watershed management realities - Philippine Institute for ...
watershed management realities - Philippine Institute for ...
watershed management realities - Philippine Institute for ...
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
Realities of the Watershed<br />
Management Approach:<br />
The Magat Watershed Experience<br />
Dulce D. Elazegui<br />
University Researcher<br />
ISPPS, UPLB<br />
Edwin A. Combalicer<br />
Faculty Member, College of Forestry<br />
Nueva Vizcaya State University
Introduction<br />
…showcase the<br />
experience of the<br />
Magat<br />
<strong>watershed</strong>…<br />
…Proclamation<br />
No. 573 on June<br />
26, 1969
actors and<br />
players<br />
policy and political<br />
environment<br />
Watershed<br />
Sustainability<br />
social and institutional<br />
mechanisms<br />
Introduction<br />
financial<br />
support
MAGAT<br />
WATERSHED
Classified Area within the Magat<br />
Watershed<br />
Lower Magat Forest Reserve<br />
Barobbob Watershed<br />
Imugan-Cabanglasan Sub<strong>watershed</strong><br />
Dupax Watershed Forest<br />
Reserve<br />
MAGAT<br />
WATERSHED
Biophysical Characteristics<br />
MAGAT<br />
WATERSHED<br />
Type II
MAGAT<br />
WATERSHED
MAGAT<br />
WATERSHED
Sedimentation<br />
Accumulated Sediment Vol. (Million<br />
cu.m)<br />
250<br />
200<br />
150<br />
100<br />
50<br />
0<br />
1982 1984 1989 1995 2000<br />
Year<br />
MAGAT<br />
WATERSHED
Socio-economic Socio economic Conditions<br />
Population<br />
Watershed population as of May 2001 …<br />
483,411<br />
Nueva Vizcaya accounts … 76% …<strong>watershed</strong>’s<br />
population<br />
Average household …4.92 persons<br />
Average population density ….205 persons/km 2<br />
Population growth rates of Nueva Vizcaya and<br />
Isabela are lower than the national average …2%
Socio-economic Socio economic Conditions<br />
Ethnicity Interaction with<br />
external Societies<br />
• Ilocano and Ifugao<br />
• Others<br />
Bugkalots<br />
Ilongots<br />
Kalanguya<br />
Gaddang<br />
Some communities<br />
enjoy intensive<br />
support, resources,<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mation or<br />
influence from NGOs<br />
and donors<br />
Other communities<br />
are quasi self-reliant
Socio-economic Socio economic Conditions<br />
Revenue Generation<br />
Agriculture, livestock, and<br />
service<br />
service sector … 45.73%<br />
agriculture sector … 43.12%<br />
livestock sector … 11.15%
Socio-economic Socio economic Conditions<br />
Revenue Generation<br />
Magat <strong>watershed</strong> resources<br />
Timber (From Natural and Plantation Forest)<br />
Rattan<br />
Quarry (Gravel and sand, mines)<br />
Wildlife<br />
Agro<strong>for</strong>estry land<br />
Rangeland <strong>for</strong> grazing<br />
Reservoir surface area
Socio-economic Socio economic Conditions<br />
Revenue Generation<br />
Major <strong>watershed</strong> users<br />
National Power<br />
Corporation (NPC)<br />
National Irrigation<br />
Administration<br />
(NIA),<br />
Fisherfolk<br />
Upland farmers<br />
Peoples’ organizations<br />
Barangay residents<br />
within the <strong>watershed</strong><br />
Non-government<br />
organizations<br />
Water operators<br />
Mining companies
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Economic considerations or<br />
financial capital<br />
Technical and administrative<br />
capacity/intellectual capital<br />
Capacity <strong>for</strong> social governance,<br />
i.e., social and institutional capital<br />
Legal framework within which<br />
the <strong>management</strong> approach<br />
operates, i.e., political capital
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Economic Considerations<br />
(Financial Capital)<br />
DENR- JICA (2003)…Master Plan Study <strong>for</strong><br />
Watershed Management in Upper Magat and<br />
Cagayan River Basin<br />
Watershed <strong>management</strong> initiatives … land use<br />
planning, <strong>for</strong>est <strong>management</strong>, rehabilitation<br />
and restoration, soil conservation, livelihood,<br />
capacity building, and cost sharing mechanism
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Economic Considerations (Financial Capital)<br />
Watershed and Water Management Initiatives<br />
Most projects … DENR, Provincial ENROs of Nueva<br />
Vizcaya, Isabela and Quirino, and CENROs of Nueva<br />
Vizcaya (Dupax del Norte, Bayombong, and Aritao),<br />
Isabela and Quirino<br />
Supervision and control of utilization and protection<br />
of water resources are exercised by the National<br />
Water Resources Board (NWRB)<br />
NPC, NIA, POs, … involved in <strong>watershed</strong> protection<br />
projects in Magat
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Economic Considerations (Financial Capital)<br />
Watershed and Water Management Initiatives<br />
