Bir Eskimo Dilinde Türkçenin İzleri - Kmoksy
Bir Eskimo Dilinde Türkçenin İzleri - Kmoksy
Bir Eskimo Dilinde Türkçenin İzleri - Kmoksy
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Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
HTTP://WWW.KMOKSY.COM<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
linde <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
A sucking calf under the ox: ―The Turkic Tracks in an <strong>Eskimo</strong> Language‖<br />
Ümüt Çınar<br />
01.01.2010<br />
Keçiören / Ankara<br />
from The North Pole by Robert E. Perry, 1910<br />
Iñupiaraaqta!<br />
(‘Let's speak Inupiaq’)<br />
Bu makalede eleştirdiğim yazının sahibi (Prof. Dr. Mehmet Kara) ve ilgili yazısı:<br />
http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/YENI%20TURK%20DILI/mehmet_kara_eskimo_turkce_izler_I.pdf<br />
Doç. Dr. Mehmet Kara <strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>-I: Türemiş Kelimeler, V. Uluslar arası Türk Dili Kurultayı<br />
Bildirileri I , 20-26 Eylül 2004, sa: 1503-1524<br />
http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/YENI%20TURK%20DILI/mehmet_kara_eskimo_turkce_izler-II.pdf<br />
Dr. Mehmet Kara <strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>-II: Basit Kelimeler, Büyük Türk Dili Kurultayı Bildirileri, Bilkent<br />
Üniversitesi, Ankara 2006<br />
Prof.Dr. Mehmet Kara, Kuzey Alaska’daki <strong>Eskimo</strong> dili İnyupikçede <strong>Türkçenin</strong> izlerini sürerken, olaya<br />
tek yanlı ve yanlış yaklaşıyor. Bulduğu izlerin hiçbiri <strong>Türkçenin</strong> izi değildir.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 1
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>ca-Aleutça veriler için yararlandığım ana kaynaklar<br />
A. İnyupikçe (=Iñupiaq) :<br />
1. http://www.alaskool.org/language/dictionaries/inupiaq/dictionary.htm Mehmet Kara’nın yazısına dayanak olan sözlük.<br />
2a. http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc (who is author/yazan kim? Dr. Alon Lavie ???<br />
with University of Alaska, Fairbanks, and the Inupiat Heritage Center in Barrow, Alaska) Köküne göre türevlerin sıralandığı çok değerli<br />
HARİKA bir çalışma; tavsiye ederim!<br />
2b. http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Inupiaq/1st%20postbases.doc<br />
2c. http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Inupiaq/2nd%20section%20postbases.doc<br />
2d. http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Avenue/Inupiaq/enclitics.doc<br />
3. http://www.nsbsd.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/inupiaq-values-curriculum-knowledge-of-language.pdf<br />
4. http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/pubs/i_pubs/Quliaqtuat_1986.pdf Quliaqtuat mumiaksrat: Iḷisaqtuanun Savaaksriat, Aglaaŋit Ukua Iñuit<br />
Katałługit: Qaġġaqpak (Orson Kagak), Amaġugaaq (Roy Ahmaogak), Qayuuttaq (M.J.Kayutak), D.H.Webster *=Qiñiġaaliuqtaat), Aglatqiksai<br />
Edna Ahgeak MacLean pagmapak atuqtaptignun, Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 1986<br />
5. http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/pubs/i_pubs/North_Slope_Grammar_1986.pdf North Slope Iñupiaq Grammar Second Year (Preliminary<br />
Edition for Student Use Only) by Edna Ahgeak MacLean, Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, seventh printing<br />
2000<br />
6. http://www.sil.org/silewp/1997/002/SILEWP1997-002.html Valence and Affix Ordering in Inupiatun, Wolf Seiler, 1997<br />
B. Utkuhiksalik İnuitçesi (=Utkuhiksalingmiut) :<br />
7. http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~inuit/UIDP/index.html Utkuhiksalik Inuktitut Dictionary Project ᑐᑭᕐᑲᖅᑐᑦ ᐅᑦᑯᓯᒃᓴᓕᖕᒥᐅᑦ<br />
ᐅᕐᑲᐅᓯᖕᒋᑦ<br />
8. http://www.erudit.org/revue/etudinuit/2005/v29/n1-2/013947ar.pdf Historical antecedents of /h/, /s/, /j/ and /ř/ in Utkuhiksalik<br />
(Inuktitut) , Carrie J. Dyck et Jean L. Briggs, Études/Inuit/Studies, vol. 29, n° 1-2, 2005, p. 307-340.<br />
C. Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi (= Nunavut Inuktitut & Nunavik Inuttitut) :<br />
9. http://www.tusaalanga.ca/glossary<br />
10. http://books.google.com.tr/books < Ulirnaisigutiit ᐅᓕᕐᓇᐃᓯᒍᑏᑦ An Inuktitut-English dictionary of Northern Quebec, Labrador and<br />
Eastern Arctic Dialects (with an English- Inuktitut Index) by Lucien Schneider [translated from the French and transliterated by Dermot<br />
Ronan+, Les Presses de l'Université Laval, Québec, 1985<br />
11. http://www.inuktitutcomputing.ca/Technocrats/ILFT_1.html Inuktitut Linguistics for Technocrats by Mick Mallon, Iqaluit 2000<br />
12. http://ling.kgw.tu-berlin.de/staff/Nowak/Affixliste.doc Inuktitut Affixliste, zusammengestellt von Jenny Ehrhardt<br />
13. http://www2.tu-berlin.de/fak1/el/board.cgi?id=angli&action=download&gul=83 Einführung ins Inuktitut, Elke Nowak, dritte,<br />
überarbeitete Fassung, 2007<br />
D. Nunatsiavut İnuitçesi (= Labrador Inuttut) :<br />
14. http://www.labradorvirtualmuseum.ca/home/inuttut_dictionary.htm Labrador Inuttut Dictionary : Inuttut-English & English-Inuttut<br />
Dictionary [This dictionary is a compilation of the best Labrador Dialect word lists written so far. Entries with no reference come from Rose<br />
Jeddore's UKauset katitsutauppaliningit.]<br />
