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identification of changes in the price of commodities, the introduction of goods to new markets, and the impact of wars on the contemporary currencies. Figure 1: The cartulary of Giovanni di Guiberto from September 1203, cart. 6, pp. 211V- 212R -1., 1 _... `; f, +- .., -_".. r,.. ý +. m.., ;ý `ý"++,. ý r« , ý,, ,ý 'yF Thwý ràit"{rta{ýn .:, ný5 ýw` w ti ; Q'7-'ký , ýJ .. 2ý "[4,, G. -: ial. ý! ý rraý,. ý _.. ý i '"GA ý i. ý ts ý.. ý, ' ýN ! -'ý' ý .. ý 'rw wf AM. w'Sdi.. __: "_'"aej4Ak'_ Ar' Tk, Y, k Y. r.: FM T-.. # e`hv r ý"V J} .: {/ ýr. ý y. 'A pfbm' ýr: '"ý tr,,,, gr.: il , t' ný .ýý, ý , iýct . _. ý' ". ýý, ^ýr. .... 1 If. 4, r.,. ýý,; ýaMý IL, "J4"' , ý. " ,, . y1 ali°+º ,f +týrýý}"ýk. ° 4 tT" W fi 4 ý. nN 'I' ýi - n( +""ar ,N ,, ý ýt, x""ý, ý^},.. f. ý`. ý ý1°q "''ýf ý m... r ' `-I ý. er taiv " hi ý 'Ault, ý. hr ä 1ji4s. ý, 4f; w ,,. ý , . 4; 0 ý. ý ria .,,. (. ý" n11. J6 4 uwti. M rnýIý F$^"r X -1 , rc .ý "+5 4tr°°K "1 'if ý'r ''. rý+F' ý. V., 14 g,, nr Ssieýralµw ' ; t%+ oýNriyMr ý r- 4-t iýn. r6eF, y n a+P 1 f'" M +. iavk- -mar ry ý, l rrsj{t' : enp, ». 1.. n. wý er,,. q". Lt. ýý, i, .ý K1 ý' t ým ý ý (p. Iý ýýý ", +ýý"7 (` ""I"1 '9 Li , 4,,, r ' wrsj{ý' +enA, » , 1a. q" - +4g«. d, g nP Qfý1".. . tnnýl. 4'ý"pry. Clý'A! "A; F,.. r. , W.. ý.... ý.,. .; ý+.. ý, ýý., ý... _.,., ý-« , pý. ý... +ýaW, , ýrry ý-l. ýat+'ý-ýýni"M'y j`ýýi%. ýwý. {irý. 6- *pn. ý.. ý;:. ý}ý .. bwt.. ý . w{1e. u+. 1QW/A+( M1, a.! %*ýr .. s ýº"" "' .aw.. .... ý` ([\ trý. +"ý r, ý. a ýý, K.: nt" f dýOf ý1ý`" ýi \ 'C^\ý2 _AfA %)J ýe ý. ý ýý, M. s... l:. ý,.. iýy ý f1fr, ' A. ... . ý, ý+M''! +; +l +tý ý b+ .. ,Fý-ý 1 nýMr" ý. efý ý =ýaýý#x ý, ýý (r~.. 31L 1{ . n. '. qý'ý. 'at n....: .ý 1yý ýMýw, rýý, (,. 1as r-W7, W eM1 ºi' ý, ý n" ýýy7 "ý*ý'n'ý? fWw'6r ýýwý MM"1ý ý'. r'1 _ 1ý1 týl tý 1. ý. / ... ýý.. ý. iý ''ý. w. i W"l, iM` `h,. r ý IT +ýN+s. ý ý'fý4n.. at .. ý tv r ýý .... ti .ýr . ýr`rtft ýý. ýr. .,. .. _.. The unique style of each notary is significant. Even more important is the nature of his clientele: their social status and wealth as well as the areas of Genoa in which they lived. The nature of contracts corresponded also to seasons, for example, a cartulary from the winter is less likely to contain many commercial contracts to the eastern Mediterranean, since the nearest sailing time was not until the spring. 3 Domestic contracts and travel to short distance destination along the Liguria or to the French Riviera are, therefore, more likely to appear in the cartularies at the beginning of each year. In March and April merchants signed contracts to the western Mediterranean. For example, the cartulary of Lanfranco from the winter of 1203 is poor in respect of international commerce: out of 501 documents only 77 are travelling records, more than half of which are to the North African ports of Ceuta or Bougie. There are hardly any records concerning ventures to the eastern Mediterranean. In fact, the vast majority of the contracts attributed to the On sailing seasons see John H. Pryor, Geography, Technology, and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649-1571 (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 3-5. 11 .
