Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 4. Marine Resources Draft 1 March 2007 Halstead and Bunker (1954) collected fish species from Abariringa (Canton), Enderbury, Orona (Hull) and Manra (Sydney) by hook and line, beach seind, spear, throw net, dip net, and rotenone poisoning. Grovhoug and Henderson (1978) noted that although informative, information collected by Halstead and Bunker (1954) on fish species was not quantitative. Briggs (1964) noted that the cirrhitid, Chirrhitichthys corallicola TeeVan, needed to be synonymized with C. oxycephalus (Bleeker) that ranged from the eastern Pacific to the Red Sea, including the Phoenix Islands. Stone et al (2001) reported on the 2000 New England Aquarium expedition to the Phoenix Islands. Thirty seven additional species of fish were identified in the Phoenix Islands (see Table III-4.12 below). Table III-4.12. New Fish Species for the Phoenix Islands (source: Stone et al 2001) Family Genus/Species Common Name Moringuidae (Spaghetti Eels) Moringua ferruginea Rusty spaghetti eel Muraenidae (Moray Eels) Gymnothorax chilospilus Gymnothorax buroensis Uropterygius supraforatus Congridae (Conger and Garden Eels) Cyclothonidae Cyclothone pallida Cyclothone alba (none) Buro moray (none) Conger cinereus cinereus Moustache conger (none) (none) Ophidiidae (Cusk Eels) Brotula multibarbata Reef cusk eel Bythitidae (Livebearing Brotulids) Dinematichthys iluocoeteoides Yellow pygmy brotula Antennariidae (Frogfishes) Antennarius nummifer Spotfin frogfish Exocoetidae (Flying fishes Cheilopogon suttoni Sutton’s flyingfish Scorpaenidae (Scorpionfishes) Scorpaenodes guamensis Guam scorpionfish Scorpaenodes hirsutus Hairy scorpionfish Taenianotus triacanthus Leaf fish Pterois antennata Spotfin lionfish Serranidae (Fairy Basslets and Groupers) Suttonia lineata (none) Grammistidae Pseudogramma polyacanthum (none) Pseudochromidae (Dottybacks) Pseudoplesiops revellei Revelle’s basslet Cirrhitidae (Hawkfishes) Cirrhitops hubbardi (none) Paracirrhites nisus (none) Paracirrhites xanthus (none) Apogonidae (Cardinalfishes) Gymnapogon urospilotus Lachner’s cardinalfish Pomacanthidae (Angelfishes) Centropyge flavicauda White-tail angelfish Centropyge flavissima Lemonpeel angelfish Pomacentridae (Damselfishes) Chrysiptera leucopoma Surge damselfish Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Johnston damselfish Tripterygiidae (Tripletails) Enneapterygius tatuilae (none) 33
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 4. Marine Resources Draft 1 March 2007 Enneapterygius nigricauda (none) Gobiidae (Gobies) Amblygobius phalaena Callogobius plumatus Callogobius sclateri Paragobiodon modestus Acanthuridae (Surgeon and Unicornfishes Priolepis nocturna Acanthurus nigricans Acanthurus nigrofuscus Zebrasoma scopas Zebrasoma veliferum 34 Brown-barred goby Feather goby Pacific flap-headed goby Warthead goby (none) White cheek surgeonfish Brown surgeonfish Brown tang Sailfin tang Holloway (2002) noted that region’s first six-gill and sleeper sharks were recorded at 914 m (3,000 ft) depth in the Phoenix Islands. Randall and Randall (2001a) reviewed the Kuhliidae genus Kuhlia. It was noted that Kuhlia petiti was only known from the Phoenix Islands and the Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined included fish from Abariringa (Canton), Orona (Hull), and Enderbury. Bernardi et al (2002) examined color patterns of the damsel fish, Dascyllus auripinnis, from the Phoenix Islands. Relationships with other species of Dascyllus were examined based on mitochondrial DNA results. Bernardi et al (2003) noted that the three-spot damselfish from the Phoenix Islands, Dascyllus auripinnis, did not group in monophyletic clade, but rather intermixed with D. trimaculatus. In 2002, fish dive surveys were conducted in the Phoenix Islands (Obura and Stone 2003). In addition, and ROV and Dropcam were used to record species of fish. Abariringa, Birnie, Enderbury, Manra, Nikumaroro, Orona, and Rawaki were surveyed. During these surveys, an additional 217 new species were identified for the Phoenix Islands. That brings the total number of fish species recorded for the Phoenix Islands to 518 comprising 192 species identified in Schultz (1943), 100 species reported in the 2000 expedition (Stone et al 2001), 9 species recorded from various generic revisions, and 217 in the 2002 survey. As part of the 2002 fish dive surveys, fish abundance was estimated (Obura and Stone 2003). Fish densities averaged 0.522 fish per m 2 . No apparent pattern was seen regarding fish abundance according to site exposure or island. Overall, fish populations were healthy and representative of coral reef communities. Obura and Stone (2003) reported that tissue samples were taken of key species. Indicator species had similar abundance in 2002 (Obura and Stone 2003) as in 2000 (Stone et al 2001). The exceptions were dogtooth tuna and sharks, both of which declined significantly in abundance. Dogtooth went from being present in 75% of large fish sampled (in 2000, see Stone et al 2001) to zero in 2002 (Obura and Stone 2003). Reef shark density was similar between 2000 and 2003 in Enderbury, Nikumaroro, and Birnie. On Rawaki (Phoenix), Manra, Abariringa (Kanton), and Orona, shark density had dropped significantly and were absent in many sites.
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The Phoenix Islands Protected Area
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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