Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 In 1991, two more shoes were found on Nikumaroro (King et al 2001). One matched a shoe that Amelia Earhart worn (see also Burns et al 1998), the other was a man’s shoe. 1992, Nikumaroro was uninhabited (Republic of Kiribati 1992). In 1993, all Phoenix Islands, including Nikumaroro, were uninhabited except Abariringa (Kanton) (Neemia and Thaman 1993). In 1995, the survey team for the Phoenix Islands made numerous recommendations for development of the Phoenix Islands, specifically Abariringa (Tunaari), Enderbury, Manra, and Nikumaroro (Government of Kiribati 1995). These included the re-settlement of Abariringa (Tunaari), Enderbury, Manra, and Nikumaroro. With a total land area of 414 hectares, 50 to 100 families could be settled on Nikumaroro (Government of Kiribati 1995). Overseas funding was suggested as a mechanism for funding these projects. In 1997, the Te Kakai scheme was proposed for Manra, Orona, Nikumaroro, and Abariringa (Tunaari) to utilize idle resources there (Tauati 1997). The basic plan included four activities: (1) copra production, (2) seaweed planting and harvesting, (3) sea cucumber collection and (4) shark fin production. The budget provided (AUD 95,048) was a 12 month budget for expenses, not including staff costs and medical supplies. The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery (TIGHAR) had generated anthropological data consistent with the theory that Amelia Earhart landed and died on Nikumaroro (Burns et al 1998). Four surveys and excavations had been completed by TIGHAR. There were a few wrecked fishing boats on McKean (King et al 2001). Nikumaroro was proposed as a substitute site for the Kakai Scheme (PIKS Project Manager 2002). ORONA (HULL) In 1992 Orona was uninhabited (Republic of Kiribati 1992). In 1993, all Phoenix Islands, including Orona, were uninhabited except Abariringa (Kanton) (Neemia and Thaman 1993). There was a radar station on Orona that was built by the U.S. (Douglas and Douglas 1994). In 1997, the Te Kakai scheme was proposed for Manra, Orona, Nikumaroro, and Abariringa (Tunaari) to utilize idle resources there (Tauati 1997). The basic plan included four activities: (1) copra production, (2) seaweed planting and harvesting, (3) sea cucumber collection and (4) shark fin production. The budget provided (AUD 95,048) was a 12 month budget for expenses, not including staff costs and medical supplies. In mid-2001, as preliminary work for development of the Kakai Scheme Project, marine surveys were conducted on Orona (Tioti et al 2001). The purpose of the marine survey was to develop a baseline of information so that impacts from new settlers could be measured. 91
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 In 2001, the Ministry of Home Affairs and Rural Development initiated the Phoenix Islands Kakai Scheme (PIKS Project Manager 2002). The main activities of the scheme included: (1) cutting copra, (2) shark fins, (3) sea cucumbers, (4) seaweed, and (5) replanting coconut trees and cleaning. The initial budget was AUD 397,750.36. Sixty workers were recruited and sent to Orona with a one year contract (Tehumu 2004). In 2001, 68 copra workers and their families were moved to Orona as part of the Kakai Scheme (Mangubhai 2002). In 2001, 200 villagers were settled on Orona (Obura and Stone 2003; see also Timeon 2001). One of their primary activities was to catch sharks for the sharkfin market. Copra production was limited due to breakdown of the tractor, rats, and limited coconuts (PIKS Project Manager 2002). Shark finning was initially successful with the use of longline. However, the boat and engine broken and could not be repaired. Sea cucumbers were not abundant. Only wae ura and tabanebane were found in harvestable amounts. In 2001, seaweed was transplanted in 2001 from Fanning, but this failed as the vessel stayed too long on Christmas Island (PIKS Project Manager 2002). A second attempt in 2002 from Fanning was successful. Coconut planting was planned for the second year of this project. In 2002, a survey was conducted and wae ura was found on the ocean side (PIKS Project Manager 2002). Servicing Abariringa (Katon) and Orona were a financial problem as the volume of cargo was too small to meet shipping costs (Timeon 2001). This was a major problem for the Phoenix Islands Kakai Scheme on Orona. Monthly trips were planned, but KSSL schedules resulted in only period visits. In June 2001, an emergency trip was made to Orona using the Fisheries Division’s Nei Tebenebene to deliver needed supplies to Orona (Timeon 2001). This was a fishing vessel, not a cargo vessel. It left Betio overloaded. Rough seas (5 m waves) and strong winds (15 knots) resulted in excessive fuel consumption forcing a trip to Abariringa (Kanton) to pick up additional fuel for the return trip. After a year of operations, difficulties developed as scheduled shipping hardly visited Orona (PIKS Project Manager 2002). Shipping companies wanted diversion or charter fees for deviating from their Tarawa to Christmas Island route. Scheduled stops were not enforced by the government. Charter and deviation fees were a major expense of this project. Major construction under the Kakai Scheme included: office plus toilets, maneaba, well, copra shed, house for support staff and workers (PIKS Project Manager 2002). In addition, a new road was also completed. In 2004, the Phoenix Islands Kakai Scheme (PIKS) was officially closed by a Cabinet resolution (Minute No.: 18/03) (Tehumu 2004). This was after substantial expenses were incurred. Workers’ contracts were extended until the date of departure from Orona. Repatriation costs were met by the Office of Te Beretitenti and the Ministry of Line and Phoenix Islands Development (MLPID). 92
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The Phoenix Islands Protected Area
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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