Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 This was the trip that H.E. Maude was on to conduct the pre-settlement survey of Nikumaroro (Laxton 1951). In 1937, Gardner was renamed Nikumaroro after the home island of a Gilbertese ancestress, Nei Manganibuka, who swam from her land “i-an Tamoa” (near Samoa) to Nikunau in the southern Gilbert Islands with the first buka tree in her mouth (Maude 1937, 1952 and 1968). Since Nikumaroro (Gardner) was covered with buka trees, it must have been the home of Nei Manganibuka. In 1937, 700 Gilbertese were moved from the Southern Gilbert Islands to Orona (Hull), Manra (Sydney), and Nikumaroro (Gardner) (Chapman 1961). Fifty eight Gilbertese were resettled on Nikumaroro (Gardner) (Bryan 1951; see also Freeman 1951). The forest had to be cleared and coconut palms needed to be planted. For a detailed account of the relocation voyages and initial resettlement activities, see Maude (1952 and 1968). In 1938, the GEIC bought out Burns Philp’s interest in Nikumaroro (Gardner) (Garnett 1983a). In December 1938, a plane from the H.M.S. Leander flew over Nikumaroro and took aerial photographs (King et al 2001). In 1938, the lagoon on Nikumaroro (Gardner) was surveyed by the New Zealand Navy in 1938 (December 1938 to February 1939 by the Royal New Zealand Air Force according to King et al 2001). They chartered the MV Yanawai and arrived on November 30, 1938. The H.S.S. Leander arrived the following day supported the landing party. Bryan (1941 and 1942) reported that the survey was done in either 1935 or 1938. They marked the lagoon “British Pacific Airways, Gardner Island Sea Aerodrome Reserve”. Part of the lagoon was marked off as a landing area for British Pacific Airway planes (Hydrographic Office 1940). In 1938, there was a drought as new settlers became established on Nikumaroro (Laxton 1951). In December 1938, two water condenser plants from the Nimanoa were left for the Nikumaroro settlers. In 1939, there were 80 natives living on Nikumaroro (Gardner) (Bryan 1941 and 1942; see also King et al 2001). Their village was just south of the western lagoon entrance. A concrete cistern had been constructed. Drought and limited number of coconut trees (200) hindered development of the colony on Nikumaroro (Gardner) (Bryan 1941 and 1942). As part of the settlement scheme, about 163 Gilbertese were settled on Nikumaroro (Gardner) (Pompey 1974 and 1972d). In April 1939, the U.S.S. Pelican visited Nikumaroro and launched a plane to take aerial photos of the island (King et al 2001). In November to December 1939, the U.S.S. Bushnell spent a week mapping Nikumaroro (King et al 2001). ORONA (HULL) In 1887, J.T. Arundel occupied Orona (Hull) (Garnett 1983a). In 1891, Arundel obtained a coconut planting license for Orona (Hull). 59
PHOENIX ISLANDS PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN <strong>Chapter</strong> III. Background, 2. Human Activities Draft 1 March 2007 Ellis planted coconut trees on Orona (Hull) as a youth while working for John T. Arundel Company (Ellis 1946). This was in 1887 (Anon. 1940b; Ellis 1937). He and his brother landed with 20,000 coconuts for planting (Ellis 1937). At that time, he and his brother and three natives were the only people in the entire Phoenix Islands (Ellis 1946; see also Morrell 1960). In 1889, the British clamed Orona (Hull) as a protectorate (Dickson 1939; Hobbs 1945; Hydrographic Office 1916). Orona (Hull) was annexed by the H.M.S. Egeria (Douglas and Douglas 1994; Morrell 1960). The symbolic acts of declaring protectorates were performed on each island except Nikumaroro (Gardner) (Orent and Reinsch 1941). This included a formal declaration and the hoisting of the British flag. The reason for these annexations was the proposed trans-Pacific cable (Ward 1948) that provided a new use for these small isolated islands. In 1899, Orona (Hull) was leased to the Pacific Island Co. (Hydrographic Office 1916; 1897 according to Garnett 1983a). There were no inhabitants at that time. In 1901, the Pacific Islands Co., Ltd. requested a long term lease for Orona (Hull) (Garnett 1983a). The lease was granted in 1902 for 99 years. In 1902, Lever’s Pacific Plantations Ltd. bought out Pacific Islands Co., Ltd.’s holding on Orona (Hull) (Garnett 1983a). In 1916, Orona (Hull) was leased to Captain Allen and the Samoa Shipping and Trading Co. (Bryan 1934; see also Allen 1918; 1914 according to Garnett 1983a) for 87 years for the production of copra (Bryan 1941 and 1942). The Samoa Shipping and Trading Company established camps on Orona (Hull) for copra cutting (Pompey 1972b; Tudor 1968). Allen (1918) reported that Orona (Hull) was uninhabited. In 1924, there were about 20 people living on Orona (Hull) (Bryan 1934). This included 17 Tokelauan workers, and W. Shafer and his family (Bryan 1941 and 1942; Tokelauan and Ellice islands according to Dickson 1939). After Captain Allen died in 1925, the group nearly starved to death since no supplies were received. Shafer died on Orona (Hull) in 1931. In 1925, there were 15 inhabitants, one American and 14 natives, who lived on the west side of the island (Dickson 1939). In 1925, Samoa Shipping and Trading Co., Ltd. abandoned Orona (Hull) (Garnett 1983a). Orona (Hull) had a boat passage into the lagoon (Foreign Office 1920). In 1925, Captain Allen of the Samoa Shipping and Trading Co. died (Degener and Gillaspy 1955). In 1926, liquidators of the Samoa Shipping and Trading Co. (Captain Allen) sold the lease for Abariringa (Canton), Manra (Sydney), Orona (Hull), Nikumaroro (Gardner), Rawaki (Phoenix), and Birnie (Birney) to the Burns Philp Co., Ltd. (Anon 1940e). The original 99 year lease had 75 years remaining. In 1931, there were 15 people living on Orona (Hull) (Bryan 1951; Freeman 1951). 60
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Chapter I Intro & Objectives - SPREP

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