Watershed projects … generally implemented<br />
in collaboration with other stakeholders<br />
National Commission on Indigenous People<br />
… identification of ancestral land domain,<br />
and organization of indigenous cultural<br />
communities and indigenous peoples<br />
NCIP … mediated in resolving conflict
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Economic Considerations (Financial Capital)<br />
Watershed and Water Management Initiatives<br />
Watershed <strong>management</strong> initiatives … shortterm<br />
to medium-term projects<br />
DENR … yearly allocation of PhP2.6 million<br />
<strong>for</strong> natural <strong>for</strong>est protection … PhP1.6<br />
million per soil and water conservation<br />
measures from 1994-2003<br />
NIA … PhP3 million <strong>for</strong> a one-year project<br />
NPC spent …PhP2 million in 2000 <strong>for</strong><br />
regular patrolling … PhP2.7 million <strong>for</strong><br />
in<strong>for</strong>mation dissemination
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Economic Considerations (Financial Capital)<br />
Watershed and Water Management Initiatives<br />
Provinces within the Magat <strong>watershed</strong> …<br />
budget allocations <strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>est protection<br />
Nueva Vizcaya … budget allocation of<br />
PhP728 per ha<br />
Created a provincial Environment and Natural<br />
Resource Office (ENRO)
1. Re<strong>for</strong>estation by<br />
Administration (REFO-A)<br />
2. Re<strong>for</strong>estation by Contract<br />
(REFO-C)<br />
3. Watershed Rehabilitation<br />
Project (WRP)<br />
4. International Tropical<br />
Timber Organization<br />
(ITTO) project<br />
5. NIA and NPC project<br />
6. Provincial Waterworks<br />
Office Activities<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Economic Considerations (Financial Capital)<br />
Scope of Projects<br />
7. Grow a Family Tree <strong>for</strong><br />
Legacy<br />
8. Barobbob Watershed<br />
Resource Management<br />
Project<br />
9. Lower Magat Forest<br />
Management Project<br />
10. Center <strong>for</strong> People<br />
Empowerment in the<br />
Upland (CPEU)<br />
11. Comprehensive Agrarian<br />
Re<strong>for</strong>m Program (CARP)<br />
Project
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Technical/Administrative Capacity<br />
(Intellectual Capital)<br />
ISU<br />
NVSU<br />
Watershed<br />
Management<br />
Discipline<br />
QSC<br />
ISCAF
Agencies involved in Magat <strong>watershed</strong><br />
<strong>management</strong> … full-time work basis<br />
CENRO … one to five<br />
PENRO … one<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Technical/Administrative Capacity (Intellectual Capital)<br />
Number of Personnel in Watershed Management<br />
ENRO … four personnel<br />
NIA and NPC have six and eight
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Technical/Administrative Capacity (Intellectual Capital)<br />
Educational Background of Personnel<br />
Personnel … technical background with<br />
degrees<br />
Personnel … training … <strong>watershed</strong><br />
characterization, erosion control, Geographic<br />
In<strong>for</strong>mation Systems (GIS), soil and water<br />
conservation, environmental impact<br />
assessment (EIA), and community<br />
organizing
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Social Governance Capacity (Social/Institutions Capital)<br />
Social Governance Capacity<br />
Governing (Social/Institutions structure and sharing Capital) of responsibilities<br />
DENR provides resources and services … to ensure<br />
effective protection, development, and <strong>management</strong><br />
DENR-PENROs plan, coordinate and control various<br />
activities and guide, supervise, and provide logistics to<br />
CENRO operations<br />
NIA and NPC … to manage, develop, and rehabilitate<br />
portions of Magat Dam<br />
LGUs encourage and promote participation of the<br />
private sector and entrepreneurs …lead and provide<br />
assistance to communities … endorse applications to<br />
CBFM Agreement
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Social Governance Capacity (Social/Institutions Capital)<br />
Community Participation<br />
18 POs<br />
Twelve POs are in Nueva Vizcaya<br />
Five in Quirino<br />
One in Isabela<br />
POs … CBFM projects, trainings on<br />
accounting, entrepreneurship, leadership,<br />
IPM, and re<strong>for</strong>estation
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Social Governance Capacity (Social/Institutions Capital)<br />
Sharing of power and responsibilities<br />
Barobbob Watershed Resource<br />
Management<br />
Tree <strong>for</strong> Legacy<br />
Lower Magat Forest Management<br />
Project<br />
CBFM project of the Federation of Vista<br />
Hills, Kalongkong Upland Farmers<br />
Associations, Inc.
