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him.
Most their kings had such a belief. Fore example, when al‐Waleed opened the Holy Book of Allah
and read the verse any every insolent oppressor was disappointed, he became angry, placed the
Holy Book as a target, and threw arrows at it, and said: You threaten me with an insolent
oppressor, and I am an insolent oppressor!
When you come to your Lord on the Day of Resurrection, say: O My Lord, al‐Waleed torn me up!
This clearly indicates his atheism and his apostasy from the religion. Most Umayyad kings had
such an atheistic instinct. They appointed some atheists to educate their children. ‘Abd al‐Semed,
the educator of al‐Waleed, was an atheist.[1] Merwan b. al‐Ju‘d, the educator of the last Umayyad
king, Merwan b. Muhammed, was an atheist. Ibn al‐Nedeem says: “Surely, Ibn al‐Ju‘d made
Merwan and his children atheists.”[2] Al‐Duri said that Ibn al‐Ju‘d was on top of those who
propagated the Manawiya at his time.[3] The most prominent atheist at the Umayyad time are
Younis b. Abi Qurrah, ‘Ammarah b. Hems, al‐Mutiee‘ b. Ayas, those who lived through the
Umayyad and the ‘Abbasid governments, and who were called the three Hammads, namely,
Hammad ‘Ajrad, Hammad al‐Zubrqan, and Hammad al‐Rawiya.[4]
Indeed the roots of the atheistic thought were formed during the Umayyad time that
[1] Abu al‐Farajj al‐Asfahani, al‐Aghani.
[2] Ibn al‐Nadeem, al‐Fihrast, p. 472.
[3] Al‐Judhur al‐Tarikhiya lil Shi'ubiya, p. 26.
[4] Al‐Amali, vol. 1, p. 134.
was the source of all the destructive movements.
D. At the ‘Abbasid Time
During the first ‘Abbasid Age the summons to atheism clearly appeared, and all the destructive
doctrines became active. Felhauzen maintains that there was a close relationship between the
summons to the ‘Abbasids and atheism. He says: “The then ‘Abbasids gathered the atheists
around them and did not neglect them but after that.”[1] The summons to the Manawiya, the
Mezdakiya, the Khuramiya, and the Zeradishtiya started. The Khuramiya carried the banner of the
armed revolt and the summons to it spread in Persia. It summoned (the people) to the
communism of Mezdek.[2] We will deal with some of these doctrines as follows:
The Manawiya (Manism)
Mani’s thought was the greatest of the atheistic doctrines in spreading at that time. It was an old
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