notary Lanfranco from the first eight months of 1203 were of a domestic nature. They concern properties, mobile and immobile goods, wills as well as marriage agreements. By contrast, the cartulary of Giovanni di Guiberto from the same year contains 508 records out of which 302 are travelling contracts. Significantly, all the documents in this cartulary were written in a span of two and a half months from 19 September 1203, during the autumn sailing period. When the trade routes and the travel history of Genoese ships are being examined, it is important to bear in mind that the contracts present the sailing plans only before setting off from Genoa. The way the routes changed later on in the journey is not known. Shelomo Goitein, for example, argued that ìt was common for the people represented in the Geniza records to travel on Genoese, Pisan or Gaetan ships, as well as vessels of other western powers. '4 In the records of Genoa, however, the story is one-sided. Unlike letters of concessions, charters and other diplomatic documents, a single notarial record only rarely tells a complete story. Even when information is gathered from several notarial records they generally reveal just scattered parts of the sequence of events. Remie Constable noted how `notarial materials are more suited to showing the results of change than change itself. '5 This observation holds an important lesson for whoever wishes to use notarial documents in research. Patterns must be identified first, before one can recognise any change that may have occurred. The time factor is important too. From the instant major political or military changes occurred, it took some time until the change could become noticeable in notarial acts. For example, it will be argued that the earliest written permission given to merchants by their residing partners to travel to Aleppo was granted in September 1203. The diplomatic negotiations that made this route available, however, must have taken place beforehand. Moreover, none of the contracts explains when this travel route was opened or why merchants wanted to travel to Aleppo to begin with. In Chapter Two, these permissions will be examined in the context of the changes in the Mediterranean's web of commerce during the course of the Fourth Crusade. It will be argued that there is some correlation between these events. The opening of the route to Aleppo will be discussed in the context of the relationship between Genoa and Byblos, a city on the route between the ports of the kingdom of Jerusalem and Aleppo. Importantly, Byblos was originally granted to the cathedral church of St Lawrence and the commune of Genoa and was ruled by descendents of the noble Genoese family Embriaco. This family connection and the history of the a Shelomo D. Goitein, A Mediterranean Society: An Abridgment in One Volume, ed. Jacob Lassner, (Berkeley, 1999), pp. 36-7. Olivia R. Constable, `Genoa and Spain in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries: Notarial Evidence for a Shift in Patterns of Trade', Journal of European Economic History, 19: 3 (1990), p. 637. 12
Page 1 and 2: PtiD . ascýo The Merchant of Genoa
Page 3 and 4: I 2 3 4 5 Contents: Abbreviations L
Page 5 and 6: Abbreviations Ann. Ian. Caffaro, An
Page 7 and 8: Tables Table 1: Genoese ships and t
Page 9 and 10: Introduction: The merchant of Genoa
Page 11: Benjamin Kedar, Marie-Luise Favreau
Page 15 and 16: money or merchandise! These tables
Page 17 and 18: they used was dated and therefore m
Page 19 and 20: Genoa and the Third Crusade This ch
Page 21 and 22: example, that shipowners and sailor
Page 23 and 24: annals from that period, written by
Page 25 and 26: The first wave of Genoese crusaders
Page 27 and 28: East, especially under Conrad of Mo
Page 29 and 30: crusade. Two of them, Maurino and S
Page 31 and 32: Provisions (vianda) for each person
Page 33 and 34: the travelling contracts of the tim
Page 35 and 36: following year supply some leads to
Page 37 and 38: For example, the years 1190 to 1192
Page 39 and 40: they were promised part of the paym