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Social Governance Capacity (Social/Institutions Capital)<br />
Barobbob Watershed Resource<br />
Management<br />
Galing Pook award of excellence in 1999<br />
… declared a protected area<br />
Devolved to the province<br />
People organized … Barobbob Watershed<br />
Occupants Association<br />
Provincial government entered into a Land<br />
Management Agreement with BWOA<br />
Provincial ENRO of Nueva Vizcaya …a composite<br />
<strong>management</strong> team … in the <strong>watershed</strong>
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Social Governance Capacity (Social/Institutions Capital)<br />
Social Governance Capacity (Social/Institutions Capital)<br />
Tree <strong>for</strong> Legacy<br />
Motivated people’s participation by providing<br />
incentives<br />
Ownership and harvesting rights (Tree <strong>for</strong><br />
Education, Enterprise), and usufruct certificates <strong>for</strong><br />
protection <strong>for</strong>est (Tree <strong>for</strong> Legacy)<br />
Started with 500 ha in 1993 … over 2,000 ha<br />
2,000 individual participants, 205 schools, 205<br />
Parent-teacher Associations, 230 NGOs and POs,<br />
and 26 line agencies involved
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Social Governance Capacity (Social/Institutions Capital)<br />
Social Governance Capacity (Social/Institutions Capital)<br />
Lower Magat Forest Management Project<br />
Co-<strong>management</strong> agreement<br />
LMFMO … Governor and RED<br />
DENR appropriated funds <strong>for</strong> research … transfer<br />
of technologies to LMFMO<br />
Provincial government … operating budget<br />
22% of the <strong>for</strong>est reserve … 28 Agro-<strong>for</strong>estry Land<br />
Management Agreements and Community-Based<br />
Agro-<strong>for</strong>estry Land Management Agreements
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Social Governance Capacity (Social/Institutions Capital)<br />
Social Governance Capacity (Social/Institutions Capital)<br />
CBFM project of the Federation of Vista<br />
Hills, Kalongkong Upland Farmers<br />
Associations, Inc.<br />
Model Sustainable Development Project<br />
Regional Model search by the Regional Council <strong>for</strong><br />
Sustainable Development<br />
Funded by ITTO and assisted by DENR and the<br />
Buenavista Upland Development Advisory Council<br />
(BUDAC)
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Legal Framework (Political Capital)<br />
National Policies<br />
Proclamation 573 of 1969<br />
Executive Order 281 of 1995<br />
DENR Memorandum Order No.<br />
14 of 1994<br />
DAO No. 05 of 1993
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Legal Framework (Political Capital)<br />
Interface Between National and Local Level<br />
Memorandum of Agreement<br />
Land Tenure Agreement<br />
Certificate of Tree Ownership (CTO)<br />
and Certificate of Usufruct (CU)<br />
Certificate of Land Ownership Award
Local Policies<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Legal Framework (Political Capital)<br />
Sangguniang Panlalawigan No. 321-1993<br />
Executive Order No. 64-1996<br />
Sangguniang Panlalawigan Ordinance No. 209-<br />
1997<br />
Sangguniang Panlalawigan Resolution No. 98-138<br />
LMRMS Administrative Order No. 99-01<br />
Sangguniang Panlalawigan Ordinance No. 99-013<br />
Barangay ordinances
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Legal Framework (Political Capital)<br />
In<strong>for</strong>mal Management Practices<br />
Private Woodlot Management System (Muyong<br />
System)<br />
Communal Forest Management System
Conflict Management<br />
Water use<br />
Land use<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT REALITIES:<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS<br />
Legal Framework (Political Capital)<br />
Tree harvesting rights<br />
Strategic Agriculture and<br />
Fishery Development Zones<br />
(SAFDZs)
FACILITATING AND<br />
CONSTRAINING FACTORS<br />
Conflict and disputes … stakeholders<br />
over resource use;<br />
Weak and unsustained support …<br />
people and other stakeholders;<br />
Limited or restrained capacity of<br />
LGUs … policy provisions and/or<br />
inconsistency …
Conclusion<br />
Watershed as a ‘lifeshed’<br />
Land<br />
Human<br />
Water resources
Conclusion<br />
Competence and Motivation<br />
LGU<br />
Political<br />
Leadership<br />
Participatory<br />
Resourceful
‘Lifelines’<br />
Partnership/<br />
Conclusion<br />
Co-<strong>management</strong><br />
Co <strong>management</strong><br />
Incentives<br />
Sustainable<br />
Watershed
Salamat sa<br />
Pakikinig…