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they spared no effort to overthrow the Umayyad government, while, in the first place, the
'Abbasids took no part in it. They were apart from taking in any political act; rather they were
submissive to the state and supported its policies. Meanwhile the Umayyads granted them gifts
and secured for them more salaries, that they might win their affection and undermine the entity
of the 'Alawids and the Muslims might look at them with a normal look. That is because they
performed no positive deed for the interests of the Islamic society.
The 'Abbasids adopted the revolt when weakness and collapse appeared in the Umayyad
government and when they were sure of the successful of the revolt. So they joined the 'Alawids.
The historians have differed over how they joined the revolt. A party of them has maintained that
when Sulayman b. 'Abd al‐Malik was afraid of Abu Hashim b. Muhammed b. al‐Hanafiya‐ an
'Alawid, prominent leader‐ he attracted him through the summons to him, and he responded to
him. When he went to him, he showed him affection and met him with more magnifying and
honoring. But he managed his killing. He put some poison into (his food) on his way to al‐
Hamimiya where the 'Abbasids lived. When he felt the nearness of his fixed term, he entrusted his
affairs to his brother Muhammed b. 'Ali, revealed his secrets to him, and made him know the
names of the summoners in the countries. Some historians have maintained that Abu Hashim did
not entrust his affairs to Muhammed b. 'Ali. But when he stopped at him, and he saw his critical
condition, he asked him gradually until he told him about that which was with him. When Abu
Hisham died, Muhammed b. 'Ali found the files in which were the secrets of the summons and the
names of the summoners.[1]
Any way, the 'Abbasids adopted the affairs from that moment and began harmonizing and
organizing the revolt.
The Center of the Revolt
The summons to the revolt against the Umayyad government was hold in Yethrib (Medina). When
Abu Hashim was assassinated, the center of the revolt was transferred to al‐Hamimiya, in the
Balqa' of al‐Sham; it became the center of the revolt. In it the plans were drawn, the revolutionary
programs were designed and sent to the summoners in Kufa, the homeland of the 'Alawid
summons; it was also sent to the summoners in Khuresan, which was famous for showing enmity
toward the Umayyads, who persecuted the Persians who inclined to Shi'ism.
The summoners were sent to Khuresan as traders, and they propagated the evil
[1] Al‐Imama wa al‐Siyasa, vol. 2, pp. 140‐141.
deeds of the Umayyads and mentioned the misfortunes and disasters that befell Ahl al‐Bayt. The
people of Khuresan responded to the summons and joined it. [1] Muhammed b. 'Ali described the
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