Theories of binocular vision - Orthoptie
Theories of binocular vision - Orthoptie
Theories of binocular vision - Orthoptie
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Hilde Janssens 2006<br />
Binocular <strong>vision</strong><br />
some history<br />
Hilde Janssens, orthoptist<br />
KU Leuven<br />
OB 2006
Antiquity<br />
4th century B.C.: Aristotle<br />
2nd century A.D.<br />
Claudius Galenus anatomic localisation<br />
Claudius Ptolemus experimental studies<br />
defining <strong>of</strong> lines <strong>of</strong> visual correspondence for the two eyes<br />
basic concept <strong>of</strong> horopter<br />
Hilde Janssens 2006
Johannes Keppler (1571-1630)<br />
“it is not the lens but the<br />
retina that receives pictures<br />
<strong>of</strong> the external world”<br />
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Christiaan Huygens - 1653<br />
concept <strong>of</strong> corresponding retinal points<br />
in the two eyes<br />
Hilde Janssens 2006
<strong>Theories</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>binocular</strong> <strong>vision</strong><br />
alternation theory<br />
18th century : Du Tour, Verhoeff, Asher<br />
<strong>binocular</strong> visual field =<br />
mosaic <strong>of</strong> monocularly perceived patches<br />
based on rivalry phenomena<br />
Hilde Janssens 2006<br />
(alternate suppression)
<strong>Theories</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>binocular</strong> <strong>vision</strong><br />
projection theory<br />
“visual stimuli are exteriorized along the lines<br />
<strong>of</strong> direction”<br />
Alexander Duane:<br />
“<strong>binocular</strong> projection may be conceived as<br />
performed by a single cyclopean “binoculus”<br />
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Experiment<br />
Ewald Hering<br />
both fovea localize in<br />
the same direction<br />
and straight ahead<br />
1864 - Law <strong>of</strong> identical<br />
visual directions<br />
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Hilde Janssens 2006<br />
the cyclopean eye<br />
L+R
cyclopean eye - interpretation diplopia<br />
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Francis Aguilonius<br />
Opticorum Libri Sex<br />
1613<br />
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Horopter - Aguilonius
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Vieth-Müller circle - 1926<br />
mathematical<br />
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theoretical<br />
horopter
Hering<br />
Hillebrand<br />
Empirical horopter<br />
“the locus <strong>of</strong> all object points that are imaged on<br />
corresponding retinal elements at a given fixation<br />
distance”<br />
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Aguilonius - pointing test for stereopsis<br />
Hilde Janssens 2006
Observations stereopsis<br />
- some tasks could be performed better with<br />
two eyes than with one<br />
- perceptual deficits upon the lost <strong>of</strong> one<br />
eye<br />
Hilde Janssens 2006
19th century<br />
Wheatstone<br />
• 1830: invention <strong>of</strong> mirror stereoscope<br />
• 1838: explanation stereopsis<br />
simultaneous stimulation <strong>of</strong><br />
horizontally disparate retinal elements<br />
Peter Ludwig Panum<br />
1858: Panum’s area = P.E.K.<br />
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(Panumse Emfindungskreis)
mirror stereoscope - Wheatstone<br />
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Three grades <strong>of</strong> <strong>binocular</strong> <strong>vision</strong><br />
Claud Worth (1869 – 1936)<br />
1. simultaneous macular perception<br />
2. sensory and motor fusion<br />
3. stereopsis<br />
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Actual theory <strong>of</strong> <strong>binocular</strong> <strong>vision</strong><br />
correspondence + disparity<br />
two corresponding points have a common<br />
subjective visual direction<br />
horizontal disparity within the limits <strong>of</strong><br />
Panum’s area results in stereopsis<br />
Hilde Janssens 2006
19th century<br />
Hermann von Helmholtz - 1867<br />
definitive description <strong>of</strong> abnormal retinal<br />
correspondence (ARC)<br />
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20th century<br />
Electrophysiological studies<br />
Baumgartner and colleagues - 1958<br />
discovery <strong>of</strong> <strong>binocular</strong>ly oriented cells in<br />
visual cortex<br />
Hübel and Wiesel - 1959<br />
...<br />
Hilde Janssens 2006
Treatment <strong>of</strong> <strong>binocular</strong> problems<br />
7th century: Paulus Aegenta<br />
squint masks<br />
“strabismus in children, present since<br />
birth, can be cured by wearing a squint<br />
mask to force them to look straight ahead”<br />
