Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 Di Piazza and Pearthree (2004) also noted numerous stepping stone trails on Enderbury. Detailed descriptions of these trails were provided. Paved courts and pit gardens were also located along the trails. MANRA (SYDNEY) Maude (1952 and 1968) noted that Manra (Sydney) had at one time supported a considerable populaton. Expeditions – The first expedition to Manra (Sydney) that included archaeology was the 1889 British Admiralty Survey (mentioned in MacGregor n.d.;Di Piazza and Pearthree 2004). The second expedition to Manra (Sydney) that included archaeology was Bryan’s 1924 visit as part of the Whitney expedition (documented in Bryan 1942; see also Di Piazza and Pearthree 2004), 7
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 The third Manra (Sydney) archaeological visit was the 1933 MacGregor and Stuart survey using the yacht Zaca (MacGregor n.d., Emory 1939; Di Piazza and Pearthree 2004). The fourth Manra (Sydney) archaeological visit was the 1939 Bigelow visit (Bigelow 1939, see also Di Piazza and Pearthree 2004). The most recent archaeological visit to Manra (Sydney) was the 1997 Di Piazza and Pearthree visit (Di Piazza and Pearthree 2004). Fish Pond & Weir – Arundel (1885) reported a fish pond on Manra (Sydney) (see also Bryan 1941; Ellis 1937; Garnett 1983a). The fish pond was located on the western side of the lagoon and was about 8.8 m (29 ft) in diameter ringed by flat coral blocks piled on to of each other (Arundel 1885). The 1889 British survey of Manra (Sydney) reported an ancient fish pond and an ancient stone weir by the lagoon (MacGregor n.d.). In 1933, fish cairns were located on Manra (Sydney) (Macgregor n.d.). Bryan (1934) could not locate the fish pond reported by Arundel (1885). Douglas and Douglas (1994) indicated that the fish traps in the lagoon indicated that the lagoon was once open to the sea (see also Maude 1937). Dahl (1980) reported the saline lagoon on Manra had been partly modified for aquaculture. No fish were found in the fish pond (Government of Kiribati 1995). The area of the pond was estimated to be 4 km 2 . Structures - Anon. (1860c) noted that there were an extensive enclosure and a pyramid of stone on a newly discovered island near the Phoenix group (Manra (Sydney) according to Ward 1967b). Arundel (1885) reported a large collection of graves and mounds. Arundel (1885) noted long lines of flat plates of coral that form roads over 0.8 km (0.5 miles) in length (see also Ellis 1937). Mr. Arundel had one of the maraes opened, but could not determine if they were places of burial or of sacrifice (Ellis 1937). The 1889 British survey of Manra (Sydney) reported ancient stone sites (MacGregor n.d.). In 1924, the Whitney South Sea Expedition found ancient stone structures on Orona (Hull), Abariringa (Canton) as well as Manra (Sydney) (MacGregor n.d.). No ruins were discovered on the other Phoenix Islands. MacGregor (1934) reported that 31 stone structures were found on Orona (Hull) and Manra (Sydney) in three days. Bryan (1934) reported finding archaeological structures on Manra (Sydney). Eight to ten were observed along the northwest curve of the island, 91 km (100 yards) or more from the beach. More may be hidden in the thick woods in that area. A larger one measured 8.8 x 4.6 8
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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