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involvement in the crusades: may men go without the consent of their wives? Is a woman al lowed to go without her husband's consent? May young women go on a crusade alone? Should prostitutes be encouraged to go? And so on. Purcell's conclusion is that `women crusaders remained an historical curiosity, if not an historical aberration. '384 Purcell did not take into consideration, however, the indirect contributions women had, raising funds and encouraging their sons and husbands to go on the crusade. In this sense there is no doubt that the Fifth Crusade was a turning point. This chapter has demonstrated that Genoese women played an important role in the commercial sphere of Genoa. They were involved in trade, and evidence suggests that long before the Fifth Crusade they were involved in raising funds and conducting the redemption of their imprisoned relatives. However, on the eve of the Fifth Crusade their contribution was even more significant, as crusaders and as supporters of the crusade. Genoa and the Fifth Crusade This chapter discussed several aspects relating to the Fifth Crusade. The question of captivity was addressed both as a cause for the crusade and also in the context of commercial relations in the Mediterranean. Genoa's relations with Egypt were examined despite the absence of the charters that were granted to Genoa by the rulers of Egypt. This examination was thus carried out in comparison the relationship between Egypt and other Italian cities and through evidence in the commercial records. It was suggested that Genoa was responsible for the breakthrough in the establishment of commercial community in Alexandria. The impact of preaching and the ban on commerce with the Muslims were examined through the evidence found in the notarial cartularies of the year 1216. Particularly interesting was the reaction of women to the call for the crusade, fascinating correlation was found between the preaching of James of Vitry to the Genoese women and the wills that were composed in that period. The change in ship-naming was also so sudden that it was suggested that it must be related to the crusade and possibly also to the female-devotion attested at a certain social group among the wealthy Genoese women. 384 Maureen Purcell, `Women Crusaders: A Temporary Canonical Aberration? ', in L. 0. Frappell (ed. ), Principalities, Powers and Estates: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Government and Society (Adelaide, 1980), p. 61. 109
4 Embriaco or do Biblio, what's In a name? The Genoese who settled in the Latin East are the subject of Chapters Four and Five. The focus of attention thus shifts from Genoa in the west to the crusader states, where communities of Genoese had settled. The current chapter will concentrate on Gibelet, a sea-port town in the county of Tripoli (also known as Jubail or Byblos in the modern state of Lebanon). Gibelet and its ruling dynasty make an interesting case-study of Genoa's relationship with the crusader states, because shortly after the end of the First Crusade Gibelet was granted in its entirety to the cathedral church of St Lawrence and the people of Genoa. This concession was the only occasion in the history of the crusader states in which a town was enfeoffed to the sovereignty of a state outside the confines of the Latin East. This extraordinary status of Gibelet calls into question the meaning of Gibelet's special disposition between Genoa and the Latin East: what use had Genoa made of its unique ownership of a harbour and a sea-port town in the Latin East? What sort of strategic advantage did Genoa gain from it, if at all? And from the eastern point of view, was Gibelet considered a Genoese settlement or a crusader one? How did the lords of Gibelet, who descended from a noble and wealthy Genoese family, view their relationship with Genoa and with the Latin East? Several other issues will be addressed in this chapter including a discussion of the contribution of the commune of Genoa and its individual merchants to the financial and military security of the crusader states. Special attention will be given to the question of the loyalty of the Genoese to their own families and relatives who settled in the Latin East. Another question concerns the identity change of the Genoese settlers in the crusader states. It will be argued that such a change had already occurred in the course of the first kingdom of Jerusalem. The particular case of the Embriaco family will be discussed in detail. Guglielmo I Embriaco was a famous Genoese crusader and a war hero, whose contribution to the success of the First Crusade is mentioned in several contemporary sources. 85 Some late Genoese traditions even claim that Guglielmo was the first crusader to enter Jerusalem and later brought the Holy Basin from Caesarea (il sacro catino), better known as the Holy Grail, to Genoa and placed it in the city's cathedral 386 Gibelet was leased for an annual fee to Ugo Embriaco (or Hugh I), the son of 385 De liberation civitatum orientis, in Ann. Ian., vol. 1, pp. 110-117 386 Some of the legends about Guglielmo Embriaco originated in early renaissance traditions. Cafaro did not mention these legendary stories in his works. See Steven A. Epstein, Genoa and the Genoese, 958-1528 (Chapel Hill, 1996), pp. 30-31; Franco Cardini, `Profilo di un crociato Guglielmo Embriaco', ASI, 136 (1978), pp. 405-436; for some popular aspects of the story of Guglielmo Embriaco see Umberto Gozzano, Guglielmo Embriaco, cronaca genovese deXll secolo (Turin, 1933). 110
Page 1 and 2:
PtiD . ascýo The Merchant of Genoa
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I 2 3 4 5 Contents: Abbreviations L
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Abbreviations Ann. Ian. Caffaro, An
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Tables Table 1: Genoese ships and t
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Introduction: The merchant of Genoa
