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Islamic world, and that it would not have been afflicted with the Umayyad government, that
enslaved the servants of Allah and usurped His property.
This creative summons made progress in the atmospheres of the Islamic world, invaded
sentiments and feelings, for the Muslims believed in it as a basic rule for their social development
and for saving them from the tyranny, oppression, and dictatorship of the Umayyads.
The summons to the 'Alawids was based on religious and social awareness. This was affirmed by
al‐Qasim b. Mujashi', a leading member of the 'Abbasid state, when he sent a letter of witness to
al‐Mahdi, saying: "Allah bears witness that there is no god but He, and (so do) the angels and
those possessed of knowledge, maintaining his creation with justice; there is no god but He, the
Mighty, the Wise. Surely the (true) religion with Allah is Islam. I bear witness for that; I bear
witness that Muhammed is His servant and His Messenger; I bear witness that 'Ali b. Abi Talib,
peace be on him, is the testamentary trustee of Allah's Apostle, may Allah bless him and his
family, and inheritor of the Imamate after him." When al‐Mahdi read the last statement in the
letter, he threw it away and angrily looked at him. So al‐Qasim asked him: "We revolted against
the Umayyads according these conditions, didn't we?" Al‐Mahdi answered him that they departed
from that when the affair went well with them and only they ruled the kingdom.
This clearly indicates that they summoned the people to that 'Ali, the Commander of the faithful,
peace be on him, was the testamentary trustee of Allah's Apostle, may Allah bless him and his
family, his successor after him over his community, and that he was among the progeny of those
who inherited the knowledge of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and his family, and were the
lifeboats of this community. Therefore, there was no escape from their being the leaders of the
community and from returning the Islamic, supreme authority to them.
3. The General Disorder
The general disorder and discords spread all over the Islamic world, for terror and fear of the
standing government prevailed it. Al‐Harith b. 'Abd Allah al‐Ju'di, a famous poet, has described the
existing state of affairs throughout the country, saying:
I stay overnight standing to observe the stars when the first of them go higher and run.
That is because of the discord that has included all those who pray.
Those who are in Khuresan, Iraq, and Syria are sad because it has occupied them.
Because of it (the faces of) the people look like a deep‐dark night.
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