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the enemy in souls and properties. As for Nasr, he was unable to stand before those immense
forces. So he rode his horse and ran away; he passed through the desert between al‐Ray and
Hamadan and died of sadness in its unknown regions.[3]
Abu Muslim occupied Khuresan and the neighboring towns and villages. Then headed for Iraq to
occupy it; his troops walked like waves; over them waved black standards that were the symbol of
the 'Abbasids. They occupied Iraq without any resistance. In this manner the government of the
'Abbasids appeared at the hands of Abu Muslim.
We will talk about the end of the Umayyad government, the murder of its king Merwan, the
different kinds of exhaustion and severe punishment the Umayyads met from the 'Abbasids when
we talk about the time of (Abu al‐'Abbas) al‐Saffah.
Surely the talk about the factors that led to the overthrowing of the Umayyad government is
necessary to the research on the life of Imam Musa, peace be on him, for he spent part of his life
hearing of those social crises that changed the course of the general life. He was twenty‐one years
old when the Umayyad government was overthrown. This period allowed him to convey to his
inner self many views and pictures that passed by him. He saw that the revolt deviated from its
course, for it was returning the government to Ahl al‐Bayt, peace be on them, that the community
might enjoy justice, welfare, ease, and tranquility. Unfortunately, it conveyed the caliphate to the
'Abbasids, who went too far in
[1] Ibid., p. 304.
[2] Wafayat al‐A'yan, vol. 1, p. 282.
[3] Al‐Mas'udi, Murujj al‐Dhahab, vol. 204.
killing the 'Abbasids, pursing them, punishing them severely, filling their houses with sorrow,
losing children and mourning. Of course, these things had strong effects on the soul of Imam
Musa, peace be on him, to the extent that it was full of intense sorrow and deep sadness.
Chapter VIII : At the Time of al‐Saffah
Kufa received the pledge of allegiance to Abu al‐'Abbas al‐Saffah with much silence out of fear,
many worries and disorders. That is because the Umayyad government was still standing and
controlling most Islamic regions. Meanwhile the Umayyad king was camping on the bank of al‐
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