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Benjamin Kedar, Marie-Luise Favreau
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notary Lanfranco from the first eig
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money or merchandise! These tables
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they used was dated and therefore m
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Genoa and the Third Crusade This ch
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example, that shipowners and sailor
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annals from that period, written by
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The first wave of Genoese crusaders
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East, especially under Conrad of Mo
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crusade. Two of them, Maurino and S
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Provisions (vianda) for each person
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the travelling contracts of the tim
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following year supply some leads to
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For example, the years 1190 to 1192
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they were promised part of the paym
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wine exported to Bougie and sold fo
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allowed to carry this money with hi
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transition marked by the Third Crus
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Fourth Crusade, there was an increa
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2 The impact of a crusade: the reac
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enewal and extension of Barbarossa'
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Oberto Malocello, and Heredes de Ma
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would sail in custodiam navium and
Page 57 and 58:
The preparations for the Fourth Cru
Page 59 and 60: perhaps he was more accurate than u
Page 61 and 62: All the records that contain such r
Page 63 and 64: esult of various reasons including
Page 65 and 66: econfirmed. ' 87 The plan was there
Page 67 and 68: Not all merchants detailed their pl
Page 69 and 70: Figure 4: Map of the main trade and
Page 71 and 72: is correct and the significance of
Page 73 and 74: This paragraph is a conspicuous pre
Page 75 and 76: east at the same time as Giovanni t
Page 77 and 78: Abulafia wrote about Crete that `st
Page 79 and 80: Henry's fleet harbour in Tripoli? I
Page 81 and 82: Malta in Tripoli in great detail wi
Page 83 and 84: 3 An unprovoked crusade? This chapt
Page 85 and 86: success, especially with the women
Page 87 and 88: Although Friedman did not explicitl
Page 89 and 90: war business could have been for th
Page 91 and 92: Or vos dirai que les Sarazins d'Ali
Page 93 and 94: Pope Innocent III and the maritime
Page 95 and 96: with Venice. 309 This eventually en
Page 97 and 98: peace truces after Hattin, and espe
Page 99 and 100: eceived concessions in Tripoli and
Page 101 and 102: commerce in Bougie as well as Alexa
Page 103 and 104: such specification was necessary. I
Page 105 and 106: James's letters written to the pope
Page 107 and 108: most of the ships that sailed in 12
Page 109: The sum bequeathed was not related
Page 113 and 114: town may contribute to the understa
Page 115 and 116: Les Genois transformerent vite ou l
Page 117 and 118: ecause another branch of the family
Page 119 and 120: high fee. For Antioch, Genoa reques
Page 121 and 122: Unfortunately, Gibelet was not incl
Page 123 and 124: comparative map presented by Elieze
Page 125 and 126: `perhaps most notable for its hands
Page 127 and 128: [my 444 emphasis] At first glance,
Page 129 and 130: One practical implication of this c
Page 131 and 132: There was some similarity between t
Page 133 and 134: of James of Vitry there is a simila
Page 135 and 136: On the following day, 12 March 1186
Page 137 and 138: of Genoa turned their attention mor
Page 139 and 140: epresentatives of the church of St
Page 141 and 142: church of St Lawrence were on the l
Page 143 and 144: Figure 11: Acre - the census per ho
Page 145 and 146: 5 The Genoese communities in the ki
Page 147 and 148: settlers acted as representatives o
Page 149 and 150: suffered as a result of the Venetia
Page 151 and 152: Tyre. Who was responsible to these
Page 153 and 154: leased for twenty eight years in th
Page 155 and 156: interests, and their intense enmity
Page 157 and 158: Genoese sources. Perhaps some of th
Page 159 and 160: Genoese. The Third and Fourth Crusa
Page 161 and 162:
her family could have been part of
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Bonvicino, who were indeed new sett
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was brought up in the parliament. I
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Genoese names in the charters of Ar
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Tyre. Perhaps this means that despi
Page 171 and 172:
Conclusions The main contribution o
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towards the Latin East. The signifi
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Appendix 2: The exchange rate betwe
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c 'ýg C o° 1° cL 0 2 c u) . "c
Page 179 and 180:
Appendix 4: Bequest for the crusade
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Edbury, Peter (ed. and trans. ), Th
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Tangl, Georgine, Studien zum Regist
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Bartholomaeis, Vincenzo de (ed. ),
Page 187 and 188:
Friedman, Yvonne, Encounter between
Page 189 and 190:
Olivieri, Agostino, `Indice per ord
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