Middle Miocene palynoflora of the Legnica lignite deposit complex ...

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68 Liquidambar were found. Ferns are numerous (max. 40% and 75% respectively), whereas grasses (up to 6% in the Komorniki profi le), sedges, Sparganium and Butomus occur quite often, but in small quantities. Fresh-water phytoplankton (Sigmopollis, Ovoidites elongatus and Tetraporina), as well as Microthyriaceae fungi are relatively frequent. In addition, in the examined part of the Komorniki profi le, leaf remains of Osmunda parschlugiana (Unger) Andreánszky, Byttneriophyllum tiliifolium (Al. Braun) Knobloch & Z. Kvaček, Myrica sp., as well as Monocotyledons and conifers were identifi ed (G. Worobiec, pers. com.). RECONSTRUCTION OF THE NEOGENE PLANT COMMUNITIES WITH REFERENCES TO RECENT VEGETATION The results of pollen analysis were used to reconstruct main types of the Neogene plant communities. The recent vegetation picture has the form of a mosaic, in which element arrangement depends on environmental and climatic conditions. The knowledge about requirements of the nearest living relatives is necessary to draw conclusions about requirements of fossil plants and about structure of the ancient vegetation. Thus in this paper types of plant communities were distinguished according to publications related to fossil plant communities (Teichmüller 1958, Neuy-Stolz 1958, Sadowska 1977, Mai 1981, 1985, Schneider 1990, 1992, Kohlman-Adamska 1993, Słodkowska 1994, and others), as well as publications concerning recent vegetation. Many taxa identifi ed in the studied material are allied to the recent ones from North America (mainly south-eastern part) and south-eastern Asia (comp. Guo & Ricklefs 2000). Among recent taxa occurring in North America the most important for reconstruction of the Neogene plant communities are Taxodium (T. ascendens, T. distichum, and T. mucronatum), Sequoia sempervirens, Clethra alnifolia, and Decodon verticillatus. In eastern and south-eastern Asia occur Cathaya argyrophylla, Cryptomeria japonica, Glyptostrobus pensilis, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Sciadopitys verticillata, Cercidiphyllum japonicum, C. magnifi cum, Eucommia ulmoides, and Platycarya strobilacea, as well as the genera Keteleeria, Castanopsis, Corylopsis, Engelhardia, Pterocarya, and Reevesia. Some genera have their members in both above-mentioned areas. For example in North America occur Tsuga canadensis, Itea virginica, Liquidambar styracifl ua, Liriodendron tulipifera, Myrica carolinensis, Nelumbo lutea, Nyssa aquatica, N. ascendens, and N. sylvatica, whereas in south-eastern Asia Tsuga diversifolia, Itea sinensis, I. macrophylla, Liquidambar formosana, Liriodendron chinense, Myrica adenophora, M. rubra, Nelumbo nucifera, and Nyssa sinensis grow. Recent species allied to the mentioned above occur also in the Mediterranean Region, the Asia Minor and the Caucasus, where Cedrus, Liquidambar orientalis, Ostrya carpinifolia, Parrotia persica, and Zelkova carpinifolia grow. Extensive ranges, limited by climate conditions, have the genera Carya, Castanea, Celtis, Clethra, Ilex, Ostrya, Symplocos, the families Meliaceae, Sapotaceae, and bamboos as well as, growing today in Poland: Osmunda, Abies, Picea, Pinus, Acer, Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Cornus, Corylus, Fagus, Lonicera, Quercus, Salix, Ulmus, Viburnum, and Cladium. The following main types of the Neogene plant communities in the investigated Legnica lignite deposit complex have been distinguished: swamp forests, riparian forests, bush swamps, mixed mesophytic forests, and reed marshes. SWAMP FOREST Swamp forests developed in areas with high ground-water level. They consisted of coniferous and deciduous trees, and were fl oristically not very diversifi ed. Their most important trees were Taxodium and Glyptostrobus, as well as Nyssa and hydrophilous Alnus species, with admixture of Salix, Acer, Fraxinus, Ilex, Myrica, Vitis, ferns (Osmunda), and others. In dense and shaded parts of these forests both shrub and herb layers were poor, only in small periodical water bodies within these forests herbaceous aquatic plants grew. The swamp forests produced a lot of organic mater, which accumulating in boggy ground was subject to peat-forming processes. In such conditions humic brown coal, mainly detrital – originated from deciduous trees and herbs, as well
as xylitic brown coal – from resin-containing coniferous trees was formed. This coal is dark and contains a lot of wood and bark remains (Teichmüller 1958, Neuy-Stolz 1958). These swamp forests were wide-spread in Europe during the Oligocene to Pliocene period. In the Polish Lowland they had most favourable conditions in the Early and Middle Miocene. Presently, similar forests occur in the Mississippi River delta, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and the Gulf of Mexico coast. In south-eastern China (Canton, Hainan) forests with Glyptostrobus pensilis grow (Wang 1961, von Jux 1966, Kac 1975, Mai 1981). Today swamp forests grow in stagnant water-bodies that are nearly fi lled with sediments (sloughs) or in areas where water is impounded behind the river levee and remains for much of the year. The principal species are Taxodium distichum, Nyssa aquatica, and N. ogeche (northern Florida and southern Georgia). In the coastal lowland also Taxodium ascendens and Nyssa sylvatica (including var. bifl ora), as well as Ilex myrtifolia grow (Knapp 1965, Kac 1975, Barnes 1991). Pinus