Landforms of British Columbia 1976 - Department of Geography

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Yukon River Drainage Basin Tagish Lake .- __..__._. Teslin Lake ~~.. . . . . .._.. Takhini River . .._...............__.. Mackenzie River Drainage Basin Coastal Drainage Alsek River _..__ ._.._............. Bella Coola River11 ..-....... Dean River .._...__. -__.~ _...-- Homathko River ._.. -._ Klinaklini River ..- .._._ - ._.. Nass Rivers . .._.__...-........... Taku Rivers . . . . . . . . ..__...- Stikine River10 _.._ Skeena River1 2 . . . . . . . . . .._..__ Unuk River - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fraser River Drainage Basin Fraser River14 .._..............._ Columbia River Drainage Basin Table I.-Principal Rivers of British Columbia Principal Tributaries Atlin River .- . . .._..._.__ Partridge River . . . . . . .._. Jennings River...- . .._.. Gladys River ~.- -..- 19,310 Bridge River...- ._..... ~... Chilcotin River .._ __.__. McGreeor River ..-~___ Nechako River Quesnel River . . . . . . .._... Stuart River .~ _....._.. -.. Thomoson River .._._... West i(oad River _.-__. Colombia River1 5 19,770 459 Canoe River Illecillewaet River Spillimacheen River .~ Kootenay River16 . . . . . Okanagan River ..~ Pend d’oreille River Similkameen River.... Dy$,gyp Colombia ‘Square Miles) 4,076 _.....__._ 5,016 429 2,260 Liard River1 ..~ . . . . .._...__.... Dease Rivers _ 5,374 Fort Nelson River .._... Kechika River ..- 17,200 Toad River _..___...... - . . . . . .._ Peace River4 -~ _........ 19,595 -........ Finlay River _.- _..._....... 16,6tXl Parsnip River ..-_.._____ - Beatton River .- 1,150 . . . . . . . . . Halfway River ..- Pine River ..____...___ - Hay River ..- . . . .._ - . . . . ..__..... Kotcho River .~ .___...__._ 2,921 * Not recorded. - 1 Near Lower Post. 2 At McDame in 1958-59. 3 In 19558-59. 4 Near Taylor. 5 On August 1, 1959. -- 137 2,656 1,934 3,319 2,140 2,035 8,046 6,613 19,445 21,038 ._...._... .--__- 1 940 _..... -._ 4,690 5,400 21,600 4,630 s On April 18, 1959. 7 On October 10, 1958. . ..- . . . . . 580 . . . . . . . .._ 2,870 . . . . . . 3,550 - T ‘: - , / , - ,engtb Miles) -.-_ . . . . . _..... . . . 260 _..... . . .._. 250 145 _..-. _...- .-... --. ._..._ 60 _..... -.... _..-. 236 :ii 360 _...- 850 146 287 . ..~.. 258 304 .._-_ 276 _..-. . . . . . - T Flow in Cubic Feet per Second Average -_..._- _........... 3,030 9,830 * * . . . . . -... * * * 35,200 4,070 I * 47*100 2417003 13,8003 2025 8906 4,3407 t . * 4,320 t 9,290s * 28,700 10,500 26,100 30,700 7,8201, * 2,130 * 223,ooO 21,300 w,o@J * 407*ooO 211:ooo 75,700 * * * * * * 28,700 111:ooo * 192,000 60,200 120,ooO 330,OOQ * _...-- 623 * _........... l 83 l 5,100 458 400 l l ~~ 2:72O . * * * * l 474 . 950 * MO 880 1,420 1,830 l 93,100 536,CMO 12,Ow 3,570 . t 3,330 16,800 215 * 18,900 1,540 10,300 37,900 1,400 1,790 w+oo 980 4,310 16,000 720 26,400 127,000 4,360 * 11,300 216 98,270 * * 1,300 30,200 686 26,706 2,245 I - 12 At Usk. 1s On July 30, 1959. 550,100 18,000 * * * * 11,000 111 142,ooO 3,270 2,830 74 171,300 2,500 38,700 120 8 At Aiyansh. 14 At Hope. 9 At Tulsequah in 1958-59. 1s At International Boundary. 10 At Telegraph Creek in 1958-59. 16 At Nelson. 11 At Hagensborg. 106
British Columbia includes the drainage basins of four major river systems (see Fig. 11): those of the Yukon River flowing northward and northwestward through Yukon and Alaska into the Bering Sea, the Mackenzie River flowing northeastward and northward through northern Canada into the Arctic Ocean, and the Fraser and Columbia Rivers flowing southward and southwestward into the Pacific Ocean. In addition, there are a number of coastal rivers that flow westward into the Pacific Ocean. Drainage areas and volumes of flow are tabulated in Table I. The main rivers-the Liard, Peace, Fraser, and Columbia-acquire their characteristics from the regions which they drain. Peculiarities of flow depend on climate and the distribution of precipitation, while stream patterns are influenced by the structural features of the underlying bedrock. The influence of bedrock manifests itself in the quite obviously structurally controlled pattern of the Columbia River, in contrast to the very largely dendritic pattern of the Fraser River system. It may be fortuitous, but it is notable that the headwaters of all four major rivers flow at some place and in one direction or another in the Rocky Mountain Trench. Figure 11. Diagram showing the drainage basins within British Columbia. All the river systems in British Columbia have had a long and eventful develop- ment. The major systems were initiated early in the Tertiary and were rejuvenated by late Tertiary uplift. At that time the Liard River maintained its course around the northern end of the rising Rocky Mountains, and the Peace River continued to flow directly across them in the region of their minimum uplift. The courses of the Kootenay, Columbia, Fraser, and Peace Rivers have been profoundly influenced by stream piracy on a regional scale, as a direct result of differing rates of headward erosion in the several river systems. 107