E. Grönland İnuitçesi (= Kalaallisut) :<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 2
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
15. http://www.oqaasileriffik.gl/content/us/language_database/greenlandic_english_dictionary Greenlandic English Dictionary<br />
Oqaasileriffik - the Greenland Language Secretariat in collaboration with Inerisaavik - Centre for Pedagogical and Materials Development<br />
and In Service Training of Teachers is preparing a Greenlandic-English Dictionary for graduating classes in the Public School. During this<br />
process, Schultz Lorentzen's 'Dictionary of the West Greenland <strong>Eskimo</strong> Language' - which was printed in 1927 as an English translation of<br />
his 'Den grønlandske ordbog - grønlandsk dansk' (The Greenlandic Dictionary - Greenlandic Danish) from 1926 - has been transcribed into<br />
the new and old Greenlandic orthography using Microsoft Excel. The dictionary work is still at the editing phaze, new entries will be added,<br />
and old entries will be revised. Given the scarcity of dictionary material from Greenlandic into English, Oqaasileriffik's management have<br />
found it important that this transcription be available to all.<br />
16. http://www.presses.ens.fr/Data/ex_0244-0-1erepartie.pdf I <strong>Eskimo</strong>: De L'<strong>Eskimo</strong> en Général et du Groenlandais Oriental en<br />
Particulier, Philippe Mennecier, Lalies 18 (1998)<br />
F. Nunivak Çupikçesi (= Nunivak Cup’ig) :<br />
17. http://www.nunivakisland.org/dictionary/index.html Nunivak Island Cup'ig Language Preliminary Dictionary, Nuniwarmiut<br />
Piciryarata Tamaryalkuti (Nunivak Cultural Programs), This is a draft web version of a larger printed dictionary that was published in late<br />
2003 by the Alaska Native Language Center. The Cup'ig dictionary is the first dictionary published in our language. The dictionary has been<br />
made possible with grants and donations from the Alaska Humanities Forum, The U.S. National Park Service, the Threshold Foundation,<br />
NIMA Corporation, Mekoryuk IRA Council and personal donations. Many individuals contributed to the dictionary, the primary compiler is<br />
Muriel Amos of Mekoryuk. The on-line dictionary is a work in progress and may contain minor errors.<br />
G. Çupikçe (= Chevak & Hooper Bay Cup’ik) :<br />
18. http://www.alaskool.org/projects/chevak/chevak/sound1.htm<br />
19. http://www.alaskool.org/projects/chevak/chevak/Glossary%20Words.html<br />
H. Yupikçe (= Central Yup’ik) :<br />
20.http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/29/b6/20.pdf Yupik <strong>Eskimo</strong> Prosodic<br />
Systems: Descriptive and Comparative Studies, Edited by Michael E. Krauss, Papers by Michael E. Krauss, Jeff Leer, Steven A. Jacobson,<br />
Osahito Miyaoka & lawrence D. Kaplan, Alaska Native Language Center, Research Papers Number 7, University of Alaska, Fairbanks 1985.<br />
21.http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/35/bf/75.pdf Yup'ik <strong>Eskimo</strong> Grammar, Irene<br />
Reed, Osahito Miyaoka, Steven Jacobson, Paschal Afcan & Michael E. Krauss, A Publication of the Alaska Native Language Center and the<br />
Yup'ik Language Workshop, University of Alaska, 1977<br />
22 http://www.asna.ca/alaska/research/zagoskin.pdf Словарь Атабаскских, Юпикских и Алютикского языков / Word-Lists of the<br />
Athabaskan, Yup’ik and Alutiiq Languages (in the Russian and Alaskan native Languages, with English added in the present edition) by<br />
Laurence Alekseyevich Zagoshkin, 1847, St. Petersburg, Digital Typography 2009<br />
I. Supikçe (= Alutiiq) :<br />
23. http://alutiiqmuseum.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=5&Itemid=97<br />
24. http://www.johnsmelcer.com/resources/Alutiiq_Dictionary.pdf Alutiiq Noun Dictionary and Pronunciation Guide (2009), Common<br />
Nouns in Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula Region Alutiiq (Excluding Kodiak Island), Compiled & Edited by John E. Smelcer, Ph.D.,<br />
Foreword by Dale Seeds, Ph.D., 2009.<br />
J. Aleutça (= Unangan) :<br />
25. http://ankn.uaf.edu/Resources/mod/glossary/view.php?id=12 Atkan Aleut Lexicon by Moses Dirks and Knut Bergsland. This<br />
publication in Atkan Aleut, commonly referred to as Western Aleut, is one of ten similar projects undertaken by the National<br />
Bilingual Materials Development Center.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 3
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
<strong>Kmoksy</strong> code <strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut Dilleri<br />
1. ale<br />
1.1.1.<br />
1.1.2.<br />
Unanganca, Aleutça<br />
Unangax̂ (sg) Unangax (dual) Unangan (pl/Eastern)<br />
Unangas (pl/Atkan) Unangam Tunuu (dil)<br />
Sasignan Unangancası<br />
Sasignan (Own) Sasxinan (Eastern) Sasxinas (Atkan)<br />
Kasakam Unangangis (‘Russian Aleuts’)<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut Languages, Eskaleut<br />
languages, Inuit-Aleut languages<br />
Unangan, Aleut, Aleutian, Aleutian Aleut, Unangan<br />
Aleut<br />
NOT: Alaska’yı Aleut Adalarından keşfe başlayan öncü Rusların yerli halk için kullandığı<br />
Алеуты adı Aleutlar (=Unangan / Supikçe: Taya'uq) ile Supikleri (=Alutiiq алютик язык /<br />
