conradus, marchionis Montisferrati filius, per graham Dei Tyri atque Sydonis et Berithi dominus). 535 Once these important concessions were granted by Conrad, Guido Spinola proceeded to confirm the arrangements he reached with King Guy. In the charter of Guy, the privileges were officially granted by both Guy and his wife Sibylla because she was the successor to the throne of Jerusalem, which meant that he was the king by virtue of being the queens' consort, `Guido, per Dei gratiam in sancta civitate Jerusalem rex Latinorum VIIIr. ", et domino Sibilla uxor mea. ' Importantly, at the top of the witness list of this record was the name of Conrad under the title `dominus Tyri. '536 With this open arrangement, the Genoese secured their position and retained their privileges in Acre, long before the recovery of that town. They also managed to be given a desirable location in the city of Tyre, on the western part of the harbour. 337 These two charters account for the personal achievement of Guido Spinola. King Guy's charter mentioned Guido's character and bravery. The confirmation of the old rights and the new concessions were given: `pro fidelitate et servitio quod nobis et toil christiani in obsidione Acconensi impendistis... prudenti vino Guidoni Spinole... in obsidione predicte civitatis Acconensis contra Sarracenos fortiter decertavit' [my emphasis] S3ß Guido Spinola left a positive impression in the Latin East. He made a major contribution to the establishment of the Genoese quarter in Tyre in 1190 as a commercial stronghold for visiting merchants and also as an autonomous community with legal and ecclesiastical rights for its members. Guido Spinola and Maurino Rodoano helped to establish the commune in the kingdom of Jerusalem but they did not settle there themselves. Both of them were given new diplomatic missions as soon as they finished their duty in the Latin East. In 1192 and 1193, Guido conducted diplomatic missions as a legate in Constantinople. Guglielmo Tornello and Guido Spinola were sent to Constantinople in 1192 and, in 1193, Guido was joined by Baldovino Guercio, who 534 David Jacoby, `Conrad, Marquis of Montferrat', p. 193. 5351 Libri lurium, vol. I/2,331, p. 137. 5361 Libri lurium, vol. 1/2,332, p. 141. 537 In my MA dissertation on the Italian quarters in Tyre it was argued that the location of the Genoese squarter was inside the city walls on the western side of the harbour. 81 Libri lurium, vol. 1/2,332, p. 141. In Conrad's charter Guido was also described as a brave person: nobili viro ac strenuo Guidon! Spinule. Ibid, no. 331, p. 137. 154
Page 1 and 2:
PtiD . ascýo The Merchant of Genoa
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I 2 3 4 5 Contents: Abbreviations L
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Abbreviations Ann. Ian. Caffaro, An
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Tables Table 1: Genoese ships and t
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Introduction: The merchant of Genoa
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Benjamin Kedar, Marie-Luise Favreau
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notary Lanfranco from the first eig
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money or merchandise! These tables
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they used was dated and therefore m
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Genoa and the Third Crusade This ch
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example, that shipowners and sailor
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annals from that period, written by
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The first wave of Genoese crusaders
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East, especially under Conrad of Mo
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crusade. Two of them, Maurino and S
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Provisions (vianda) for each person
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the travelling contracts of the tim
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following year supply some leads to
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For example, the years 1190 to 1192
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they were promised part of the paym
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wine exported to Bougie and sold fo
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allowed to carry this money with hi
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transition marked by the Third Crus
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Fourth Crusade, there was an increa
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2 The impact of a crusade: the reac
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enewal and extension of Barbarossa'
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Oberto Malocello, and Heredes de Ma
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would sail in custodiam navium and
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The preparations for the Fourth Cru
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perhaps he was more accurate than u
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All the records that contain such r
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esult of various reasons including
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econfirmed. ' 87 The plan was there
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Not all merchants detailed their pl
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Figure 4: Map of the main trade and
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is correct and the significance of
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This paragraph is a conspicuous pre
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east at the same time as Giovanni t
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Abulafia wrote about Crete that `st
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Henry's fleet harbour in Tripoli? I
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Malta in Tripoli in great detail wi
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3 An unprovoked crusade? This chapt
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success, especially with the women
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Although Friedman did not explicitl
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war business could have been for th
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Or vos dirai que les Sarazins d'Ali
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Pope Innocent III and the maritime
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with Venice. 309 This eventually en
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peace truces after Hattin, and espe
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eceived concessions in Tripoli and
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commerce in Bougie as well as Alexa
Page 103 and 104: such specification was necessary. I
Page 105 and 106: James's letters written to the pope
Page 107 and 108: most of the ships that sailed in 12
Page 109 and 110: The sum bequeathed was not related
Page 111 and 112: 4 Embriaco or do Biblio, what's In
Page 113 and 114: town may contribute to the understa
Page 115 and 116: Les Genois transformerent vite ou l
Page 117 and 118: ecause another branch of the family
Page 119 and 120: high fee. For Antioch, Genoa reques
Page 121 and 122: Unfortunately, Gibelet was not incl
Page 123 and 124: comparative map presented by Elieze
Page 125 and 126: `perhaps most notable for its hands
Page 127 and 128: [my 444 emphasis] At first glance,
Page 129 and 130: One practical implication of this c
Page 131 and 132: There was some similarity between t
Page 133 and 134: of James of Vitry there is a simila
Page 135 and 136: On the following day, 12 March 1186
Page 137 and 138: of Genoa turned their attention mor
Page 139 and 140: epresentatives of the church of St
Page 141 and 142: church of St Lawrence were on the l
Page 143 and 144: Figure 11: Acre - the census per ho
Page 145 and 146: 5 The Genoese communities in the ki
Page 147 and 148: settlers acted as representatives o
Page 149 and 150: suffered as a result of the Venetia
Page 151 and 152: Tyre. Who was responsible to these
Page 153: leased for twenty eight years in th
Page 157 and 158: Genoese sources. Perhaps some of th
Page 159 and 160: Genoese. The Third and Fourth Crusa
Page 161 and 162: her family could have been part of
Page 163 and 164: Bonvicino, who were indeed new sett
Page 165 and 166: was brought up in the parliament. I
Page 167 and 168: Genoese names in the charters of Ar
Page 169 and 170: Tyre. Perhaps this means that despi
Page 171 and 172: Conclusions The main contribution o
Page 173 and 174: towards the Latin East. The signifi
Page 175 and 176: Appendix 2: The exchange rate betwe
Page 177 and 178: c 'ýg C o° 1° cL 0 2 c u) . "c
Page 179 and 180: Appendix 4: Bequest for the crusade
Page 181 and 182: Edbury, Peter (ed. and trans. ), Th
Page 183 and 184: Tangl, Georgine, Studien zum Regist
Page 185 and 186: Bartholomaeis, Vincenzo de (ed. ),
Page 187 and 188: Friedman, Yvonne, Encounter between
Page 189 and 190: Olivieri, Agostino, `Indice per ord
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