Madras fisheries bulletin

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36 gone by this fishery probably was counted in with the Tanjore fishery or worked separately according as the northern boundary of the Tanjore kingdom waxed or waned. With the declension of the Tanjore fishery proper, the more northern section was neglected and it was left to the <strong>Madras</strong> Fisheries Department in 1910 to begin the process of revival. Pending means to inspect and assess accurately the actual potentiality of the chank beds lying off the coast of this district, it was considered advisable to lease the fishery. Accordingly tenders were called for and although the highest bid amounted to the trivial amount of Rs. 235 for the period from ist January 191 1 to 31st March 191 2, it was decided to accept this tender, as a tentative measure. On the expiry of the lease fresh tenders were called for and a healthy competition for the lease resulted in its renewal for three years at a substantial advance, Rs. 516-10-8 per annum being given for the privilege of working this royalty. The system adopted by the renter is to appoint agents in the various fishing villages, who buy the shells from the fishermen at such rates as they can arrange, varying, I believe, according to the size, and forward them from time to time to the lessee's head-quarters at Cuddaiore. The proximity of the French territory of Pondicherry is conducive to smuggling and it is alleged that quantities of shells fished in British waters are clandestinely taken to Pondicherry, where probably slightly higher prices for chanks may rule than in the British coastal villages. The quality of the shells fished on this coast is the same as that of those from Tanjore. (4) THE TRAVANCORE FISHERY. This fishery is carried on in the same way as that of Ceylon, an export duty being the means taken Government to collect the revenue due on this by industry. Any one may engage in it without payment of any special dues other than this export tax. The not more than fishery appears to be a petty one producing 100 bags of shells per annum. The fishing season runs from December till April. A few particulars gleaned when in Bengal are given elsewhere (p. 89). The shells as fished are purchased from the divers by petty
37 traders in the coast villages who resell to merchants who export them to Calcutta from time to time. The fishermen are mostly Parawas living in the villages between Velinjam, near Trivandrum, in the north and Kolachel in the south— the beds being situated off this part of the coast. From what I can glean from divers who have been to this it is fishery, capable of considerable development although the merchants say the shells are soft under the saw and inferior both in colour and in hardness to Tuticorin shells. This fishery was used by the Tuticorin chank fishers in 1900 as a lever whereby to extort better terms in this ; year they struck work at Tuticorin and proceeded to Travancore to fish on their own account. The manoeuvre was successful, and the rate being raised, they returned to Tuticorin and resumed work. (5) KATHIAWAR FISHERY. The shells fished off this coast are of good quality, well esteemed in the Bengal trade where they are known as Surti shells— an echo of the day when Surat was the great emporium of the Kathiawar and Konkhan coasts. To-day tiie shells are sent to Bombay, whence they are shipped to Calcutta. The quantity yielded is approximately 200 bags per annum. Okhamandal, the north-western extremity of Kathiawar, which forms an outlying portion of the Gaekwar of Baroda's dominions, furnishes a considerable proportion of this export. The right to collect the shells is leased out at intervals for a term of years, the proceeds for the five years ending 1906 amounting to an average of Rs. 151 per annum. Unlike other Indian chank <strong>fisheries</strong> the shells on this coast are all collected at spring tides when great areas of the littoral are uncovered at the time of low water. A certain proportion of the shells are sold to pilgrims who resort to the holy shrines at Bet and Dwarka, the district of Okhamandal from its association with Krishna forming one of the chief holy lands of the Hindus, who delight to take home as a sacred souvenir, one of the shells loved of this god. Full details of this fishery and of the enactments made to safeguard it, are to be found in Part I of my " Report to the Government of Baroda on the Marine Zoology of Okhamandal in Kathiawar," London 1909.
