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Genoa... marked by... an attempt at a reassertion of their ancient... control over the Genoese colony in Acre. '495 When Byrne analysed this documents he was not aware of another contract that was signed at the end of two years between Ottone Giudice and Guglielmo Embriaco. Origone did not mention this contract in her discussion too. In the following discussion it will be argued that the contract from 1200 has to be read in the context of other documents concerning properties in Acre. These include the above mentioned second contract between the Embriaci and Ottone Giudice from September 1203, as well as another lease contract for the church's property in Acre from 1222. Finally, the discussion must also take into consideration the Genoese report about the commune's property in Acre from 1249. The contract from 16 September 1203 is a receipt for the actual payment, according to which at the end of his service in the Latin East Ottone Giudice paid Guglielmo Embriaco £230 5s Od. The problem in interpreting this figure is that Guglielmo Embriaco and Ottone Giudice made a series of commercial contracts between them in 1200 in addition to Ottone's appointment in Acre 496 However, Ottone did specify that £100 5s Od of the total sum were `in medietate vescontie quam habuit ab eo de rua de Antiochia et de Ultramare. '497 It is not clear what Ottone meant in the term vescontie. The definition of his authority is also not clear, because the initial contract from September 1200 is a little vague. Guglielmo Embriaco maior asked him to collect the income We ruga nostra predicta Sancti Laurentii aut aliunde et de omnibus redditibus Ultramaris' [my emphasis]. This definition probably referred to Antioch, even though the only time Antioch was explicitly mentioned in the initial document was when Ottone was granted permission to travel there: `si necesse fuerit ire in Antiochiam vel Tripolim aut Gibelletum. '498 What was included in the ruga of St Lawrence? According to Jacoby this term, which usually means street or road, sometimes refers to an entire quarter. 499 It might be tempting to interpret ruga sancti Laurentii as the entire Genoese quarter, based on the fact that in the 1154 document the entire Genoese possessions in Acre were explicitly leased to Nicola and Ugo Embriaco: Votum illud quod comune Ianue habet in Acri et eins pertinentiis, sine contradictione comunis Ianue et omnium personarum pro eo... ' [my 50° emphasis]. Such a conclusion, however, would be wrong. Firstly, there is no other indication that the Embriaci possessed anything in Acre in this period. Although they referred to the ruga as `ruga nostra' (see above), a contract of 1222 suggests that they were only acting on behalf of the church. In 29 September 1222, two 495 Byrne, `The Genoese Colonies in Syria', p. 155. 496 OS, 1200, cart. 4, p. 252 R4 from 09 September 1200; MS 102, pp. 160-161, from 23 September 1200. 497 GG, 1203, no. 571, from 16 September 1203, pp. 269-270. 498 See above, note 493, pp. 312-313. 499 David Jacoby, `Crusader Acre', p. 30, note, 149. 500 1 Libri lurium, vol. 1/1, no, 165, p. 241. 137
epresentatives of the church of St Lawrence, Rubaldus prepositus and magister Johannes Archidiaconus, received £50 from Ugo Ferrario junior against the tax (census) that he was to collect from the possessions of St Lawrence in Acre over a period of one year: `150 nomine census ecclesie sancti Laurencii quam habemus in Ancum (sic) ... pro quibus damus et concedimus tibi plenam et liberam potestatem locandi administracionem dicte ecclesie. '50' Clearly, Ugo Ferrario was in the same position as Ottone Giudice twenty years beforehand. They were both asked to collect the same amount of money per annum (Ottone Giudice was sent in 1200 to collect 150 bezants, which equals £50), and it is hard to avoid the impression that they were fulfilling exactly the same task. Ottone and Ugo even seem to have adopted a similar economic approach to their mission to Acre. Like Ottone Giudice, Ugo Ferrario also signed a series of commenda contracts before his departure from Genoa to the kingdom of Jerusalem. 02 Assuming that the two contracts of 1200 and 1222 were indeed for the same mission, it is possible to reach some conclusions. When Ottone was sent to possess the ruga of St Lawrence (iuro... quod tenebo rugam de Sancto Laurentio de Acri) he was in fact sent to collect the census, for which he received wide administrative rights by the church over its own possessions. It is interesting and probably not a coincidence that the sum of the census collected in Acre was equal to the fee that the Embriaci were asked to pay in the old contract that they signed in 1154, in which the Embriaco brothers were required to pay 1000s or £50 Genoese 503 The impression is obviously that the fee paid for Acre remained the same from 1154 until 1222. There is, however, a major difference between the charter of 1154 and the contracts of 1200 and 1222 in the sense that the contract from 1154 referred to the entire possessions of the commune of Genoa in Acre, while in 1200 it is about the census from the possessions of the church, mainly from the ruga of St Lawrence. The Embriaco family that was given full ownership of the Genoese possessions in Acre in 1154 was not in fact collecting the revenues from these places in the year 1200. The census belonged to the church of St Lawrence and the appointment of Ottone Giudice by the Embriaci was perhaps only symbolic. The real revenues came to the Embriaci through their commercial investments independent of their "ownership" of the ruga st Laurentii. What was included in the ruga of St Lawrence? In the following paragraphs it will be argued that it formed only part of the Genoese quarter, most probably only the street of St Lawrence itself with not more than a dozen buildings. These calculations are based on one of the most valuable documents existing about the Genoese quarter in Acre, a report which was compiled in Acre in the year 1249 and which covers a period of two years (1248-9). This report 501 Mag. Sal., no. 550, from 29 September 1222 502 Mag. Sal., nos. 547,549 from 29 September 1200 503 1 Libri lurium, vol. I/I, no, 165, p. 241. 138
Page 1 and 2:
PtiD . ascýo The Merchant of Genoa
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I 2 3 4 5 Contents: Abbreviations L
