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thought and faith.
Al‐Ferezdeq, a poet, appeared at that time. He criticized the Umayyads and openly dispraised
them. He bravely defended his thought. Among his noble attitudes is that he praised Imam Zayn
al‐‘Abidin, peace be on him, and dispraised Hisham b. ‘Abd al‐Malik when he pretended that he
did not recognize the Imam. He said to him before the people:
This is he whose ability the valley (of Mecca) recognizes, and whom the (Sacred) House recognizes
(as do) the sanctuary and the area outside the sanctuary (al‐hill).
This is the son of the best of all Allah’s servants. This is the pure, pious man, the pure eminent
man.
Your statement, ‘who is this?’ does hot harm him. The Arabs and the non‐Arabs recognize him
whom you have denied. So the Umayyads were displeased with al‐Ferezdeq and took vengeance
on him. However, he paid no attention to that. He went on mentioning their defects. He satirized
Hisham b. ‘Abd al‐Malik when he imprisoned him, saying:
He turns the head, which is not the head of a master; and he has a cross‐eye whose defects are
manifest.
The Shi‘ite writers and poets disparaged and satirized the oppressive. An example of that is Di‘bil
al‐Kheza‘i. He defamed the ‘Abbasids and exposed their bad deeds. He satirized them through a
number of poems through which he shook their entity. He made the people displeased with them.
He satirized al‐Rashid, al‐Amin, al‐Ma’mun, al‐Mu‘tasim, and Ibrahim b. al‐Mehdi. He satirized al‐
Mu‘tasim through these painful poetry lines, saying: He has become an Imam, while he is not
rightly guided. He has neither reason nor mind. The ‘Abbasid kings are seven in the books. No
book has come to us on their eighth one.
Similarly, the Companions of the Cave were seven good ones in the cave; and their eighth one was
a dog. I regard their dog as higher than you in position, for you have a sin, and he had no sin.
Through inspiration from his thought, Di‘bil disputed with the oppressive and took vengeance on
them. He satirized and condemned the ‘Abbasids, to the extent that they made him homeless.
Terror and fear pursed him. He said his famous statement: “I have carried my gibbet on my
shoulder for forty years; I have found none to crucify me on it!”
Surely the history of the Shi‘ites is full of heroism and mutiny against oppression, vengeance on
social tyranny, demanding the people’s rights, defending the interests of the miserable and the
weak whom those tyrannical circles deprived of their rights.
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