The full article is as follows. - Tawarikh Journal
The full article is as follows. - Tawarikh Journal
The full article is as follows. - Tawarikh Journal
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ISMAIL ALI,<br />
Observation and D<strong>is</strong>cussion on the H<strong>is</strong>tory of Maritime Archipelago<br />
activities. In the Philippine, C<strong>as</strong>er Adib Majul, in h<strong>is</strong> book entitled Muslim<br />
in the Philippines (1978); and Julusari Hajad, in a book entitled Tausug &<br />
Kesultananan Sulu (2007), show the marauding activities of the Iranun<br />
and Balangingi people <strong>as</strong> a jihad of the Sulu people against the spread of<br />
Chr<strong>is</strong>tianity by the Span<strong>is</strong>h people in the Philippines.<br />
For the above mentioned scholars, the piracy activities in the Malay<br />
world (the Strait of Malacca), Borneo, Indonesia and the Philippines<br />
ex<strong>is</strong>ted due to the localized response towards the Western colonization<br />
which had monopolized the trades, taken over the sovereignty of the local<br />
authority, spread Chr<strong>is</strong>tianity (the Philippines c<strong>as</strong>e) and colonized their<br />
own motherland. Today, the focus of these observation and writings are<br />
no longer confined to h<strong>is</strong>tory per se but b<strong>as</strong>ed on problem oriented and it<br />
adopts interd<strong>is</strong>ciplinary approaches such <strong>as</strong> sociology and anthropology,<br />
economic, sciences, politics and others in order to understand the<br />
contemporary maritime <strong>is</strong>sues. Also, the focus and themes are varied<br />
covering all forms of crime activities such <strong>as</strong> terror<strong>is</strong>m, smuggling, illegal<br />
immigrants, claim on overlapping territories and borders; culture and arts<br />
such <strong>as</strong> water village, craftsmanship; economy such <strong>as</strong> eco-tour<strong>is</strong>m, f<strong>is</strong>hery,<br />
oil and g<strong>as</strong> search; sea community and others.<br />
For example, Clifford Sather, in h<strong>is</strong> work entitled <strong>The</strong> Bajau Laut:<br />
Adaptation, H<strong>is</strong>tory and Fate in a Maritime F<strong>is</strong>hing Society of South-E<strong>as</strong>tern<br />
Sabah (1997); David E. Spoher, in h<strong>is</strong> work entitled <strong>The</strong> Sea Nomads: A<br />
Study of the Maritime Boat People of Southe<strong>as</strong>t Asia (1965); Franco<strong>is</strong> Robert<br />
Zacot in Orang Bajo Suku Pengembara laut; and Chr<strong>is</strong>tian Pelr<strong>as</strong> in Manusia<br />
Bug<strong>is</strong> (2006) have focused their study on the sea nomads and Bug<strong>is</strong> using<br />
the h<strong>is</strong>torical and anthropological approaches. Moreover, the maritime<br />
archaeology h<strong>as</strong> started to get attention with the d<strong>is</strong>covery of priceless<br />
tre<strong>as</strong>ures from hundreds of sinking ships in the South China Sea, Sulu Sea,<br />
Celebes Sea, Java Sea and few others.<br />
Derek Johnson and Mark Valencia, in their work entitled Piracy in<br />
Southe<strong>as</strong>t Asia: Status, Issues and Responses (2005), analyzes the piracy<br />
activity from the terror<strong>is</strong>m’s perspective. Agus S. Djamil (2004), on the other<br />
hand, d<strong>is</strong>cusses the maritime activity from the Islamic point of view in h<strong>is</strong><br />
book entitled Al-Quran dan Lautan. B<strong>as</strong>ed on the d<strong>is</strong>cussion above, it can<br />
be concluded that there <strong>is</strong> a transformation in the observation and writings<br />
of the maritime study of Southe<strong>as</strong>t Asia. Starting from the Western centric<br />
during the holocaust, it h<strong>as</strong> moved to Asian centric after the holocaust<br />
and now it <strong>is</strong> more problem-oriented which <strong>is</strong> more focus on finding the<br />
differences and problems rather than showing the similarity of the h<strong>is</strong>tory<br />
that should be shared and <strong>is</strong> belong to everybody.<br />
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