jOHN HUNYADI BETwEEN BELGRADE AND CETATEA ... - Banatica

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1. john Hunyadi’s Danubian and Pontic Interests and the Moldavian
Question after 1448
In August 1451, king Casimir IV of Poland requested 50.000 Turkish
aspers a year (asides probably Moldavia’s normal Polish census) for the
recognition of Bogdan II’s perhaps (potentially) life-long rule 42 . The sum stood
for some 1.500 ducats, 75% of the tribute the Moldavian ruler (by then back in
control over Cetatea Albă) had to pay to the sultan after 1455 43 . The Ottoman
impact on Poland and Moldavia was in fact great prior to 1453. Both in 1450
and in 1451, Polish financial demands from Bogdan II had been calculated in
aspers 44 . A incident can therefore be of interest.
The value of the goods lost by the Senarega family following the
Moldavian ‘conquest’ of Ilice (at the Dniepr Mounds) in spring 1455, was
estimated at 10.000 Venetian ducats or 14.000 Turkish aspers. This leads to
a ratio of 1:1.4, more than 20 times below the usual exchange rate, a rather
unlikely situation. On the other hand, the natural possibility arises that, in
Moldavia, as well as in the Crimean Peninsula, exchange rates were more
favorable for the asper, offering an important advantage to the increasingly
stronger northern position of Ottoman trade and politics 45 .
john Hunyadi, Bogdan II and the Question of Elias I’s and Stephen II’s
Heritage
Five years earlier, Bogdan II however had no major access to Pontic
trade. Since 1450, the (Moldavian) castellan of Cetatea Albă militarily
supported Alexander II’s claims. Due to the strong position of the local
42 [jan Długosz], Jan Dlugosii Senioris Canonici Cracoviensis Opera omnia, (ed. Alexander
Przezdziecki), XIII-XIV, Historiae Polonicae libri XII, krakow, 1883-1887, p. 91, 100;
(henceforth: Długosz 1887).
43 Documente turceşti privind istoria României, I, 1417-1774, (ed. M.A. Mehmed), Bucureşti,
1976, no. 1, p. 2.
44 Franz Babinger, Zur Frage der osmanischen Goldprägungen im 15. Jahrhundert unter
Murâd II. und Mehmed II, in SF, XV, (1956), p. 550-553; Şevket Pamuk, Money in the
Ottoman Empire. 1326-1914, in An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire
1300-1914, (ed. Halil Inalcik), Cambridge, 1994, p. 951-956; Ernest Oberländer-Târnoveanu,
Notes on the Genoese Coinage at Pera during the First Half of the 15th Century, in Etudes
Byzantines et Post-Byzantines, V, 2006, p. 377-385.
45 Most of the data on these matters can be found in Nicolae Iorga, Acte şi fragmente cu privire
la istoria românilor, III, [1399-1499] Bucureşti, 1897, p. 32-36.