Supikçe: Sugpiaq ; Unanganca: Kanaaĝin) kapsıyordu. Günümüz Alaska İngilizcesinde<br />
new usage terimi olarak Aleut adı Alutiiq biçiminde Supikler ve Supikçe [bazıları Alutiiq<br />
adını Batı Supikleri için, Sugpiaq adını da Doğu Supikleri için daraltır] için kullanılırken<br />
Aleutlar ve Aleutça için Unangan adı tercih edilmektedir.<br />
Attuan, Aleut dialect of Attu, Western Aleut[ian]<br />
(formerly), Sasignan, Saksinan, Western Aleut of the Near<br />
Islands<br />
Near Islanders: Attu, Agattu, Semichi Islands<br />
Copper Island Aleut, Mednyj Aleut, Attuan of Copper<br />
Island<br />
алеутско-медновский язык, медновский язык<br />
(Russian-Attuan creole) on Commander Islands of Russian Federation<br />
(Командорские острова: Остров Беринга и Медный Остров)<br />
1.2. ? Qax̂un Rat Islanders: Buldir, Kiska, Amchitka, Semissopochnoi<br />
1.3. Atka Unangancası, Atka Aleutçası<br />
Aliguutax̂<br />
Atkan, Aleut dialect of Atka, Central Aleut, Western<br />
Aleut[ian] (today), Unangas<br />
1.3.1. Naahmiĝus Delarof Islanders: Amatignak, Tanaga<br />
1.3.2.<br />
Niiĝuĝis<br />
1.4. Doğu Unangancası, Doğu Aleutçası<br />
Central Aleut of the Andreanof Islands, Western Aleut<br />
of the of Atka<br />
Andreanof Islanders: Kanaga, Adak, Atka, Amlia, Seguam<br />
Eastern Unangan, Eastern Aleut[ian], Unalaskan,<br />
Unangan<br />
1.4.1. Akuuĝun / Uniiĝun Islands of the Four Mountains: Amukta, Kagamil<br />
1.4.2. Qawalangin Fox Islanders: Umnak, Samalga,Western Part of Unalaska Island<br />
1.4.3. Qigiiĝun<br />
Krenitzen Islanders: Eastern end of Unalaska, Akutan, Akun,<br />
Tigalda<br />
1.4.4. Qagaan Tayaĝungin Sanak Islanders: Unimak, Sanak<br />
1.4.4.1. Taxtamam Tunuu Belkofski dialect, Eastern Aleut of Belkofski<br />
1.4.5. Qaĝiiĝun Shumigan Islanders<br />
1.4.6.<br />
2. ESKİMO DİLLERİ<br />
2.1. YUPİK DİLLERİ YUPIK LANGUAGES<br />
ysr & ess & ynk<br />
2.1.1. ysr<br />
Sibirya <strong>Eskimo</strong>ları üzerine tarihi fotoğrafların yer aldığı güzel<br />
bir siteyi tavsiye ederim:<br />
http://www.kunstkamera.ru/exhibitions/virtualnye_vystavki/forshtejn/<br />
Sirenik Yupikçesi, Sığınıkça<br />
сиӷы́ ныгмы ́ ӷа (sg) сиӷы́ ныгмы ́ ӷий (pl)<br />
“Uqeghllistun” (dil) Sireneghmiit<br />
Pribilof Aleut, Pribilovian dialect , Aleuts of the Pribilof<br />
Islands<br />
ESKIMO LANGUAGES, <strong>Eskimo</strong>an languages, Yupik-Inuit<br />
languages<br />
Siberian Yupik branch<br />
2.1.2. Öz Yupik dilleri Yupik proper<br />
Sireniki Yupik, Sireniki <strong>Eskimo</strong>, Sirenikski, Old Sireniski,<br />
Sighinek <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
сиреникский *сирениковский+ язык<br />
Sireniki became extinct in early January 1997<br />
Поселок Сиреники<br />
ess & ynk Chaplino-Naukanski language<br />
2.1.2.1. ess<br />
Sibirya Yupikçesi<br />
2.1.2.1.1.<br />
Ungazik Yupikçesi<br />
Уңазиӷмӣ (sg) Уңазиӷмӣт / Uŋazighmiit<br />
(―Ungazighmit‖) (pl) Ungazighmiistun (dil)<br />
2.1.2.1.2.<br />
Avan Yupikçesi<br />
“Aiwanat” Avatmiit (pl) (“Avatmit”)<br />
2.1.2.1.3.<br />
İmtuk Yupikçesi<br />
“Imtugmit”<br />
2.1.2.1.4. Qiighwaagmiit (“Kigwagmit”)<br />
2.1.2.1.5.<br />
Sivuqaq Yupikçesi*, Sibirya Yupikçesi (sensu<br />
stricto)<br />
Yupigestun (dil) “Eiwhuelit”<br />
* Sivuqaq is the Yup'ik name for St. Lawrence Island and for<br />
Gambell<br />
Siberian Yupik, Central Siberian Yupik, Bering Strait<br />
Yupik, Yuit, Asiatic <strong>Eskimo</strong>, Chaplinski Yupik, Chaplino<br />
language<br />
чаплинский язык (sensu lato)<br />
Chaplino dialect (sensu stricto)<br />
Уназикский говор<br />
Поселок Унгазик (Чаплино)<br />
(sensu lato)<br />
Аванский говор<br />
Поселок Аван<br />
Имтукский говор<br />
Поселок Имтук<br />
St. Lawrence Island Yupik, St. Lawrence dialect of<br />
Siberian Yupik, Siberian Yupik, Akuzipik<br />
диалект [говор] острова Св. Лаврентия (США)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 4
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
2.1.2.1.5.1. Sivuqarmiit<br />
2.1.2.1.5.2. Pauvuilagmiit<br />
2.1.2.1.5.3. Kukuligmiit<br />
2.1.2.1.5.4. Sikuuvugmiit<br />
2.1.2.1.5.5. Kialigagmiit<br />
2.1.2.2. ynk<br />
Naukan Yupikçesi<br />
Nuvuqaghmiistun (dil)<br />
нывуӄаӷмит / Nuvuqaghmiit , “Noökalit”<br />
at мыс Дежнёва (Nuvuqaq = East Cape)<br />
esu & ems Alaskan Yupik branch<br />
2.1.2.3. esu<br />
Alaska Yupikçesi<br />
2.1.2.3.1. Unaliq-Pastuliq Yupikçesi Norton Sound Yup’ik<br />
2.1.2.3.1.1.<br />
2.1.2.3.1.1.1. Atnegmiut<br />
Unaliq Yupikçesi<br />
“Unalirmiut / Unaligmiut”<br />
2.1.2.3.1.1.2. Kuuyuŋmiut (“Kuuyungmiut”)<br />
2.1.2.3.1.1.3. Eŋlutaleġmiut (“Englutaalegmiut”)<br />
2.1.2.3.1.1.4. Caxtulegmiut<br />
2.1.2.3.1.1.5. Uŋallaqłiŋmiut<br />
2.1.2.3.1.1.6. Tacirmiut<br />
2.1.2.3.1.2.<br />
2.1.2.3.2.<br />
Pastuliq Yupikçesi<br />
Pastulirmiut<br />
2.1.2.3.2.1. Qerauranermiut<br />
2.1.2.3.2.2. Kuigularmiut<br />
2.1.2.3.2.3. Qip’ngayarmiut<br />
2.1.2.3.2.4.4<br />
2.1.2.3.2.5.<br />
Yupikçe<br />
Yup’ik / Yupiaq (sg) Yupiik (dual) Yupiit (pl)<br />
Yugtun/Yugcetun (dil)<br />
Qaluyaarmiut (“Kaialigamiut, Kayaligmiut,<br />
Kaealegmiut” < Qaluyaaq = Nelson Island)<br />
Marayaarmiut (“Marayarmiut, Mararmiut,<br />
Maarmiut, Magemiut”)<br />
< Marayaaq = Scammon Bay<br />
2.1.2.3.2.6. “Chnagmiut” / “Ankachagmiut”<br />