caribaea, Fraxinus profunda, and F. caroliniana could also play a considerable role in these forests (Hall & Penfound 1943). Associated with the swamp forests are valleys, in which many species of the swamp forests have their dominant role. For example on the Dismal Swamps in both types of forests Acer rubrum plays a signifi cant role. Besides there occur Fraxinus caroliniana, rarely Quercus phellos, Magnolia virginiana, Ilex opaca, Carpinus caroliniana, Salix nigra, Alnus rugosa, Liriodendron tulipifera, Liquidambar styracifl ua, and others. There also grow climbers Vitis rotundifolia, V. labrusca, Ampelopsis arborea, Rhus radicans, Smilax rotundifolia, S. walteri, and others. Along ditches and in open places Arundinaria gigantea (=A. macrosperma), a bamboo grass up to 5–6 m high, is frequent. Herbs are very rare – Boehmeria cylindrica (Urticaceae), Polygonum arifolium, and Aster difusus are some of them. Such ferns as Osmunda regalis, O. cinnamomea, Polypodium polypodioides (incanum), and Woodwardia virginica are frequent in some places (Kearney 1901). In Florida there occur cypress swamps predominated by Nyssa sylvatica, Taxodium distichum, and Salix caroliniana as well as swamp hardwoods with Acer rubrum, Nyssa sylvatica, and Taxodium distichum (Crumpacker 69 et al. 2001), accompanied by Fraxinus pennsylvanica, F. caroliniana, Carya aquatica, Persea borbonia, Magnolia virginiana, Ilex cassine, Juniperus virginiana, and Sabal palmetto (Hofstetter 1983, Abbott & Judd 2000), as well Morus rubra, Quercus laurifolia, and Rhus copallinum (Willard et al. 2004). Similar forests also grow in Louisiana (Neyland et al. 2000). RIPARIAN FOREST Along riversides and streams favourable conditions existed for riparian forests dominated by Liquidambar, Carya, Ulmus, Salix as well as Alnus, Acer, Celtis, Fraxinus, Pterocarya, Juglans, Quercus, Staphylea, and Itea, accompanied by climbers Parthenocissus and Vitis. Nowadays similar plant communities occur among others in the Atlantic zone of North America as well as in the Tierra Templada in Central America (Mai 1981). Riparian forests in the eastern part of North America are distinctly richer than European ones. Among them elm–maple riparian forests, with Acer saccharinum, A. negundo var. violaceum, and Ulmus americana, accompanied by Platanus occidentalis and Aesculus glabra, have the great species diversity. In these forests such climbers as Parthenocissus quinquefolia and Smilax herbacea play an important role. There also occur birch–alder, poplar and, the nearest the water, willow riparian forests. Towards the south they are replaced by Quercus–Fraxinus–Carya forests (Podbielkowski 1987a). In the Mississippi Alluvial Plain grow forests dominated by Liquidambar styracifl ua, Acer rubrum, ash species (predominantly Fraxinus pennsylvanica), Acer saccharum, Nyssa aquatica, Carya species (such as C. cordiformis), Ulmus americana, oak species (such as Q. rubra), Aesculus discolor, Fagus grandifolia, Populus deltoides, Celtis laevigata, Platanus occidentalis, Tilia americana, Ilex decidua, Cornus foemina, C. fl orida, Carpinus caroliniana, Diospyros virginiana, Liriodendron tulipifera, Salix nigra, and Smilax species (Robertson et al. 1978). Penfound (1952) recognized four types of wet forests, growing on soils which are inundated for only short periods during the growing season: 1. Salix nigra and S. exigua – fl oodplains having deepest water and longest periods of inundation of all shallow swamps; 2. Quercus
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Acta Palaeobotanica 49(1): 5-133, 2
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Legnica 33/56) and a fragment of th
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Fig. 2. Correlation of the studied
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Carpinus, Cercidiphyllum, Corylopsi
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& Schuler) Kohlman-Adamska & Ziembi
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(3) Distverrusporis electus (Mamcza
Page 13 and 14: 1959 Baculatisporites major (Raatz)
Page 15 and 16: 1953 Verrucatosporites favus (Poton
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Page 19 and 20: y strongly undulate ectexine nearly
Page 21 and 22: 2002 Cathayapollis wilsonii (Sivak)
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Page 25 and 26: known from the Upper Oligocene, Mid
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Page 29 and 30: Familia ALTINGIACEAE Liquidambar L.
Page 31 and 32: 1960 Rhoipites (Pollenites) pseudoc
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Page 35 and 36: grows on “Everglades” reed mars
Page 37 and 38: 1953 Porocolpopollenites vestibulum
Page 39 and 40: (115) Tetracolporopollenites rotund
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Page 43 and 44: Familia ROSACEAE (130) Tricolporopo
Page 45 and 46: 1993 Leguminosae - Tricolporopollen
Page 47 and 48: species: I. aquifolium L., I. cymos
Page 49 and 50: R e m a r k s. Pollen grains 45-55
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Page 57 and 58: 1964 Gramineae “Bambusa” type;
Page 59 and 60: Lumina polygonal 1-3 μm in diamete
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Page 77 and 78: Ecosystems of the world. 7. Tempera
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Henryk seam 2 nd Lusatian seam Muż
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Middle Miocene palynoflora of the Legnica lignite deposit complex ...

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