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Bulletin 48 Landforms of British Co
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The technical references are believ
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PAGE Chapter II.-Physiographic Subd
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FIQ. ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Landform map
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PLATE PAOE XVIII. (33) Stikine Plat
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PLATE XXXVIIB. (70) Rocky Mountain
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traveller. If he SO wishes, his enj
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pendants which, because of their se
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As Iava cools and consolidates, it
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are lithologic differences from pla
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mentary rocks are folded and faulte
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Field work by members of the Geolog
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Alden, W. C.: “ Phys
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The western boundary of the Eastern
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INSULAR MOUNTAINS The Insular Mount
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H. C., “ Geology and Mineral Depo
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The extreme northeastern tip of Gra
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the strait. It is suggested that th
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The lowland consists of many low, w
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anges farther west. The ranges sout
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Pacific Ranges The Pa&c Ranges (see
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Columbia. The mountains along the 4
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ones, and widening and deepening th
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south end of Teslin Lake, which sep
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Between the Taku &nd Sheslay Rivers
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The tuyas consist of nearly horizon
Page 53 and 54: sloping areas of upland remain undi
Page 55 and 56: mostly in the Babine Range. The roc
Page 57 and 58: to Eutsuk Lake on the southern side
Page 59 and 60: I These valleys are at a fairly hig
Page 61 and 62: Detailed studies made around severa
Page 63 and 64: The area is drained by the Finlay,
Page 65 and 66: Plateau and the Nechako Plateau, an
Page 67 and 68: iver in pre-Pl&ocene time or whethe
Page 69 and 70: dissected upland surface of the pla
Page 71 and 72: Thompson and North Thompson River v
Page 73 and 74: Adams, and Shuswap Rivers and their
Page 75 and 76: highlands, but the main effects of
Page 77 and 78: eda Rivers on the west and the Colu
Page 79 and 80: The amount of relief is governed by
Page 81 and 82: “ Striae, roches moutonn&s, and l
Page 83 and 84: The boundary between the Rocky Moun
Page 85 and 86: [References: Price, R. A., “ Fern
Page 87 and 88: 8,820 feet, and the lowest point in
Page 89 and 90: margin of the Rocky Mountains% it s
Page 91 and 92: Devonian limestones that are thrust
Page 93 and 94: locally, as a rule only on the nort
Page 95 and 96: Dept. of Mines and Petroleum Remmx?
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER III.-SPECIAL ASPECTS OF THE
Page 99 and 100: movement, and regional studies of t
Page 101 and 102: Both the Atlas of British Columbia
Page 103: ase of the Sumas till in the Fraser
Page 107 and 108: The Parsnip and Finlay Rivers were
Page 109 and 110: upper Fraser River is the result of
Page 111 and 112: Its pattern of flow within the moun
Page 113 and 114: materials. Along the west coast of
Page 115 and 116: , Pleistocene probably has been bet
Page 117 and 118: A small volcanic cone with associat
Page 119 and 120: ‘I , titularly for those interest
Page 121 and 122: The Pinchi fault and its northweste
Page 123 and 124: component of the discordant pattern
Page 125 and 126: APPENDIX B.-GLOSSARY * Aggrade-to b
Page 127 and 128: Lineation-in rock the parallel orie
Page 129 and 130: INDEX The place names listed are th
Page 131: 85 126 :: :: 116
Page 134 and 135: Quam Quartz ~ountam Queen Bess, Mou
Page 136: 138
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Landforms of British Columbia 1976 - Department of Geography

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