2.1.2.3.2.7.<br />
2.1.2.3.2.8. Akulmiut<br />
2.1.2.3.2.9. Caninermiut<br />
2.1.2.3.2.10.<br />
2.1.2.3.2.10.1. Unegkumiut<br />
Kuigpagmiut (“Kwik[h]pagmiut”)( < Kuigpak =<br />
Yukon River), Iqugmiut (Ikogmiut”)<br />
Kusquqvagmiut (“Kuskowag[a]miut,<br />
Kuskwogmiut” < Kusquqvak = Kuskokwim River)<br />
2.1.2.3.2.10.2. Kiatagmiut, Nushagagmiut<br />
2.1.2.3.2.11. Tuyuryarmiut (“Togiag*a+miut”)<br />
2.1.2.3.3.<br />
2.1.2.3.4.<br />
2.1.2.3.4.1.<br />
2.1.2.3.4.2.<br />
2.1.2.3.5.<br />
Egegik Yupikçesi<br />
“Aglurmiut / Aglegmiut / Aglemiut /<br />
Agolegmiut” [Supiklerle karışımları var+<br />
Çupikçe<br />
Cup’ik (sg) Cupiik (dual) Cupiit (pl)<br />
Cugtun/Cugcestun(dil)<br />
Hooper Bay Çupikçesi<br />
Askinarmiut<br />
Chevak Çupikçesi<br />
Qissunamiut<br />
< Cev’aq<br />
Nunivak Çupikçesi<br />
Cup’ig (sg) Cupiik (dual) Cupiit (pl) Cugtun (dil)<br />
Nuniwarmiut (“Nunivaarmiut, Nuniwagamiut,<br />
Nunivagmiut”)<br />
Naukan language, Naukanski Yupik, Naukanski<br />
Siberian Yupik, East Cape Siberian Yupik<br />
науканский язык<br />
Поселок Наукан & Поселок Дежнев<br />
Alaskan Yup’ik, Central Alaskan Yupik, West Alaskan<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>, Mainland Southwest Alaska <strong>Eskimo</strong>, Yup’ikspeaking<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>s<br />
Unaliq subdialect, Norton Sound-Unaliq subdialect of<br />
Yup'ik, Unaliq dialect of Central Yupik<br />
Kotlik subdialect, Norton Sound-Kotlik subdialect of<br />
Yup'ik<br />
General Central Yup’ik, Yup’ik, Yukon-Kuskokwim<br />
dialects, Kuskokwim Yupik, Kuskokwim <strong>Eskimo</strong>, Bethel<br />
Yupik, Central Alaskan Yupik, Southwest Alaska<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>s<br />
Egegik Yup’ik, Bristol Bay Yup’ik<br />
Cup’ik, Hooper Bay-Chevak Cup’ik, Hooper Bay-<br />
Chevak dialect<br />
Hooper Bay subdialect<br />
Chevak subdialect, Chevakers, Kashunamiut<br />
Cup’ig, Nunivak Cup’ig or Cup’ik, Nunivak dialect,<br />
Nunivak Central Yupik, Nunivak Island <strong>Eskimo</strong>, Cux<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
on Nunivak Island (Cup’ig: Nuniwar; Yup’ik: Nunivaaq)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 5
2.1.2.4. ems<br />
2.1.2.4.1.<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Supikçe<br />
Sugpiaq (sg) Sugpiak (dual) Sugpiat (pl)<br />
Sugcestun / Sugt'stun, Sugtestun (dil) ; Alutiiq<br />
(sg) Alutiik (dual) Alutiit (pl) Alutiitstun (dil)<br />
Batı Supikçesi<br />
“Kaniagmiut / Koniagmiut”<br />
2.1.2.4.1.1. Anakara Batı Supikçesi<br />
2.1.2.4.1.1.1<br />
Ugaassarmiut (“Ugaasarmiut, Ugashagmiut”)<br />
‘people of Ugashik River’<br />
Alutiiq, Sugpiaq, Pacific Gulf Yupik, Pacific Yupik,<br />
Pacific <strong>Eskimo</strong>, Suk <strong>Eskimo</strong>, “Aleut”<br />
Koniag Alutiiq, Koniag dialect, Alutiiq (sensu stricto)<br />
Koniag Alutiiq of Alaska Peninsula, Peninsula Alutiiq,<br />
Peninsula <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
Ugashik subdialect<br />
2.1.2.4.1.1.2 Katmai subdialect<br />
2.1.2.4.1.2.<br />
Ada Batı Supikçesi<br />
2.1.2.4.1.2.1. Qik'rtarmiut Sugpiat, Qik'rtarmiut Alutiit<br />
2.1.2.4.1.2.1.1.<br />
2.1.2.4.1.2.1.2.<br />
2.1.2.4.1.2.2. Tangirnarmiut 'the people of Tangirnaq (Woody Island)'<br />
2.1.2.4.2. Doğu Supikçesi<br />
Koniag Alutiiq of Kodiak Island, Kodiak Alutiiq,<br />
Qikertarmiut<br />
Southern subdialect<br />
in Akhiok, Old harbor<br />
Northern subdialect<br />
in Karluk, Larsen Bay, Port lions, Ouzinkie, and Kodiak<br />
Chugach Alutiiq, Chugach dialect, Chugach <strong>Eskimo</strong>,<br />
Sugpiaq (sensu stricto)<br />
2.1.2.4.2.1. Anakara Doğu Supikçesi Chugach Alutiiq of Kenai Peninsula<br />
2.1.2.4.2.1.1. Unegkurmiut (“Unixkugmiut”)<br />
2.1.2.4.2.1.2.<br />
2.1.2.4.2.2.<br />
2.1.2.4.2.2.1.<br />
the Yalegmiut inhabited a major settlement at Yalik Bay in<br />
the Kenai Peninsula fjords<br />
Ada Doğu Supikçesi<br />
“Chugachigmiut / Chugachmiut”<br />
the Tyanirmiut of Chenega Island, based at Kalakat and<br />
Ingimatya<br />
2.1.2.4.2.2.2. the Shuqlurmiut of Montague and Knight islands<br />
2.1.2.4.2.2.3. the Nutyirmiut of western Hinchinbrook, based at Nuchek<br />
2.1.2.4.2.2.4.<br />
the Palugvirmiut (“Paluwigmiut “) of Hawkins,<br />
Mummy, and northeastern Hinchinbrook islands<br />
2.1.2.4.2.2.5. the Alukarmiut of Sheep Bay<br />
2.1.2.4.2.2.6. the Atyarmiut of Gravina Bay<br />
2.1.2.4.2.2.7.<br />
2.1.2.4.2.2.8.<br />
2.1.2.4.2.2.9.<br />
the Talitlarmiut of northeastern Prince William Sound,<br />
based at Kunin and Palutaq (Ellamar)<br />
the Kangirtlurmiut (Kiniklik) of northwestern Prince<br />
William Sound from Columbia Glacier to Port Wells<br />
the Ugalakmiut ("Ungçlarmiut, Unagalakmiut") at the<br />
mouth of Copper River and on Kayak Island (Tlingitized)<br />
Chugach Alutiiq of Prince William Sound, Chugach<br />
proper<br />
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/kefj/hrs/hrs2.htm<br />
Ugalakmiut dialect, Ugalakmiut language, Ugalakmiut<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>s<br />
2.2. İNUİT DİLLERİ INUIT LANGUAGES, Inupiat and Inuit languages<br />
2.2.1. ipk İnyupikçe<br />
Inupiaq, Iñupiaq, Inupiatun, Inupiatut (language), Inupiat<br />
