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Ibrahim al‐Mousili promised al‐Hadi not to sing for anyone after him. When he died, Ibrahim al‐
Mousili did not sing anyone a song as a sign of fulfilling the promise. When al‐Rashid ordered him
to sing, he refused to do that. So he ordered him to be thrown into prison. He did not release him
until he sang a song in his
[1] Al‐Tamadun al‐Islami, vol. 5, p. 118. It has been mentioned in this book that there were in his
palace three hundred beautiful slave‐girls who sang and plaid on musical instruments.
[2] Al‐Tajj, pp. 40‐42.
[3] Abu al‐Farajj al‐Asfahani, al‐Aghani, vol.1, p. 7.
gathering.[1]
An example of Harun’s fondness of singing is that he fell in love with three songstresses from
among his slave girls, who were called Seher, Diya’, and Kheneth. He composed poetry in respect
with them; of that which he composed concerning them are the following poetry lines:
The three young ladies have possessed my rein and dwelled in all the places in my heart.
Why do men obey me while I obey them, but they disobey me?
That is nothing except the power of love through which they have a power stronger than that of
mine![2]
Ibrahim b. Sa‘d al‐Zuhri, a pseudo clergyman, went to Baghdad. Al‐Rashid honored him and asked
him about singing, and he gave a religious verdict according to his desire making singing lawful.
Ibrahim went to a traditionist to hear from him the traditions narrated by al‐Zuhri. He heard him
singing, so he said to him: “I was desirous to hear from you, but, now, I will hear no tradition from
you.” So al‐Zuhri said to him: “Therefore, I do not want to lose you. I must sing a song when I
relate a tradition in Baghdad.” The story became famous in Baghdad. Al‐Rashid heard of it, so he
sent for him and asked him about the tradition of al‐Mekhzumiya whose hand the Prophet, may
Allah bless him and his family, cut off in respect with stealing the ornaments. So Ibrahim asked for
‘ud (a lute). So al‐Rashid asked: “The ‘ud (rod) of the brazier?” “No,” he replied, “but the ‘ud (lute)
of singing.” So al‐Rashid smiled. Ibrahim b. Sa‘eed understood the reason beyond his smile, so he
said: “O Commander of the faithful, perhaps, you have heard of the tradition of the foolish who
hurt me yesterday and made me resort to swear by Allah?”
Al‐Rashid said: “Yes.” He ordered a lute to be brought to him, so Ibrahim sang him:
O Telha’s mother, indeed the separation has come! The residence has become little, for the
departure will be tomorrow!
“Which one of your jurists hate singing?” al‐Rashid asked him.
“He whom Allah has tied (lit. Protected),” replied Ibrahim.
“Have you heard anything from Malik b. Anas in this respect?” asked al‐Rashid.
“No, by Allah,” replied Ibrahim, “but my father told me that they met during an invitation to food
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