Page 41 and 42: wine exported to Bougie and sold fo
Page 43 and 44: allowed to carry this money with hi
Page 45 and 46: transition marked by the Third Crus
Page 47 and 48: Fourth Crusade, there was an increa
Page 49 and 50: 2 The impact of a crusade: the reac
Page 51 and 52: enewal and extension of Barbarossa'
Page 53 and 54: Oberto Malocello, and Heredes de Ma
Page 55 and 56: would sail in custodiam navium and
Page 57 and 58: The preparations for the Fourth Cru
Page 59 and 60: perhaps he was more accurate than u
Page 61 and 62: All the records that contain such r
Page 63 and 64:
esult of various reasons including
Page 65 and 66:
econfirmed. ' 87 The plan was there
Page 67 and 68:
Not all merchants detailed their pl
Page 69 and 70:
Figure 4: Map of the main trade and
Page 71 and 72:
is correct and the significance of
Page 73 and 74:
This paragraph is a conspicuous pre
Page 75 and 76:
east at the same time as Giovanni t
Page 77 and 78:
Abulafia wrote about Crete that `st
Page 79 and 80:
Henry's fleet harbour in Tripoli? I
Page 81 and 82:
Malta in Tripoli in great detail wi
Page 83 and 84:
3 An unprovoked crusade? This chapt
Page 85 and 86:
success, especially with the women
Page 87 and 88:
Although Friedman did not explicitl
Page 89 and 90:
war business could have been for th
Page 91 and 92:
Or vos dirai que les Sarazins d'Ali
Page 93 and 94:
Pope Innocent III and the maritime
Page 95 and 96:
with Venice. 309 This eventually en
Page 97 and 98:
peace truces after Hattin, and espe
Page 99 and 100:
eceived concessions in Tripoli and
Page 101 and 102:
commerce in Bougie as well as Alexa
Page 103 and 104:
such specification was necessary. I
Page 105 and 106:
James's letters written to the pope
Page 107 and 108:
most of the ships that sailed in 12
Page 109 and 110:
The sum bequeathed was not related
Page 111 and 112:
4 Embriaco or do Biblio, what's In
Page 113 and 114:
town may contribute to the understa
Page 115 and 116:
Les Genois transformerent vite ou l
Page 117 and 118:
ecause another branch of the family
Page 119 and 120:
high fee. For Antioch, Genoa reques
Page 121 and 122:
Unfortunately, Gibelet was not incl
Page 123 and 124:
comparative map presented by Elieze
Page 125 and 126:
`perhaps most notable for its hands
Page 127 and 128:
[my 444 emphasis] At first glance,
Page 129 and 130:
One practical implication of this c
Page 131 and 132:
There was some similarity between t
Page 133 and 134:
of James of Vitry there is a simila
Page 135 and 136:
On the following day, 12 March 1186
Page 137 and 138:
of Genoa turned their attention mor
Page 139 and 140:
epresentatives of the church of St
Page 141 and 142:
church of St Lawrence were on the l
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 11: Acre - the census per ho
Page 145 and 146:
5 The Genoese communities in the ki
Page 147 and 148:
settlers acted as representatives o
Page 149 and 150:
suffered as a result of the Venetia
Page 151 and 152:
Tyre. Who was responsible to these
Page 153 and 154:
leased for twenty eight years in th
Page 155 and 156:
interests, and their intense enmity
Page 157 and 158:
Genoese sources. Perhaps some of th
Page 159 and 160:
Genoese. The Third and Fourth Crusa
Page 161 and 162:
her family could have been part of
Page 163 and 164:
Bonvicino, who were indeed new sett
Page 165 and 166:
was brought up in the parliament. I
Page 167 and 168:
Genoese names in the charters of Ar
Page 169 and 170:
Tyre. Perhaps this means that despi
Page 171 and 172:
Conclusions The main contribution o
Page 173 and 174:
towards the Latin East. The signifi
Page 175 and 176:
Appendix 2: The exchange rate betwe
Page 177 and 178:
c 'ýg C o° 1° cL 0 2 c u) . "c
Page 179 and 180:
Appendix 4: Bequest for the crusade
Page 181 and 182:
Edbury, Peter (ed. and trans. ), Th
Page 183 and 184:
Tangl, Georgine, Studien zum Regist
Page 185 and 186:
Bartholomaeis, Vincenzo de (ed. ),
Page 187 and 188:
Friedman, Yvonne, Encounter between
Page 189 and 190:
Olivieri, Agostino, Ìndice per ord
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