(people), Alaskan Inupiaq, Alaskan Inupik, Inyupik<br />
Seward & Kobuk esk Northwest Alaska[n] Inupiatun, Coastal Inupiatun<br />
Noth Slope & Kotzebue esi North Alaskan Inupiatun, North Alaskan Inuktitut<br />
2.2.1.1. Seward Yarımadası İnyupikçesi<br />
2.2.1.1.1. Bering Boğazı İnyupikçesi<br />
2.2.1.1.1.1. Diomede subdialect<br />
2.2.1.1.1.1.1.<br />
2.2.1.1.1.1.2.<br />
2.2.1.1.1.2.<br />
İngalik İnyupikçesi<br />
“Ingalikmiut / Inguklimiut”<br />
on Little Diomede Island (USA)<br />
İmaqliq İnyupikçesi<br />
Imaqłit “Imaklimiut”<br />
Wales İnyupikçesi<br />
2.2.1.1.1.2.1. Kiŋikmiut (“Kingikmiut, Kinugumiut”)<br />
2.2.1.1.1.2.2. Tapqaġmiut (Tapkachmiut”)<br />
2.2.1.1.1.3. Ukiuvaŋmiut (“Ukiuvangmiut, Ugiuvangmiut”)<br />
2.2.1.1.2. Qawiaraq İnyupikçesi<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupiaq, Seward Peninsula<br />
Inupiatun, Seward Peninsula Inupik<br />
Bering Strait Inupiaq, Bering Strait Inupiatun, Bering<br />
Strait <strong>Eskimo</strong>, Bering Sea <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
Ingalikmiut <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
The 1880 census counted 40 people, all Ingalikmiut <strong>Eskimo</strong>s, in the<br />
village of "Inalet."<br />
имакликский диалект<br />
The dialect spoken by the few Inuit remaining in 1948 on Big Diomede<br />
Island (остров Ратманова, Большой Диомид) in the Russian<br />
Federation is now extinct.<br />
Wales subdialect<br />
King Island subdialect, King Island dialect, King Island<br />
Inupiatun<br />
Qawiaraq, Kawerak, Kauweramiut, Seward Peninsula<br />
dialect<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 6
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
2.2.1.1.2.1. Batı Qawiaraq İnyupikçesi Teller subdialect, Kauwerak proper<br />
2.2.1.1.2.1.1. Siñġaġmiut<br />
2.2.1.1.2.1.2. Qaviaraġmiut (“Kaviragmiut, Kaviagmiut”)<br />
2.2.1.1.2.1.3. Ayaqsaaġiaaġmiut<br />
2.2.1.1.2.1.4. Aziagmiut (on [Sledge (Aziak, Ayak] Island)<br />
2.2.1.1.2.2.<br />
Doğu Qawiaraq İnyupikçesi<br />
Iġałuiŋmiut<br />
Fish River [sub]dialect<br />
2.2.1.2. İnyupikçe Northern Alaskan Iñupiaq<br />
2.2.1.2.1. Malimiut İnyupikçesi<br />
2.2.1.2.1.1.<br />
2.2.1.2.1.1.1. Pittaġmiut (“Pittagmiut”)<br />
2.2.1.2.1.1.2. Kaŋiġmiut (“Kangigmiut”)<br />
2.2.1.2.1.1.3. Qikiqtaġruŋmiut<br />
2.2.1.2.1.2.<br />
2.2.1.2.1.2.1. Kuuŋmiut (“Kuungmiut”)<br />
2.2.1.2.1.2.2. Kiitaaŋmiut , Kiitaaġmiut (“Kittagmiut”)<br />
2.2.1.2.1.2.3.<br />
2.2.1.2.1.2.4. Nuurvinmiut<br />
…<br />
Siiḷviim Kaŋianiġmiut / “Selawigmiut,<br />
Selawikmiut”<br />
“Kovagmiut, Kowagmiut, Kuvugmiut,<br />
Kobukmiut”<br />
2.2.1.2.1.2.5. Kuuvaum Kaŋiaġmiut<br />
2.2.1.2.1.2.6. Akuniġmiut (“Akunirmiut”)<br />
2.2.1.2.1.2.7. Nuataaġmiut (“Noatagmiut, Noatangmiut”)<br />
2.2.1.2.1.2.8. Napaaqtuġmiut<br />
2.2.1.2.1.2.9. Kivalliñiġmiut (“Kevalingamiut”)<br />
2.2.1.2.2. Kuzey Alaska İnyupikçesi<br />
2.2.1.2.2.1.<br />
2.2.1.2.2.2.<br />
Tikiğaq İnyupikçesi<br />
Tikiġaġmiut (“Tikeramiut”)<br />
North Slope İnyupikçesi<br />
2.2.1.2.2.2.1. Utuqqaġmiut (“Utukamiut, Utukokmiut”)<br />
2.2.1.2.2.2.2. Siḷaliñaġmiut<br />
2.2.1.2.2.2.2.1. “Kukparungmiut”<br />
2.2.1.2.2.2.2.2. “Kunmiut”<br />
2.2.1.2.2.2.3. Kakligmiut<br />
2.2.1.2.2.2.3.1. “Sidarumiut”<br />
2.2.1.2.2.2.3.2. “Utkiavinmuit”<br />
2.2.1.2.2.2.3.3. “Nuwukmiut”<br />
2.2.1.2.2.2.4. Kuulugruaġmiut<br />
2.2.1.2.2.2.5. Ikpikpagmiut<br />
2.2.1.2.2.2.6. Kuukpigmiut<br />
2.2.1.2.2.2.6.1. Kañianermiut<br />
2.2.1.2.2.2.6.2. Killinermiut (“Killirmiut”)<br />
2.2.1.2.2.2.6.3. “Kagmalirmiut”<br />
2.2.1.2.2.3.<br />
Nunataaġmiut İnyupikçesi<br />
Nunataaġmiut (“Nunatagmiut,<br />
Nunatangmiut”)<br />
Malimiutun<br />
NOT: Malemiut (Malamute, Mehletmut) is derived from a Yup’ik <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
word from Norton Sound that was formerly used to denote the speakers<br />
of an Inupiaq dialect from Kotzebue Sound<br />
Kotzebue subdialect, Kotzebue Sound Inupiatun,<br />
Kobuk Sound Inupiat, Southern Malimiut Inupiatun,<br />
Kotzebue Coastal Inupiaq, Malemiut<br />
Kobuk subdialect, Kobuk River Inupiatun, Kobuk River<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>, Northern Malimiut Inupiatun, Northern<br />
Malimiut Iñupiaq, Malimiut<br />
North Alaskan Inupiatun, North Alaskan Inupiat, North<br />
Slope, North Alaskan Inuktitut<br />
Point Hope Inupiatun<br />
Taġiumiut ("Taremiut = North Alaska Coast Inupiat)<br />
North Slope Inupiatun, Common North Slope<br />
Inupiatun, Point Barrow Inupiatun, Point Barrow<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>, Barrow Inupiaq<br />
Taġiumiut ("Taremiut = North Alaska Coast Inupiat)<br />
Anaktuvik Pass Inupiatun, Nunamiut, Nunamiut<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> of Anaktuvik Pass<br />
Nunatamiut (“Nunamiut” = Interior North Inupiat)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 7
2.2.1.2.2.4.<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Uummarmiut İnyupikçesi<br />
Uummarmiut<br />
Etnik olarak “Inupiaq” olsa da Kanada’da siyasi sebeplerle<br />
“Inuvialuit” adı altında toplanır.<br />
archaeoculture 1 Sivullirmiut<br />
archaeoculture 2 Taissumanialungmiut<br />
Uummarmiutun, Uummarmiut Iñupiaq, West Arctic<br />
