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two of them:
1. Deduction is obligatory
When man faces some correct and incorrect affairs, when his guidance depends of the correct
and his misguidance depends on the incorrect, then it is incumbent on him to distinguish between
them, that he may know the correct from among them and he follow it, and that he may know the
corrupt from among them and he keeps far from it. It is natural that such a distinction do not
happen except through establishing proof and argument. This indicates that thinking and
deduction in such an affair is obligatory.
2. Guidance is Occurrence
The verse demonstrates that guidance is new and incidental; it is well‐known that every incidental
must have a founder also it must have and acceptor. As for him who finds guidance, He is Allah,
the Most High; for this reason He has ascribed it to Himself, saying: Those are they whom Allah
has guided. As for those who accept it, they are the men of straight intellects, and to this meaning
He, the Exalted, has referred in His words: and those it is who are the men of understanding. It is
well‐known that man accepts guidance through his reason and not through his body and limbs. If
he had incomplete reason, it is impossible for him to acquire knowledge and understanding.
Shaykh Mulla Sadr al‐Deen, may Allah have mercy on him, has established a proof of the incidence
of guidance and
[1] Shaykh Mullah Sadra's name is Muhammed b. Ibrahim al‐Shirazi. He was wise, famous and had
knowledge of Allah. He was the most knowledgeable of the people of his time in wisdom. The
author of the book al‐Salafa has said: "He (Mullah Sadra) mastered all arts of wisdom." Mullah
Sadra has the four books. He explained the book Usool al‐Kafi and some Qur'anic verses. He died
in Basrah in the year 1050 A. H. This has been mentioned in the book al‐Kuna wa al‐Alqab.
[1] Qur'an, Surat al‐Zumer, verses 17‐18.
of its Doer, Who is Allah, the Exalted. He has elaborated on that. Imam Musa, peace be on him,
has said: "O Hisham, surely Allah, the Blessed and Exalted, completed for men the proofs through
reason, and helped the prophets with the explanation, and guided them to His Lordship through
demonstrations, when He has said: And your Lord is one God! There is no god but He; He is the
Beneficent, the Merciful. Most surely in the creation of the heavens and the earth and the
alternation of the night and the day, and the ships that run in the sea with that which profits men,
and the water that Allah sends down from the cloud, then gives life with it to the earth after its
death and spreads in it all (kinds of) animals, and the changing of the winds and the clouds made
subservient between the haven and the earth, there are signs for a people who understand."[1]
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