The Indo-European Elements in Hurrian

5. Pronouns, Numerals, Adpositions, Conjunctions, Adverbs 59
6. ayi-da, aye ‘in the presence of’
7. edi-da, edi-wa ‘for, because of’; edi-ye ‘concerning’ (from edi ‘body, person’)
8. ¯enni ‘now’
9. guru ‘anew, once again’
10. inna ‘when’
11. inu ‘how’
12. ma ‘and’
13. panu ‘although’
14. šummi ‘with’ (from the word šummi ‘hand’)
15. tiššan ‘very much’
16. tumwa ‘under’
17. undu ‘then, when’
18. wuri-da ‘in sight of’ (from wur- ‘to see’)
The following parallels with Indo-European may be noted:
1. Hurrian abi-n- ‘before’ and abi-da ‘toward’: Compare the Proto-Indo-European preposition
*H÷obhi ‘to, towards; in front of, before; beyond’ found in: Sanskrit abhí ‘to, towards’;
Gatha-Avestan aibī ‘to, unto, over’; Old Persian abiy ‘to, against, in addition to’; Old Church
Slavic obь ‘beyond’; Latin ob ‘in front of, before’.
2. Hurrian adi ‘thus, so’: Compare: Sanskrit ádh` ‘therefore, now, then; moreover, so much
the more; and, partly’, ádha…ádha ‘as much as; partly partly’; Avestan aδa ‘then, so’; Old
Persian ada- ‘then’.
3. Hurrian ai ‘when, if’: Note the following: Hittite enclitic particle -a ‘but’; Old Church
Slavic a ‘but, and’; Lithuanian õ ‘but’. According to Mann (1984—1987:1), these are to be
derived from Proto-Indo-European *ā ‘and, or, but’, while Puhvel (1984— .1/2:9—10) sees
them as adverbial forms of the pronominal stem *e-/*o-.
4. Hurrian guru ‘anew, once again’: Perhaps to be compared with the Proto-Indo-European
stem *k¦3t- found in: Welsh pryd (< *k¦3tu-) ‘time’; Oscan -pert in petiro-pert ‘four times’;
Sanskrit -k0t ‘…time(s)’ in sa-k1t ‘once’.
5. Hurrian ma ‘and’: Note the Hittite enclitic particle -ma ‘however, but, and’. This particle is
also found in the other Anatolian languages: Palaic -ma (meaning uncertain); Lydian enclitic
-m; Lycian stressed particle me. This has been compared with Greek (Thessalian) μά = δέ
‘but’.
6. Hurrian šummi ‘with’: This may be compared with the Proto-Indo-European stem *sem-
/*si- ‘together with’, found, for example, in Sanskrit in its reduced form sa- (< *si-) in sak1t
‘once’ cited above (full-grade sám ‘with, along with, together with, together, altogether’)
and in Latin in sem-per ‘always’ (for more, cf. Pokorny 1959:902—905). This stem also
provides the basis for the Greek, Armenian, and Tocharian numeral ‘1’ (Greek εpς [< *sems],
σμία; Armenian mi; Tocharian A sas, B [e).
7. Hurrian undu ‘then, when’: Compare Proto-Indo-European *H÷endh-/*H÷‚dh- ‘here, there;
thereupon, then; when’ in: Armenian and ‘there, yonder’; Greek hνθα ‘here and there, hither
and thither; thereupon, then, just then; where, whither; when’, hνθεν ‘thence; thereupon,