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etween Genoa and Hugh II de Biblio in 1168 marked a turning point in the relations with Genoa; the creation of a rift between the inhabitants of Byblos and the city of Genoa. From the settlers point of view it signified the assumption of a new identity and possibly a change in the mentality of the merchants of Genoa who settled in the crusader states. 143
5 The Genoese communities in the kingdom of Jerusalem This chapter is about the Genoese who lived in the crusader kingdom of Jerusalem after the war of 1187. This topic is related to many issues already discussed in this thesis. For example, the Genoese merchants and crusaders who sailed across the Mediterranean at the time of the crusades were at the centre of previous chapters. However, the same people also travelled through the ports of the kingdom of Jerusalem and often resided in the Genoese quarters of those towns. Travelling merchants lived in the commune's loggia or rented other available accommodation. Rental ad passagium was usually for several months between the spring and the autumn sailing periods. Other merchants stayed longer, for a year or more S12 These travelling merchants are not the direct subject of this chapter, but it is not always easy to distinguish between the various groups of people, the temporary residents and the permanent inhabitants of the Latin East. This problem is a major obstacle in the study of the Italian settlements in the Latin East and it has been discussed on various occasions in the historiography. Recently, Marie-Luise Favreau-Lile encountered this problem in her study of the Italians in the first kingdom of Jerusalem. 5 3 Indeed, the Genoese who settled in the Latin East stand at the core of the discussion in the current chapter. This social group will be examined here during a time of major political and social changes, a result of the Christian defeat at Hattin and the fall of the first kingdom of Jerusalem. In what ways were the Genoese inhabitants of the Latin East part of the local Latin society, and to what degree did they perceived themselves as part of the cities and communes they left back in Italy? Chapter Four discussed the case of the Embriaco family that settled and governed the seaport town of Byblos. It was demonstrated that this family eventually broke its ties with Genoa and integrated into the local aristocracy. Is it possible to identify a similar process in the case of the Genoese communities that lived in towns inside the kingdom of Jerusalem? What percentage of the Genoese population in the Latin East settled permanently in the crusader states? The year 1187 is the starting point of the current study. The fall of Acre in that year brought an end to the Genoese settlement within the kingdom of Jerusalem, which meant a great loss of possessions. Even more remarkable was the fact that it marked an end to the Genoese privileged-status as merchants because this status was limited to Acre. It was an overwhelming change for the Genoese and it could have spelled a complete end for that commune in the Latin 512 On the different rental options see Robert Kool, `The Genoese Quarter in Thirteenth-Century Acre: A Reinterpretation of Its Layout', Atiqot 31 (1997), pp. 187-188. 513 Marie-Luise Favreau-Lilie, Die Italiener im Heiligen Land. - von ersten Kreuzzug bis zum Tode Heinrichs von Champagne (1098-1197) (Amsterdam, 1989), p. 498. See more about the different approaches to this problem in the following section of sources and scholarship. 144
Page 1 and 2:
PtiD . ascýo The Merchant of Genoa
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I 2 3 4 5 Contents: Abbreviations L
Page 5 and 6:
Abbreviations Ann. Ian. Caffaro, An
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Tables Table 1: Genoese ships and t
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Introduction: The merchant of Genoa
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Benjamin Kedar, Marie-Luise Favreau
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notary Lanfranco from the first eig
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money or merchandise! These tables
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they used was dated and therefore m
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Genoa and the Third Crusade This ch
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example, that shipowners and sailor
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annals from that period, written by
Page 25 and 26:
The first wave of Genoese crusaders
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East, especially under Conrad of Mo
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crusade. Two of them, Maurino and S
Page 31 and 32:
Provisions (vianda) for each person
Page 33 and 34:
the travelling contracts of the tim
Page 35 and 36:
following year supply some leads to
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For example, the years 1190 to 1192
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they were promised part of the paym
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wine exported to Bougie and sold fo
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allowed to carry this money with hi
Page 45 and 46:
transition marked by the Third Crus
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Fourth Crusade, there was an increa
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2 The impact of a crusade: the reac
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enewal and extension of Barbarossa'
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Oberto Malocello, and Heredes de Ma
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would sail in custodiam navium and
Page 57 and 58:
The preparations for the Fourth Cru
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perhaps he was more accurate than u
Page 61 and 62:
All the records that contain such r
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esult of various reasons including
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econfirmed. ' 87 The plan was there
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Not all merchants detailed their pl
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Figure 4: Map of the main trade and
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is correct and the significance of
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This paragraph is a conspicuous pre
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east at the same time as Giovanni t
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Abulafia wrote about Crete that `st
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Henry's fleet harbour in Tripoli? I
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Malta in Tripoli in great detail wi
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3 An unprovoked crusade? This chapt
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success, especially with the women
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Although Friedman did not explicitl
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war business could have been for th
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Or vos dirai que les Sarazins d'Ali
Page 93 and 94: Pope Innocent III and the maritime
Page 95 and 96: with Venice. 309 This eventually en
Page 97 and 98: peace truces after Hattin, and espe
Page 99 and 100: eceived concessions in Tripoli and
Page 101 and 102: commerce in Bougie as well as Alexa
Page 103 and 104: such specification was necessary. I
Page 105 and 106: James's letters written to the pope
Page 107 and 108: most of the ships that sailed in 12
Page 109 and 110: The sum bequeathed was not related
Page 111 and 112: 4 Embriaco or do Biblio, what's In
Page 113 and 114: town may contribute to the understa
Page 115 and 116: Les Genois transformerent vite ou l
Page 117 and 118: ecause another branch of the family
Page 119 and 120: high fee. For Antioch, Genoa reques
Page 121 and 122: Unfortunately, Gibelet was not incl
Page 123 and 124: comparative map presented by Elieze
Page 125 and 126: `perhaps most notable for its hands
Page 127 and 128: [my 444 emphasis] At first glance,
Page 129 and 130: One practical implication of this c
Page 131 and 132: There was some similarity between t
Page 133 and 134: of James of Vitry there is a simila
Page 135 and 136: On the following day, 12 March 1186
Page 137 and 138: of Genoa turned their attention mor
Page 139 and 140: epresentatives of the church of St
Page 141 and 142: church of St Lawrence were on the l
Page 143: Figure 11: Acre - the census per ho
Page 147 and 148: settlers acted as representatives o
Page 149 and 150: suffered as a result of the Venetia
Page 151 and 152: Tyre. Who was responsible to these
Page 153 and 154: leased for twenty eight years in th
Page 155 and 156: interests, and their intense enmity
Page 157 and 158: Genoese sources. Perhaps some of th
Page 159 and 160: Genoese. The Third and Fourth Crusa
Page 161 and 162: her family could have been part of
Page 163 and 164: Bonvicino, who were indeed new sett
Page 165 and 166: was brought up in the parliament. I
Page 167 and 168: Genoese names in the charters of Ar
Page 169 and 170: Tyre. Perhaps this means that despi
Page 171 and 172: Conclusions The main contribution o
Page 173 and 174: towards the Latin East. The signifi
Page 175 and 176: Appendix 2: The exchange rate betwe
Page 177 and 178: c 'ýg C o° 1° cL 0 2 c u) . "c
Page 179 and 180: Appendix 4: Bequest for the crusade
Page 181 and 182: Edbury, Peter (ed. and trans. ), Th
Page 183 and 184: Tangl, Georgine, Studien zum Regist
Page 185 and 186: Bartholomaeis, Vincenzo de (ed. ),
Page 187 and 188: Friedman, Yvonne, Encounter between
Page 189 and 190: Olivieri, Agostino, `Indice per ord
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