Page 5 and 6:
Abbreviations Ann. Ian. Caffaro, An
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Tables Table 1: Genoese ships and t
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Introduction: The merchant of Genoa
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Benjamin Kedar, Marie-Luise Favreau
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notary Lanfranco from the first eig
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money or merchandise! These tables
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they used was dated and therefore m
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Genoa and the Third Crusade This ch
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example, that shipowners and sailor
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annals from that period, written by
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The first wave of Genoese crusaders
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East, especially under Conrad of Mo
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crusade. Two of them, Maurino and S
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Provisions (vianda) for each person
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the travelling contracts of the tim
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following year supply some leads to
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For example, the years 1190 to 1192
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they were promised part of the paym
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wine exported to Bougie and sold fo
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allowed to carry this money with hi
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transition marked by the Third Crus
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Fourth Crusade, there was an increa
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2 The impact of a crusade: the reac
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enewal and extension of Barbarossa'
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Oberto Malocello, and Heredes de Ma
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would sail in custodiam navium and
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The preparations for the Fourth Cru
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perhaps he was more accurate than u
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All the records that contain such r
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esult of various reasons including
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econfirmed. ' 87 The plan was there
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Not all merchants detailed their pl
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Figure 4: Map of the main trade and
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is correct and the significance of
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This paragraph is a conspicuous pre
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east at the same time as Giovanni t
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Abulafia wrote about Crete that `st
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Henry's fleet harbour in Tripoli? I
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Malta in Tripoli in great detail wi
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3 An unprovoked crusade? This chapt
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success, especially with the women
Page 87 and 88: Although Friedman did not explicitl
Page 89 and 90: war business could have been for th
Page 91 and 92: Or vos dirai que les Sarazins d'Ali
Page 93 and 94: Pope Innocent III and the maritime
Page 95 and 96: with Venice. 309 This eventually en
Page 97 and 98: peace truces after Hattin, and espe
Page 99 and 100: eceived concessions in Tripoli and
Page 101 and 102: commerce in Bougie as well as Alexa
Page 103 and 104: such specification was necessary. I
Page 105 and 106: James's letters written to the pope
Page 107 and 108: most of the ships that sailed in 12
Page 109 and 110: The sum bequeathed was not related
Page 111 and 112: 4 Embriaco or do Biblio, what's In
Page 113 and 114: town may contribute to the understa
Page 115 and 116: Les Genois transformerent vite ou l
Page 117 and 118: ecause another branch of the family
Page 119 and 120: high fee. For Antioch, Genoa reques
Page 121 and 122: Unfortunately, Gibelet was not incl
Page 123 and 124: comparative map presented by Elieze
Page 125 and 126: `perhaps most notable for its hands
Page 127 and 128: [my 444 emphasis] At first glance,
Page 129 and 130: One practical implication of this c
Page 131 and 132: There was some similarity between t
Page 133 and 134: of James of Vitry there is a simila
Page 135 and 136: On the following day, 12 March 1186
Page 137: of Genoa turned their attention mor
Page 141 and 142: church of St Lawrence were on the l
Page 143 and 144: Figure 11: Acre - the census per ho
Page 145 and 146: 5 The Genoese communities in the ki
Page 147 and 148: settlers acted as representatives o
Page 149 and 150: suffered as a result of the Venetia
Page 151 and 152: Tyre. Who was responsible to these
Page 153 and 154: leased for twenty eight years in th
Page 155 and 156: interests, and their intense enmity
Page 157 and 158: Genoese sources. Perhaps some of th
Page 159 and 160: Genoese. The Third and Fourth Crusa
Page 161 and 162: her family could have been part of
Page 163 and 164: Bonvicino, who were indeed new sett
Page 165 and 166: was brought up in the parliament. I
Page 167 and 168: Genoese names in the charters of Ar
Page 169 and 170: Tyre. Perhaps this means that despi
Page 171 and 172: Conclusions The main contribution o
Page 173 and 174: towards the Latin East. The signifi
Page 175 and 176: Appendix 2: The exchange rate betwe
Page 177 and 178: c 'ýg C o° 1° cL 0 2 c u) . "c
Page 179 and 180: Appendix 4: Bequest for the crusade
Page 181 and 182: Edbury, Peter (ed. and trans. ), Th
Page 183 and 184: Tangl, Georgine, Studien zum Regist
Page 185 and 186: Bartholomaeis, Vincenzo de (ed. ),
Page 187 and 188: Friedman, Yvonne, Encounter between
Page 189 and 190:
Olivieri, Agostino, `Indice per ord
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