Inupiatun, Western Iñupiaq, Canadian Iñupiatun,<br />
Mackenzie [Mckenzie] Inupiatun, Mackenzie Delta<br />
Inupiatun<br />
spoken in the Mackenzie Delta (Aklavik and Inuvik) in the Northwest<br />
Territories, Canada<br />
Originally from the Alaskan interior, where they were known as<br />
Nunatamiut, they moved into the Siglit area around 1910, due to an<br />
increased demand for furs by the Hudson's Bay Company, the possibility<br />
of employment with the whaling industry and the lack of caribou in their<br />
traditional hunting grounds.<br />
ikt & ike iku Inuktitut, Inuktitun, Canadian Inupik<br />
2.2.2. ikt Batı Kanada İnuitçesi, İnuvik İnuitçesi<br />
Inuvialuktun (language of Inuvialuit), Iñuvialuktun,<br />
Western Canadian Inuktun, Western Canadian<br />
Inuktitut, Western Canadian Inuit, Western Arctic Inuit<br />
Official language in Northwest Territories (Canada)<br />
A culture Mackenzie Delta Inuit, ”Mackenzie <strong>Eskimo</strong>”<br />
Siglitun, Siglit, Sigliq, Chiglit, Tchiglit, Inuvialuktun<br />
proper, Inuvialuit proper, Mackenzie [Mckenzie]<br />
2.2.2.1. Siglit İnuitçesi<br />
Qikiqtaruqmiut (Kikiktarugmiut ,<br />
Kigirktarugmiut)<br />
Inuvialuit, Mackenzie Inuktun<br />
communities (Northwest Territories, Canada): Tuktuyaaqtuuq<br />
(Tuktoyaktuk), Paulatuuq (Paulatuk), Ikaasuk (Sachs harbour), and<br />
Inuuvik (Inuvik)<br />
Kupugmiut (Kipugmiut, Kurugmiut)<br />
Kittegaryumiut (Kittargaryumiut)<br />
Nuvuraqmiut (Nuvorugmiut)<br />
Avvagmiut<br />
Nuunatahmiut<br />
B<br />
C<br />
culture<br />
culture<br />
Banks Island Inuit<br />
Central Inuit, “Central <strong>Eskimo</strong>”<br />
C.1 culture Copper Inuit, “Copper <strong>Eskimo</strong>”<br />
Inuinnaqtun, Inuinnaq, Copper Inuktitut, Copper Inuit<br />
2.2.2.2.<br />
ᐃᓄᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᓐ<br />
(sensu stricto), Copper <strong>Eskimo</strong> / Blond <strong>Eskimo</strong>s<br />
Official language in Nunavut (Canada)<br />
2.2.2.2.1. Kangiryuarmiut İnuitçesi<br />
Kangiryuarmiutun subdialect<br />
community (Northwest Territories, Canada): Ulukhaqtuuq (Ulukhaktok,<br />
Kangiryuaq, Holman) Nunavut: Kitikmeot (ᕿᑎᕐᒥᐅᑦ) Region<br />
? Haneragmiut<br />
? Puivlirmiut<br />
?<br />
Kanghiryuatjagmiut (Kanghiryuachiakmiut)<br />
Kanghirjuarmiut (Kang[h]iryuarmiut,<br />
Kanhiryuarmiut, Kanhiryiirmiut)<br />
Nagyuktomiut (Nagjuktormiut,<br />
Nagyuktogmiut)<br />
2.2.2.2.4. İqaluktuuttiaq İnuitçesi<br />
Ekaluktomiut (Ekaluktogmiut)<br />
Kiglinirmiut<br />
2.2.2.2.2. Qurluqtuq İnuitçesi<br />
Akkuliakattangmiut (Akulliakatagmiut)<br />
Noahognirmiut (Noahonirmiut)<br />
Kogluktomiut (Kogloktogmiut)<br />
Wallirmiut<br />
Asiagmiut<br />
Pingangnaktomiut (Pingangnaktogmiut)<br />
2.2.2.2.3. Umingmaktuuq İnuitçesi<br />
Nennitagmiut (Nenitagmiut)<br />
Cambridge subdialect<br />
community (Nunavut, Canada): ᐃᖃᓗᒃᑑᑦᑎᐊᖅ Iqaluktuuttiaq<br />
(Cambridge Bay) Nunavut: Kitikmeot (ᕿᑎᕐᒥᐅᑦ) Region<br />
Coppermine subdialect, Kugluktuk dialect<br />
community (Nunavut, Canada): ᖁᕐᓗᖅᑐᖅ Qurluqtuq (Kugluktuk,<br />
Coppermine) Nunavut: Kitikmeot (ᕿᑎᕐᒥᐅᑦ) Region<br />
Bathurst subdialect<br />
community (Nunavut, Canada): Umingmaktuuq (Umingmaktok, Bathurst)<br />
Nunavut: Kitikmeot (ᕿᑎᕐᒥᐅᑦ) Region<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 8
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Kilusiktomiut<br />
C.2 culture “Netsilik”<br />
2.2.2.3.<br />
Natsilingmiut İnuitçesi<br />
Inuktitun<br />
Natsilingmiutut, Natsilik dialect, Netsilik Inuit,<br />
Netsilingmiut<br />
2.2.2.3.1.<br />
Natsilik İnuitçesi<br />
Nattilingmiutut (dil)<br />
Natsilik subdialect, Natsilik proper<br />
community (Nunavut, Canada): ᑕᓗᕐᔪᐊᑦ (Talurjuat/Spence Bay), ᓇᐅᔭᑦ<br />
(Naujat/Repulse Bay) Nunavut: Kitikmeot (ᕿᑎᕐᒥᐅᑦ) Region<br />
Arvertormiut<br />
Netsilingmiut<br />
Kuungmiut<br />
2.2.2.3.2. Arviligjuaq İnuitçesi<br />
2.2.2.3.3.<br />
Arviligjuarmiut (Argiligyuarmiut)<br />
Sinimiut<br />
Arviligjuaq subdialect<br />
community (Nunavut, Canada): ᐊᕐᕕᓕᒡᔪᐊᖅ (Arviligjuaq/Pelly Bay)<br />
Nunavut: Kitikmeot (ᕿᑎᕐᒥᐅᑦ) Region<br />
C.3 culture Caribou Inuit, “Caribou <strong>Eskimo</strong>”<br />
? Ahagmiut<br />
?<br />
Utkuhiksalik İnuitçesi<br />
Utkuhiksalingmiutitut (dil)<br />
Hanningatuqmiut (Haningayormiut,<br />
Hanningajurmiut, Hanningajulinmiut)<br />
? Ilivilermiut (Iluilermiut)<br />
2.2.3. ike<br />
2.2.3.1.<br />
?<br />
2.2.3.2.<br />
Ugyulingmiut<br />
Qeqertarmiut (Qiqiqtarmiut)<br />
Utkuhiksalingmiut (Utkuhikhalingmiut,<br />
Ukkusiksaligmiut)<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi<br />
ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ<br />
Kivalliq İnuitçesi<br />
Kivallirmiutut, Kivallirmiutun, Inuktitun<br />
ᑭᕙᓪᓕᕐᒥᐅᑦ Kivallirmiut<br />
Qaernermiut (Karnilmiut)<br />
Harvaqtormiut (Harvaqtuurmiut,<br />
Ha'vaqtuurmiut)<br />
Hauneqtormiut (Hauneqtormiut,<br />
Hauniqtuurmiut) or Kangiqliniqmiut<br />
Padlermiut (Padlimiut)<br />
Ahiarmiut (Ihalmiut )<br />
Aivilik İnuitçesi<br />
Aivilingmiutut, Inuktitut<br />
C.4 culture Sallirmiut<br />
Utkuhiksalik subdialect, Utkuhikhalik, Gjoa Haven<br />
dialect<br />
community (Nunavut, Canada): ᐅᖅᓱᖅᑑᖅ (Uqsuqtuuq/Gjoa Haven) and<br />
ᖃᒪᓂ‛ᑐᐊᖅ Qamani'tuaq (Baker Lake) Nunavut: Kitikmeot (ᕿᑎᕐᒥᐅᑦ)<br />
