Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 4. Marine Resources Draft 1 March 2007 In 2006, Kerr and Wragg (2006) conducted large indicator fish abundance; abundance of key fish families, and coral health rapid assessment surveys on Manra, Rawaki, Enderbury, Birnie, McKean, Orona, and Nikumaroro. MANRA (SYDNEY) Manra (Sydney) had one large lagoon that was not connected to the sea (Arundel 1890; see also Wiens 1962). There were no fish as the salinity was too high. Fish and mollusks were abundant in the lagoon until it became too salty (Bryan 1941 and 1942). Halstead and Bunker (1954) collected fish species from Abariringa (Canton), Enderbury, Orona (Hull) and Manra (Sydney) by hook and line, beach seind, spear, throw net, dip net, and rotenone poisoning. Grovhoug and Henderson (1978) noted that although informative, information collected by Halstead and Bunker (1954) on fish species was not quantitative. According to Luke (1962), one of the reasons for having to resettle inhabitants of Manra (Sydney) was because the lagoon on Manra (Sydney) was too salty for fish. In 2002, fish dive surveys were conducted in the Phoenix Islands (Obura and Stone 2003). In addition, and ROV and Dropcam were used to record species of fish. Abariringa, Birnie, Enderbury, Manra, Nikumaroro, Orona, and Rawaki were surveyed. Between 2000 and 2003, shark density had dropped significantly and were absent in many sites in Rawaki (Phoenix), Manra, Abariringa (Kanton), and Orona (Obura and Stone 2003). In 2006, Kerr and Wragg (2006) conducted large indicator fish abundance; abundance of key fish families, and coral health rapid assessment surveys on Manra, Rawaki, Enderbury, Birnie, McKean, Orona, and Nikumaroro. MCKEAN Schultz (1943) documented fish species collected during the 1939 survey expedition of the Phoenix Islands by the U.S.S. Bushnell. Fish collections were done at Abariringa (Canton), McKean, Enderbury, and Orona (Hull). Timeon (2001) reported that there were no fish in McKean’s lagoon. In 2006, Kerr and Wragg (2006) conducted large indicator fish abundance; abundance of key fish families, and coral health rapid assessment surveys on Manra, Rawaki, Enderbury, Birnie, McKean, Orona, and Nikumaroro. NIKUMARORO (GARDNER) In 2000, one manta ray was observed (Stone et al 2001). 43
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 4. Marine Resources Draft 1 March 2007 In 2002, fish dive surveys were conducted in the Phoenix Islands (Obura and Stone 2003). In addition, and ROV and Dropcam were used to record species of fish. Abariringa, Birnie, Enderbury, Manra, Nikumaroro, Orona, and Rawaki were surveyed. Reef shark density was similar between 2000 and 2003 in Enderbury, Nikumaroro, and Birnie (Obura and Stone 2003). In 2004, the Planetary Coral Reef Foundation (2004) noted several encounters with manta rays while conducting dive surveys on Nikumaroro. In 2006, Kerr and Wragg (2006) conducted large indicator fish abundance; abundance of key fish families, and coral health rapid assessment surveys on Manra, Rawaki, Enderbury, Birnie, McKean, Orona, and Nikumaroro. ORONA (HULL) In 1887, Ellis observed and consumed large fat ava in the lagoon of Orona (Hull) (Ellis 1937). The shore was about 91.4 m (100 yards) from the lagoon. Ellis (1937) speculated that fish must have gotten into the lagoon through an overflow of the lagoon. Fowler (1940) reported on the fishes obtained by the Wilkes Expedition, 1838 to 1842 that visited the Phoenix Islands. Fishes collected included: Oxyporhamphus argenteus, Exocoetidae, from the stomach of a gannet, Sula sp. in the Phoenix Islands; Chaetodon auriga, Chaetodontidae, from Orona (Hull); Teuthis achilles, Teuthididae, from Orona (Hull), Teuthis triostegus, Teuthididae, from Orona (Hull); Anampses caeruleo-punctatus, Labridae, from Orona (Hull). Schultz (1943) documented fish species collected during the 1939 survey expedition of the Phoenix Islands by the U.S.S. Bushnell. Fish collections were done at Abariringa (Canton), McKean, Enderbury, and Orona (Hull). Hubbs (1944) reviewed the blennioid fishes of the genus Brotula including specimens of B. mulleri that were collection on Orona (Hull) by Leonard P. Schultz in 1939. Counts and measurements of the Orona (Hull) specimen were presented in Hubbs (1944). Halstead and Bunker (1954) collected fish species from Abariringa (Canton), Enderbury, Orona (Hull) and Manra (Sydney) by hook and line, beach seind, spear, throw net, dip net, and rotenone poisoning. Grovhoug and Henderson (1978) noted that although informative, information collected by Halstead and Bunker (1954) on fish species was not quantitative. Randall (1956) reported that Acanthurus rackliffei was known from three specimens from Orona (Hull). Specimens of A. glaucopareius and A. achilles from Orona (Hull) and Enderbury appeared to have similar stomach contents. In addition, no distinct breeding season could be ascertained based on gonad samples from these two Acanthurus species. Randall (1956) suggested that A. rackliffei may be a hybrid between A. glaucopareius and A. achilles. 44
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The Phoenix Islands Protected Area
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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