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Ambroise Paré - 1564<br />
“Faux visage” – strabismus mask
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Ambroise Paré – “bésicle”
George Bartisch - 1583<br />
convergent and divergent squint mask<br />
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<strong>Theories</strong> on the origin <strong>of</strong> strabismus<br />
mechanical theory<br />
Albrecht von Graefe (1828-1870)<br />
“congenital or acquired anomalies<br />
<strong>of</strong> the ligaments or muscles<br />
are the cause <strong>of</strong> strabismus”<br />
1857 - operation as an acceptable procedure<br />
Dieffenbach<br />
1839 - first strabismus surgery<br />
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<strong>Theories</strong> on the origin <strong>of</strong> strabismus<br />
link accommodation/convergence<br />
Frans Cornelis Donders (1818-1889)<br />
“uncorrected hypermetropia elicits esotropia”<br />
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inocular stimulation and training <strong>of</strong><br />
patients with strabismus<br />
since the invention <strong>of</strong> the mirror-stereoscope<br />
Wheatstone - 1838<br />
Eye exercises to restore <strong>binocular</strong> function<br />
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to teach <strong>binocular</strong> function<br />
to expand fusion range<br />
to enhance control <strong>of</strong> the deviation
“La neutralisation c’est l’ennemi”<br />
Emile Louis Javal (1839-1907)<br />
anti-suppression therapy:<br />
1. continued occlusion also after equalizing visual<br />
acuity<br />
2. lights and coloured filters to induce diplopia<br />
3. possibly surgery in cases <strong>of</strong> large angle<br />
4. exercises with the stereoscope<br />
5. bar reading to stabilize <strong>binocular</strong> <strong>vision</strong><br />
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ar reader<br />
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Contrôleur multiple
<strong>Theories</strong> on the origin <strong>of</strong> strabismus<br />
innervational theory<br />
Mackenzie, Parinaud, Duane<br />
“strabismus as an innervational anomaly”<br />
(the role <strong>of</strong> the brain!)<br />
Parinaud: “convergence represents the motor part <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>binocular</strong> <strong>vision</strong>”<br />
stereoscope with adjustable mirrors to exercise<br />
convergence<br />
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<strong>Theories</strong> on the origin <strong>of</strong> strabismus<br />
fusion faculty theory<br />
Claude Worth (1869-1936)<br />
“strabismus as an inborn fault in the<br />
development <strong>of</strong> the fusion faculty”<br />
<strong>binocular</strong> training early in life (
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Worth’s amblyoscope
<strong>Theories</strong> on the origin <strong>of</strong> strabismus<br />
developmental theory<br />
Francis Bernard Chavasse (1889-1941)<br />
“peripheral and central factors interfere<br />
with the development <strong>of</strong> <strong>binocular</strong> reflexes<br />
and thus cause strabismus”<br />
Hilde Janssens 2006
1898 – “Orthoptics”<br />
orthos = straight<br />
optikos = pertaining to the eye<br />
1922 - orthoptic clinics<br />
1929 - orthoptic consultation<br />
Hilde Janssens 2006<br />
Miss Mary Maddox<br />
Moorfields eye hospital
Hilde Janssens 2006<br />
Orthoptic clinics
1940 – 1950 …<br />
Daily work <strong>of</strong> orthoptists in Europe and USA<br />
fusion training<br />
anti-suppression training<br />
restoration <strong>of</strong> <strong>binocular</strong> <strong>vision</strong><br />
“ARC presented an obstacle to restoration <strong>of</strong><br />
normal <strong>binocular</strong> <strong>vision</strong>”<br />
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Crone:<br />
“All forms <strong>of</strong> orthoptic treatment that lead to<br />
eliminate suppression, while the chances <strong>of</strong><br />
recovery <strong>of</strong> <strong>binocular</strong> <strong>vision</strong> are small, are<br />
dangerous!”<br />
Von Noorden - early 60’s:<br />
“small angle ARC is not a bad thing”<br />
“<strong>binocular</strong>ity on an abnormal basis is better than<br />
no <strong>binocular</strong>ity at all”<br />
Hilde Janssens 2006
Changing scope <strong>of</strong> “orthoptics”<br />
1970: orthoptic therapy<br />
Actually:<br />
- orthoptic exercises in selected cases<br />
- orthoptic assessment <strong>of</strong> monocular and<br />
<strong>binocular</strong> functions<br />
diagnosis, treatment, follow-up<br />
Hilde Janssens 2006
Hilde Janssens 2006
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