Region<br />
Utkuhiksalik proper<br />
Inuktitut, Eastern Canadian Inuktitut, Eastern Arctic<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>, Eastern Canadian <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
Kivalliq, Keewatin dialect, Caribou dialect, Caribou<br />
Inuit (sensu stricto), Caribou <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
communities: ᖃᒪᓂᑦᑐᐊᖅ (Qamanittuaq/Baker Lake), ᑎᑭᕋᕐᔭᖅ<br />
(Tikirarjuaq/Whale Cove) Nunavut: Kivalliq (ᑭᕙᓪᓕᖅ) Region<br />
Qairnirmiut subdialect<br />
Hauniqturmiut subdialect<br />
Paallirmiut subdialect<br />
Ahiarmiut subdialect<br />
2.2.3.2.1. Sallirmiut (Sagdlirmiut) Southampton subdialect<br />
C.5 culture “Iglulik <strong>Eskimo</strong>”<br />
2.2.3.2.2. Rankin subdialect<br />
2.2.3.3.<br />
? Amitormiut<br />
Aivilingmiut (Aivilirmiut)<br />
Kuzey Qikiqtaaluk İnuitçesi<br />
Qikiqtaaluk uannangani, Inuktitut<br />
Aivilik dialect, Walrus Inuit<br />
communities: ᓴᒡᓕᖅ (Sagliq/Southampton Island), ᐃᒡᓗᓪᓕᒑᕐᔪᒃ<br />
(Igluligaarjuk/Chesterfield Inlet), ᑲᖏᖅᖠᓂᖅ<br />
(Qangiqłiniq/Rankin Inlet).<br />
North Baffin dialect, North Qikiqtaaluk dialect<br />
speakers in 1981: 2900 persons; communities: ᐃᒡᓗᓕᒃ (Iglulik/Igloolik),<br />
ᓴᓂᕋᔭᖅ (Sanirajaq/Hall Beach), ᒥᑦᑎᒪᑕᓕᒃ (Mittimatalik/Pond Inlet),<br />
ᑲᖏᖅᑐᒑᐱᒃ (Kangiqtugaapik/Clyde River), ᐃᒃᐱᐊᕐᔪᒃ (Ikpiarjuk/Arctic<br />
Bay), ᓇᓂᓯᕕᒃ (Nanisivik), ᖃᐅᓱᑦᑐᖅ (Qausuittuq/Resolute),<br />
ᐊᐅᔪᐃᑦᑐᖅ (Aujuittuq/Grise Fiord) Nunavut: Qikiqtaaluk (ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒃ)<br />
Region<br />
2.2.3.3.1. Tununirmiut subdialect, Tununiq dialect<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 9
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Nedlungmiut<br />
Tununirusirmiut (Tununerusirmiut)<br />
Tununermiut (Tununirmiut)<br />
Mittimatalingmiut (halk) Mittimatalingmiutut<br />
(dil)<br />
Aggomiut<br />
? Pilingmiut<br />
Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet) dialect of Inuktitut<br />
2.2.3.3.2. Iglulingmiut subdialect<br />
2.2.3.4.<br />
Iglulirmiut (Iglulingmiut)<br />
C.6 culture “Baffinland <strong>Eskimo</strong>”<br />
Güney Qikiqtaaluk İnuitçesi<br />
Qikiqtaaluk nigiani, Inuttitut<br />
South Baffin dialect (sensu lato), South Qikiqtaaluk<br />
dialect<br />
speakers in 1981: 2815 persons; communities: ᑲᖏᖅᑐᒑᐱᒃ<br />
(Kangiqtugaapik/Clyde River), ᕿᑭᖅᑕᕐᔾᔪᐊᖅ (Qikiqtarjuaq/Broughton<br />
Island), ᐸᖕᓂᖅᑐᐅᖅ (Pangniqtuuq/Pangnirtung), ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ<br />
(Iqaluit/Frobisher Bay), ᑭᖕᒥᕈᒃ (Kingmiruk/Lake Harbour), ᑭᙵᐃᑦ<br />
(Kinngait/Cape Dorset) Nunavut: Qikiqtaaluk (ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒃ) Region<br />
2.2.3.4.1. Southeast Baffin subdialect, East Baffin dialect<br />
2.2.3.4.2.<br />
Akudnirmiut<br />
Padlimiut<br />
Qinguamiut<br />
Saumingmiut<br />
Kingnaitmiut<br />
Qinguamiut<br />
Okomiut<br />
Talirpingmiut<br />
Kingarmiut or Sikosuilarmiut<br />
Akuliarmiut<br />
Nugumiut<br />
Qaumauangmiut<br />
Southwest Baffin subdialect, South Baffin dialect (sensu<br />
stricto)<br />
Cape Dorset dialect, Cape Dorset Inuktitut, Cape<br />
Dorset Inuit, Cape Dorset <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
D culture “Labrador <strong>Eskimo</strong>” (sensu lato)<br />
D.1 culture Inuit of Quebec, Quebec Inuit, Quebec <strong>Eskimo</strong>, Ungava Inuit<br />
Nunavik dialect, Arctic Quebec Inuit<br />
communities: ᑰᑦᔪᐊᕌᐱᒃ (Kuujjuaraapik/Great Whale River)*, ᐅᒥᐅᔭᖅ<br />
(Umiujaq), ᐃᓄᑦᔪᐊᖅ (Inujjuaq/Inukjuak), ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᐅᖅ (Puvirnituq),<br />
2.2.3.5.<br />
Nunavik İnuitçesi<br />
Inuttitut , Nunavimmiutitut, Nunavimiut<br />
ᓴᓂᑭᓗᐊᖅ (Sanikiluaq), ᒣᓚᓯᒃᑯᑦ (Mailasikkut/Chisasibi)*, ᐊᑯᓕᕕᒃ<br />
(Akulivik), ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒃ (Ivujivik), ᓴᓪᓗᐃᑦ (Salluit), ᑲᖏᖅᓱᔪᐊᖅ<br />
(Kangiqsujuaq), ᖁᐊᖅᑕᖅ (Quaqtaq), ᑲᖏᕐᓱᒃ (Kangirsuk), ᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃ<br />
(Aupaluk), ᑕᓯᐅᔭᖅ (Tasiujaq), ᑰᑦᔪᐊᖅ (Kuujjuaq/Fort Chimo),<br />
ᑲᖏᖅᓱᐊᓗᑦᔪᐊᖅ (Kangiqsualujjuaq), ᑕᕐᐸᖓᔪᖅ (Tarpangajuq),<br />
ᑭᓪᓕᓂᖅ (Killiniq/Port Burwell)<br />
2.2.3.5.1.<br />
Tahagmiut, Tarramiut, Tarramiutut or<br />
Taqramiutut (dil)<br />
2.2.3.5.1.1. Nuvugmiut<br />
2.2.3.5.1.2. Ungavamiut ("Unavamiut")<br />
2.2.3.5.1.3. Tahagmiut (“Tarramiut”) (sensu stricto)<br />
2.2.3.5.2. Siqinirmiut (“Suhinimiut”)<br />
2.2.3.5.2.1. Koksoakmiut<br />
2.2.3.5.2.2. Kangiqsualujjuamiut ("Kanithlualukshuamiut")<br />
2.2.3.5.2.3. Kidlinungmiut ("Killinunmiut")<br />
2.2.3.5.3. Itivimiut<br />
2.2.3.5.4.<br />
Qikirtamiut ("Kigiktagmiut, Qikirmiut")<br />
on Sanikiluaq (formerly Belcher Islands) Nunavut: Qikiqtaaluk Belcher Islands Inuit<br />
D.2 culture<br />
(ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒃ) Region)<br />
Labrador Coast Inuit, “Labrador <strong>Eskimo</strong>” (sensu stricto)<br />
2.2.3.6.<br />
Nunatsiavut İnuitçesi, Labrador İnuitçesi<br />
Inuttut, Inuttitut, Nunatsiavummiutut,<br />
Labradorimiutut<br />
Labrador, Labrador Inuttut, Labrador Inuttitut<br />
communities: Naini (Nain), Hopedale, Maqûvik (Makkovik), Ukkusitsalik<br />
(Davis Inlet)*†, Vaali (Goose Bay–Happy Valley), Nutâk (Nutak)†,<br />
Hebron†, Tikirarsuarusik (Rigolet)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 10