Page 1: MADRAS FISHERIES BULLETIN NO. 7. TH
Page 6 and 7: MADRAS FISHERIES BULLETIN No. 7. Pl
Page 8 and 9: ^3^7
Page 10 and 11: IV CONTENTS. (n) Lime-making ... (o
Page 13 and 14: EXPLANATION OF PLATES. PLATE I (FRO
Page 15 and 16: THE SACRED CHANK OF INDIA BY JAMES
Page 17 and 18: PART I.—THE CHANK FISHERIES OF IN
Page 19 and 20: Whether the chank fishery was inclu
Page 21 and 22: Tinncvelly. On the spot where I hum
Page 23 and 24: the war, I have considered it an im
Page 25 and 26: XX year 1786 when it was mutually a
Page 27 and 28: 13 amounted to Rs. 43,500. The tota
Page 29 and 30: 15 Tuticorin being given the duty o
Page 31 and 32: 17 in some seasons. The hours of di
Page 33 and 34: ^9 Pamban at ihe end of June 1911 t
Page 35 and 36: ^t abundance and so replenish the s
Page 37 and 38: 23 his sink stone, the diver quits
Page 39 and 40: 25 and as some men owe alleoiance t
Page 41 and 42: 27 beds, especially those intersper
Page 43 and 44: 29 continuous but given distinctive
Page 45 and 46: 31 fell short of the other expenses
Page 47 and 48: 33 limits and hence that no jurisdi
Page 49: 35 in obtaining a bid of Rs. 1 15 p
Page 53 and 54: 39 with the pearl banks was subsequ
Page 55 and 56: 41 PART II.—THE CHANK BANGLE INDU
Page 57 and 58: 43 chank shells and knew charms to
Page 59 and 60: 45 performed by some of the better
Page 61 and 62: 47 classed as prehistoric though it
Page 63 and 64: - 49 quantities of fragments of pot
Page 65 and 66: 51 upon the outer surface— Mr. Br
Page 67 and 68: 53 left bank of Papaghni River, at
Page 69 and 70: 55 are examples of obliquely cut "
Page 71 and 72: 57 Gujarat ami Kaihiaivar. Mr. Bruc
Page 73 and 74: 59 these chank remains were two fra
Page 75 and 76: 6i From a consideration of the deta
Page 77 and 78: ^3 As the chank is a religious symb
Page 79 and 80: 65 who found in the quartzite and t
Page 81 and 82: 67 quent upon the general insecurit
Page 83 and 84: 69 Prior to the enquiry upon which
Page 85 and 86: Risley (II, p. 221) they say that u
Page 87 and 88: 73 Babby and very subject to elepha
Page 89 and 90: as a manufacturing- centre ; 75 lar
Page 91 and 92: 11 credit. These working sections a
Page 93 and 94: 79 the interment and when they plac
Page 95 and 96: maintaining 8t however offices and
Page 97 and 98: S3 almost all clear profit, as 1 re
Page 99 and 100: % figure in the first middleman's a
Page 101 and 102:
8; the shells from each locality ar
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89 brittle than Tuticorin shells an
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91 The fifth and most inferior o-ra
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93 progresses. On an average it tak
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labour ; others 95 necessitate a lo
Page 111 and 112:
97 formed one extremity of a long s
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99 effect is obtained by scraping o
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lOI as is still the usual habit of
Page 117 and 118:
Bengali people, together 103 with t
Page 119 and 120:
The MuchI is another important Beng
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107 finds detailed elsewhere in the
Page 123 and 124:
I09 were counted supplies of tortoi
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1 1 1 for there the numbers of chan
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to village hawk i no- glass bangles
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"5 In the Nilgiri hills, especially
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ii7 PART III.—THE ROLE PLAYED BY
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ii9 frequently given names that hav
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121 Vishnuvites and the more ancien
Page 137 and 138:
i23 Dravidians who first employed t
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125 holy rivers and of the four sea
Page 141 and 142:
127 when the travelled monk, Cosmas
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129 belong to the Company, which sh
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possessed by the Shank Narayan temp
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133 this priestly caste and in the
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i35 blowing chank in temple worship
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137 In Thibet the call of the chank
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populous T39 districts where Vaishn
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141 the left side of the chest, and
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143 chank is then buried beneath th
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145 is usually recited durino- the
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147 Accordino- to Ananthakrishna Ay
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149 Paraiyan (Thurston, VI, 8[). In
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^51 or beautiful in their owner's e
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153 from 3 to 4 years old in these
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155 The trade in these amulets is o
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157 This is much less obscure in ap
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T59 part of the breast ; it looks m
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i6t utilize these discs. In many ca
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1 63 two in number, now on exhibit
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i65 /) Feeding spouts. In the ordin
Page 181 and 182:
i67 Both the States of Travancore a
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1 69 haemorrhoids are beheved to yi
Page 185 and 186:
171 The egg-capsule of the chank is
Page 187 and 188:
173 PART IV.—APPENDIX. No. I—TI
Page 189 and 190:
175 Details of the net profits real
Page 191 and 192:
177 No. 3.—SALE CONDITIONS GOVERN
Page 193 and 194:
179
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i8i Sfafeme?it showing the annual r
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MADRAS FISHERIES BULLETIN No. 7 Pla
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MADRAS FISHERIES HULLETIN No. 7. Pl
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MADRAS FISHERIES BULLETIN No. 7. Pl
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w o H W en W W X m LT. < a < X Q <
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MBL/WHt LIBRARY J. >v UH IfiXZ / ^3
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