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ordered him to be executed, and he declared his repentance. When was about to release him, he
heard him reciting:
The enemies cannot reach an ignorant one, O he who makes the ignorant reach you. The old man
does not leave his morals until he is buried in the earth of his grave.
When al‐Mehdi heard the last line, he ordered him to be killed and said to him: “You will not leave
your manners until you die!”[4] Among their great figures are the three Hammads: Hammad
‘Ajrad, Hammad al‐Rawiya, and Hammad al‐Zuberqan. Among them are Ibn al‐Muqaffa‘, Younis b.
Abi Ferwa, Mutee‘ b. Ayas, ‘Abd al‐Kareem b. Abi al‐‘Awja’, ‘Ali b. Khaleel, and Yehya b. Ziyad al‐
Harithi. The biographers have mentioned many examples of their heresies and vague errors,
which indicate their unbelief and their apostasy from the religion.[5]
Any way these atheists spared no effort to spoil the Islamic society, to spread
[1] Al ‐ Tabari, Tarikh, vol. 10, p. 15.
[2] Abu al‐Farajj al‐Asfahani, al‐Aghani, vol. 3, p. 24.
[3] Abu al‐Fida', the Events of the Year 166 A. H.
[4] Tarikh al‐Khulafa', p. 275.
[5] Al‐Murtada, Amali. Abu al‐Farajj al‐Asfahani, al‐Aghani.
chaos, and corruption among the Muslims. They also intended to distort Islam through fabricating
traditions, that they might degrade the dignity of Islam. ‘Abd al‐Kareem b. Abi al‐‘Awja’ had
confessed that before he was ordered to be killed, saying: “You want to kill me because I have
fabricated four thousand hadiths (traditions).” The atheists spoiled and distorted Arabic literature.
Khelef al‐Ahmer and Hammad al‐Rawiya did that. Concerning the latter, al‐Sayyid al‐Murteda has
said: “Surely Hammad is famous for fabricating narration, composing poetry and ascribing it to the
early poets, to the extent that the narrators have said: ‘Hammad has spoiled the poetry because
he is able to compose it. He writes poetry similar to that of the poets and put it into theirs. So the
correct poetry has mixed with that incorrect.”[1]
In this manner, they spoiled the religion, the language, and the rest elements of the Arab and
Muslim community. They also prevented Islam from spreading all over the world.
The Atheists are persecuted
The ruling authorities at the ‘Abbasid time officially persecuted the atheists in the last years of the
caliphate of al‐Mehdi and during the short‐termed caliphate of al‐Hadi. In the year 163 A. H. al‐
Mehdi ordered the atheists to be arrested. He ordered ‘Abd al‐Jebbar, a Muslim inspector of
market, to arrest all the atheists in the country. He arrested some of them and brought them to
the Caliph, and he ordered some of them to be killed and the rest to be severely punished. The
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