Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 4. Marine Resources Draft 1 March 2007 Montipora monasteriata Montipora sp.1 Montipora spumosa Montipora tuberculosa Montipora zsmooth Agariciidae Gardineroseris planulata Leptoseris hawaiiensis Leptoseris incrustans Pachyseris speciosa Pavona cactus Pavona clavus Pavona danai Pavona decussata Pavona explanulata Pavona maldivensis Favites halicora Favites pentagona Favites russeli Favites sp.1 Goniastrea edwardsi Goniastrea retiformis Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea transversa Leptoria phrygia Montastrea annuligera Montastrea curta Montastrea valenncienesi Platygyra daedalea Platygyra sinensis Plesiastrea versipora Fungiidae Fungia danai Pocillopora damicornis Pocillopora eydouxi Pocillopora meandrina Pocillopora verrucosa Poritidae Porites annae Porites compressa Porites lutea Porites rus Porites sp.1 Porites sp.2 Siderastreidae Coscinaraea columna Psammocora contigua Psammocora haimeana In 2002, coral reef surveys were conducted in the Phoenix Islands (Obura and Stone 2003). All of the Phoenix Islands were surveyed except McKean. Visual assessment methods were used to define the overall reef structure and habitats. Video transects were completed. General findings were as follows. Benthic communities differ between leeward and windward sides, with higher coral cover on the leeward slopes. Lagoon communities were highly differentiated between Abariringa (Kanton), Orona, and Nikumaroro, with Abariringa the most developed. Minor coral bleaching primarily in the lagoons of Abariringa (Kanton) and Orona. According to Mangubhai (2002), an additional 15 to 20 species of coral were identified for the Phoenix Islands during the 2002 expedition. Reefs were free of coral bleaching, disease or predation from crown of thorns starfish. Salvat (2002) reported that the coral reefs of the Phoenix Islands were some of the most difficult to access, also making them virtually pristine. A short overview of results of the 2000 and 2002 New England Aquarium expeditions was provided in Salvat (2002). Salvat (2002) reported that there was no monitoring of coral reefs in Kiribati (this included the Phoenix Islands). In July to September 2002, there was a hot-spot over the Phoenix Islands (Planetary Coral Reef Foundation 2004). It was speculated that this caused the mass bleaching of corals most notably in the lagoons of Abariringa (Kanton) and Orona. In 2004, the Planetary Coral Reef Foundation (2004) conducted dive surveys on Manra (Sydney), Rawaki (Enderbury), Abaririgna (Kanton), McKean, and Nikumaroro (Gardner). No data analysis or summary was provided in this report. Raw field data were presented in the web site. Extensive and recent coral bleaching was reported for the Phoenix Islands (Anon. 2005). This was unusual as coral bleaching had not previously been reported from Kiribati. 9
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 4. Marine Resources Draft 1 March 2007 In 2006, Kerr and Wragg (2006) conducted coral health rapid assessment surveys on Manra, Rawaki, Enderbury, Birnie, McKean, Orona, and Nikumaroro. All surveys were completed on the lee sides of these islands. Kerr and Wragg (2006) reported no evidence of the recent coral bleaching events and they did not observe any significant coral diseases. Obura (in press) examined the coral reef structure and zonation of each of the Phoenix Islands. For detailed descriptions of coral reefs of each Phoenix Islands, see Tables III-4.4 to III-4.6 below. Table III-4.4. Estimated reef dimensions for islands in the Phoenix group. (source: Obura in press). Island Maximum Lagoon Island area length (km) (km 2 Reef Reef Ratio Outer Perimeter Width wind: Reef ) @ 20 m (m) lee area (km) reefs (km 2 ) Abariringa (Kanton) 17.46 56 51.02 166 3.4 10.38 Orona 9.90 22 30.83 159 1.9 5.91 Enderbury 4.59 16.34 201 1.7 3.78 Nikumaroro 6.99 6 21.57 151 3.7 3.64 Manra 4.20 15.20 161 2.3 2.97 Birnie 1.03 8.12 280 3.5 2.64 McKean 1.07 6.25 177 2.2 1.27 Rawaki (Phoenix) 1.12 3.07 219 3.9 0.74 Table III-4.5. Reef area (km 2 ) by major zones for each of the Phoenix Islands (source: Obura in press). Island Windward Leeward Lagoon Total % Abariringa (Kanton) 8.45 1.93 1.42 11.80 34.8 Orona 4.29 1.62 1.12 7.03 20.7 Enderbury 2.59 1.19 3.78 11.2 Nikumaroro 2.59 1.04 0.06 3.69 10.9 Manra 2.16 0.81 2.97 8.7 Birnie 2.49 0.16 2.64 7.8 McKean 0.84 0.43 1.27 3.7 Rawaki 0.58 0.17 0.74 2.2 Overall 23.98 7.35 2.60 33.93 Table III-4.6. Area of outer reef slopes in the four main zones: surge zone, reef platform, reef edge and deep slope for islands of the Phoenix Islands. (source: Obura in press). Island Windward slopes (km 2 ) Leeward slopes (km 2 ) Total Total surge platform edge slope Total surge platform edge slope Abariringa (Kanton) 8.45 1.30 5.18 0.79 1.18 1.93 0.27 1.08 0.23 0.35 10.38 Orona 4.29 0.66 2.63 0.40 0.60 1.62 0.22 0.87 0.21 0.32 5.91 Enderbury 2.59 0.42 1.66 0.20 0.31 1.19 0.18 0.71 0.12 0.18 3.78 10
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The Phoenix Islands Protected Area
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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