Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN Chapter III. Background, 3. Terrestrial Resources Draft 1 March 2007 Hydrographer of the Navy (1969) reported coconut palms in places. Inside of the raised beach, there was coarse grass and low scrub. Fosberg et al (n.d.) noted several weeds that had been brought to Abariringa (Canton) and that had persisted. These included: Cenchrus echinatus, Eleusine indica, Portulaca oleracea, Euphorbia hirta, E. glomerifera, Pluchea carolinensis, P. indica, Tridax procumbens, and Vernonia cinera. During dry years on Abariringa (Canton), plants dried up (Bryan 1974). During wet years, with ten to fourteen times as much rainfall, luxurious vegetation grew. Bryan (1974) presented a list of native plant species for Abariringa (Canton) and Enderbury (see Table III-3.8 below). Table III-3.8. Plants not believed to have been recently introduced to Abariringa (Canton) and Enderbury by man (source: Bryan 1974) scientific name common name islands Cynodon dactylon Bermuda grass Abariringa (Canton) Digitaria pacifica Crabgrass Abariringa (Canton), Enderbury Eragrostis whitney native lovegrass Abariringa (Canton), Enderbury Lepturus repens wiry bunchgrass Abariringa (Canton), Enderbury Frimbristylis cymosa button sedge Abariringa (Canton) Boerhaavia diffusa Boerhaavia creeper Abariringa (Canton), Enderbury Sesuvium portulacastrum sea purslane Abariringa (Canton), Enderbury Portulaca lutea yellow portulaca Abariringa (Canton), Enderbury Portulaca oleraceae common purslane Enderbury Sida fallax Ilima Abariringa (Canton), Enderbury Ipomoea brasiliensis beach morning glory Abariringa (Canton), Enderbury Ipomoea alba white moonflower Abariringa (Canton), Enderbury Cordia subcordata Kou Abariringa (Canton), Enderbury Messerschmidia argentea tree heliotrope Abariringa (Canton), Enderbury Scaevola taccada v. sericea Naupaka, beach scaevola Abariringa (Canton) Guinther (1978) reported that Chlrophyll a concentrations in lagoonal ponds, potholes, and water filled burrows ranged from 1 to over 3,000 µg/lt. Garnett (1983) provided a narrative description of plants species and their locations on Abariringa (Canton). Garnett (1983) noted that several introduced plant species will most likely persist including: Trees and large shrubs Small shrubs and herbs 1) Cocos nucifera 2) Casuarina glauca 3) Casuarina equisetifolia 4) Coccoloba uvifera 5) Cordia sebestena 6) Lantana camara 1) Cyperus rotundus 2) Eragrostis tenella 3) Euphorbia glomerifera 4) Euphorbia hirta 5) Euphorbia prostrata 6) Phyllanthus amarus 28
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN Chapter III. Background, 3. Terrestrial Resources Draft 1 March 2007 7) Leucaena leucocephalus 8) Morinda citrifolia 9) Pandanus tectorius 10) Tamarix aphylla 11) Polyscias guilfoylei 12) Terminalia muelleria 7) Portulaca oleracea 8) Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Garnett (1983) estimated vegetative cover on Abariringa (Canton) based on major plant species. These estimates were as follows: Vegetation type Area (ha) Cordia forest 3.4 Messerschmidia forest 12.1 Scaevola scrub 71.2 Suriana-Sesuvium 99.1 Portulaca community 230.5 Bare 269.9 Disturbed 468.9 Total 1,155.2 Endemic vegetation on Nikumaroro, Orona and Abariringa (Kanton) were the last remaining large stands found in the Phoenix Islands (SPREP 1992). Fosberg and Stoddart (1994) provided a detail discussion of each species recorded for the Phoenix Islands. A summary of plant species reported and discussed in Fosberg and Stoddart (1994) is provided in Table III-3.3 above. In 1995, only a few coconut trees were observed on Abariringa (Tunaari) except at Tebaronga and Umari (Government of Kiribati 1995). Terieta and Bikentabakea trees looked unhealthy. This was attributed to the hard pan in the area. In 1995, 75 percent of Abariringa (Tunaari) was coverd with the saltbush, Cordia subcordata, and Tournefortia argentea (Government of Kiribati 1995). Only a few pandanus were found at Tebaronga. There were also three breadfruit trees, two of which had fruit. At Umari, there were healthy pine (Christmas) trees. At Tebaronga, there were hibiscus plants and te biku. Mueller-Dombois and Fosberg (1998) reported that coconut plantations were attempted on almost all islands in the central Pacific. They failed on the driest ones such as Abariringa (Canton). In the 2000 census, the Statistics Office (2002) reported that the 61 residents were raising breadfruit, babai, banana, pawpaw, kumala, and other vegetables. Neilson (2002) noted the number of plant species present on Abariringa (Kanton), Birnie, Manra, Nikumaroro, Orona, and Rawaki, and the plant habitats present for each island (see Table III-3.4 above). Pierce et al (2006) noted that most pest plants in the Phoenix Islands were on Abariringa (Kanton). The invasive plant, lantana, Lantana camara, extended over a large portion of the village and former military base. 29
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The Phoenix Islands Protected Area
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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