The Indo-European Elements in Hurrian

68 6. Verbal Morphology
This formation can be compared with the suffix -mmi- used to create verbal adjectives
from active-transitive verbs in Luwian within Indo-European: ayammi- ‘done’ (aya- ‘to
do’), *piyami- ‘given’ (piya- ‘to give’), kišammi- ‘combed’ (kiša(i)- ‘to comb’),
dupaimmi- ‘struck’ (dupa(i)- ‘to strike’). Note also the suffix *-mo-, which is used to
create participles in Balto-Slavic and Oscan-Umbrian. Finally, there are the extended
suffixes *-mno-/*-mnā- and *-meno-/*-menā-, *-meno-/*-menā-, which are used to create
middle (passive) participles from tense stems ending in the thematic vowel *-e/o-.
2. Another one is a past participle -iri-, which expresses completed transitive action:
a) pa- ‘to build’, hence pairi ‘(who has) built’ KBo 32.14 Vo 37
b) siyal- ‘to place, to put’, hence siyaliri ‘(who has) placed, put’ KBo 32.14 Vo 58
c) tab- ‘to melt (metal)’, hence tabiri ‘(who has) melted (metal)’
It can be noted that this formation is frequently nominalized: tabiri ‘(who has) melted
(metal)’ functioning as a participle is the same form as tabiri ‘smith’ functioning as a
noun. The following comparison with Latin sheds light on the origin of the -r stative
ending:
Hurrian Latin
tab-iri fab-er, -i ‘metal-worker’ (noun)
tabir-ae fabr-ē ‘with the skill of a metal-worker’
tabi-ri-lla illi fabrī-re ‘they are those who worked metal’
The Latin “perfect” illi fabrī-re is originally an equative sentence: ‘They are those who
worked metal’, hence, with a reinterpretation as a tense, ‘They wrought metal’.
3. A third formation is a past passive participle, which can be built with -iya or -adu, -adi.
There is no clear difference between these two suffixes. The comparison with Proto-
Indo-European suggests that -adu, -adi should have been used with intransitive verbs
originally, but this is no longer apparent in historical Hurrian:
a) pa- ‘to build’, hence pailiya ‘(which has been) built’
b) tab- ‘to melt (metal)’, hence tabiliya ‘melted, molten (metal)’
c) ¯inz- ‘to be constrained’, hence ¯inzadu ‘(being) oppressed, constrained’
d) na¯¯i- ‘to place’, hence na¯¯i-b-adi ‘uninhabited’ < ‘[where nothing] has been placed’
KBo 32.19 I 25 = Hitt.
The suffix -adu, -adi may be compared with the Proto-Indo-European suffix *-to-, which
was used to create passive participles (functionally, verbal adjectives): *$l³-tó-s ‘heard’
(cf. **$lew- ‘to hear’): Greek κλυ-τό-ς ‘heard of; famous, renowned, glorious’; Sanskrit