Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 In May and June 1973, an ecological survey was conducted on Abariringa (Canton), Birnie, Enderbury, Manra (Sydney), Orona (Hull), and Rawaki (Phoenix) (Fosberg et al 1973). The purpose of this survey was to report on the ecological impacts of SAMTEC operations, assess the status of terrestrial ecology of islands visited, and to make recommendations to minimise adverse ecological effects of SAMTEC operations. The history of postal cancellation stamps used in the Phoenix Islands was reviewed (Kyle 1974). There were examples of stamp cancellation from Enderbury. The other Phoenix Islands never had postal services. In July 1979, the U.S. Air Force SAMTEC facility on Enderbury was closed down (Garnett 1983a). It was operational from 1970 to 1979 (Garnett 1983b). In 1979, the Treaty of Friendship signed between the United States and the Government of Kiribati gave the U.S. Government the right to construct facilities, after consultations with the Government of Kiribati on Abariringa (Canton), Enderbury, and Orona (Hull) (Trease 1993). MANRA (SYDNEY) In 1947, there were 294 people living on Manra (Sydney) (Freeman 1951; Maude 1953a; Robson 1956; 294 or 300 according to Garnett 1983a). Of these 123 were males and 171 were females (Pusinelli 1948). Manra (Sydney) had its own villages, schools, hospital, churches, and co-operative society (Garnett 1983a). By 1948, there were 299 persons on Manra (Sydney) (Bryan 1951). In 1949, the colonists were moved from Manra (Sydney) to Nikumaroro (Gardner) (Clune 1951). Manra (Sydney) was the only island that did not have a cooperative since all inhabitants had been removed (Cooper 1963). The coconut plantation was operated by the Phoenix Islands Co-operative Society. The copra collection ship visited the Phoenix Islands once every four months. There was a mysterious mortality amongst infants on Manra (Sydney) (Clune 1951 and Halstead 1950). Research indicated that fish from one side of the island were poisonous, but did not adversely affect adults. However, it was fatal to infants. In the early 1950s, there was a series of droughts on Manra (Sydney) that resulted in the elders of Manra (Sydney) to request that the colony be transferred elsewhere (Knudson 1965 and 1977). However, not all of the settlers of Manra (Sydney) wished to move (Knudson 1965). These were primarily Catholic converts. According to Luke (1962), the reason for the move was because the soil on Manra (Sydney) was too salty for coconut trees, the lagoon was too salty for fish, and many of the fish around Manra (Sydney) were poisonous. A number of families on Manra (Sydney) had to be moved to Nikumaroro (Robson 1956). The importance of Portulaca in the diets of settlers of the Phoenix Islands was reported by Turbott (1954). It was an important source of vitamin C and a major part of the diet. 81
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 However, it was considered too strong for the sick and infants. Turbott (1954) provided preparation instructions for Portulaca that were used on Manra and Orona. After, a severe drought struck and between 1955 and 1958, the Manra colony was moved to Gizo in the Solomon Islands (Garnett 1997; see also Knudson 1965; between 1958 and 1964 according to the Hydrographer of the Navy 1969). In 1955, the first group of settlers from Manra (Sydney) landed in Gizo, Solomon Islands (Anon. 1955b; see also Chapman 1961; Knudson 1965 and 1977). According to Douglas and Douglas (1994), the entire population was transferred to Gizo, Solomon Islands in 1958 (369 people according to Knudson 1977). Hilder (1959) reported on the transport of the last 220 Nikumaroro (Sydney) residents that were moved to the Solomon Islands. The charter of the M.V. Tulagi that transported residents to the Solomons cost about £5,000 (Hilder 1959). Until 1961, Manra (Sydney) was occupied by copra cutters who were then evacuated due to a prolonged drought (King 1973). In 1961, Manra was abandoned due to a severe drought according to Garnett 1983a). After the departure of the last settlers, Manra (Sydney) was handed over to the co-operative treading societies on Orona (Hull) and Nikumaroro (Gardner) for use as plantations for added income and mutual benefit (Knudson 1965) In 1964, it was reported that there were two passages through the reef that had been improved by blasting (Hydrographer of the Navy 1969). The USAF leased Birnie, Nikumaroro (Gardner), and Manra (Sydney) from the U.K. (King 1973). Preconstruction environmental surveys were carried out on Manra, Nikumaroro, McKean, and Birnie (King et al 2001). In May and June 1973, an ecological survey was conducted on Abariringa (Canton), Birnie, Enderbury, Manra (Sydney), Orona (Hull), and Rawaki (Phoenix) (Fosberg et al 1973). The purpose of this survey was to report on the ecological impacts of SAMTEC operations, assess the status of terrestrial ecology of islands visited, and to make recommendations to minimise adverse ecological effects of SAMTEC operations. Manra (Sydney) was claimed by both the U.K. and U.S. (King 1973). In 1978, there was no one living on Manra, but it was estimated that this island could support 300 people (Kiribati 1983). MCKEAN In 1947, no one lived on McKean (Bryan 1951; Freeman 1951; Pusinelli 1948; Robson 1956). Hydrographer of the Navy (1969) reported no inhabitants on McKean. In 1975, Wildlife Sanctuary status was confirmed for McKean under the Wildlife Conservation Ordinance of 1975 (Garnett 1983a). 82
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The Phoenix Islands Protected Area
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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