2.2.3.6.1.<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Kongithlushuamiut ("Konithlushuamiut")<br />
"Chuckbuckmiut"<br />
"Nunenumiut"<br />
"Avitumniut"<br />
Northern Labrador subdialect, Labrador Inuttut (sensu<br />
stricto)<br />
2.2.3.6.2. Rigolet subdialect, Rigolet Inuttut<br />
“Aivitumiut”<br />
? “Netcetumiut”<br />
? “Puthlavamiut”<br />
E culture “Greenland <strong>Eskimo</strong>”<br />
Greenlandic, Greenlandic Inupik, Greenlandic<br />
2.2.4 kal Grönland İnuitçesi<br />
Inuktitut, Greenlandic Inupiaq, Greenlandic <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
grønlandsk<br />
2.2.4.1<br />
Kuzey Grönland İnuitçesi<br />
Avannarhuarmiutut (yazı dili:<br />
Avanersuarmiut[u]ut), Kalaallihut, Inuktun,<br />
Taissumanialungmiut, Inughuit<br />
North[ern] Greenlandic, Dialect of Avanersuaq, Polar<br />
Greenlandic, Polar Inuit, Polar <strong>Eskimo</strong>, Thule dialect,<br />
Thule Inuit, Thule <strong>Eskimo</strong>, Inuktun<br />
nordgrønlandsk, polareskimoisk i Thuleomrçdet<br />
community: Qaanaaq<br />
2.2.4.2<br />
Batı Grönland İnuitçesi<br />
Kitaamiutut/Kalaallisut<br />
West[ern] Greenlandic, West Greenland Inuit, Dialect<br />
of Kitaa<br />
vestgrønlandsk<br />
2.2.4.2.1 Kuzey Batı Grönland İnuitçesi<br />
North West Greenlandic<br />
nordvestgrønlandsk<br />
communities: Upernavik, Uummannaq, Diskobugt, Aasiaat<br />
2.2.4.2.1.1 Avangnamiut<br />
Dialect of Upernavik<br />
Upernavik-dialekt<br />
2.2.4.2.1.2 Kangaatsiaq-Uummannaq (sub-)dialect<br />
2.2.4.2.1.2.1 Qeqertarsuarmiut<br />
2.2.4.2.1.2.2 Kangiamiut<br />
2.2.4.2.1.2.3 Akunermiut<br />
2.2.4.2.2 Orta Batı Grönland İnuitçesi<br />
2.2.4.2.2.1 Quavaitmiut<br />
2.2.4.2.2.2 Kalatditmiut<br />
yazı dili<br />
2.2.4.2.3 Güney Batı Grönland İnuitçesi<br />
2.2.4.2.3.1<br />
2.2.4.2.3.2<br />
2.2.4.2.3.3<br />
2.2.4.3<br />
Doğu Grönland İnuitçesi<br />
Tunumiisut, Kalaattisit, Tunumiit oraasiat<br />
2.2.4.3.1 Angmagsalingmiut (Ammassalimiut)<br />
Central West Greenlandic<br />
centralgrønlandsk<br />
communities: Sisimiut, Maniitsoq, Nuuk<br />
written language<br />
Official language in Greenland<br />
South West Greenlandic<br />
sydvestgrønlandsk<br />
communities: Paamiut, Qadortoq, Kap Farvel (Nunap Isua)<br />
Paamiut (sub-)dialect<br />
Paamiut [kommunes] dialekt<br />
Nanortalik-Qaqortoq (sub-)dialect<br />
Qassimiut-Nanortalik dialekten<br />
Kap Farvel<br />
Kap Farvel dialekten<br />
East[ern] Greenlandic, East Greenland Inuit, Dialect of<br />
Tunu<br />
østgrønlandsk<br />
communities: Angmagssalik, Ittoqqortoormiut (Illoqqortoormiut)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 11
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
SİBİRYA-ALASKA ESKİMO-ALEUT TOPRAKLARI<br />
http://www.allaboutshoes.ca/en/alaska/cultural_diversity/index.php<br />
YUPİK TOPRAKLARI<br />
http://www.ykhc.org/map/map.cfm<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 12
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
SUPİK TOPRAKLARI<br />
http://www.mnh.si.edu/lookingbothways/data/pages/sites.html<br />
SUPİK KABİLE TOPRAKLARI<br />
http://www.habitat.adfg.state.ak.us/geninfo/kbrr/coolkbayinfo/kbec_cd/html/human/native/ethnogph.pdf<br />
İNUİT TOPRAKLARI<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inuktitut_dialect_map.png<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 13
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
İNYUPİK TOPRAKLARI<br />
http://www.dce.harvard.edu/pubs/alum/2006/06.html<br />
İNYUPİK (Seward-Malimiut) KABİLE TOPRAKLARI<br />
http://www.shishmarefrelocation.com/images/map.gif<br />
Kanada İnuit Dialekt Toprakları<br />
http://www.langcom.nu.ca/languages/dialectmap-web.pdf<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 14
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
İnuit Kültür Grupları (excl. Alaska)<br />
http://jimmymacdonald.com/inuitmap.html Copyright 1997 Rachel Qitsualik.® All rights reserved<br />
Occupied before 8000 BCE (Before Common Era)<br />
Occupied between 8000 and 1000 BCE<br />
Occupied between 1000 BCE and AD 1000<br />
Occupied between AD 1000 and the time of European contact<br />
Occupied at different times over multiple periods<br />
A = Mackenzie Delta Inuit<br />
B = Copper Inuit C = Netsilik D = Caribou Inuit E = Sallirmiut F = Iglulik G = Baffinland Inuit<br />
H = Inuit of Quebec I = Labrador Coast Inuit<br />
J = West Greenland Inuit K = East Greenland Inuit L = Polar Inuit<br />
1 Kikiktarugmiut 2 Kupugmiut 3 Kittegaryumiut 4 Nuvorugmiut 5 Avvagmiut<br />
6 Akkuliakattangmiut 7 Noahognirmiut 8 Kogluktomiut 9 Asiagmiut 10 Pingangnaktomiut 11 Kanghiryuatjagmiut 12 Kanghirjuarmiut 13 Haneragmiut 14 Puivlirmiut 15 Nagyuktomiut 16 Nennitagmiut 17 Kilusiktomiut 18 Ekaluktomiut 19 Kiglinirmiut 20 Ahagmiut 21 Haningayormiut 22 Ilivilermiut 23 Ugyulingmiut 24 Qeqertarmiut 25 Utkuhikhalingmiut 26<br />
Harvaqtormiut 27 Padlermiut 28 Kangiqliniqmiut or Hauneqtormiut 29 Qaernermiut 30 Sallirmiut 31 Aivilingmiut 32 Kuungmiut 33 Netsilingmiut 34 Arvertormiut 35 Arviligjuarmiut 36 Amitormiut 37 Tununirusirmiut 38 Tununermiut 39 Aggomiut 40 Iglulik 41 Pilingmiut 42 Akudnirmiut 43 Padlimiut 44 Qinguamiut 45 Saumingmiut 46 Okomiut 47 Talirpingmiut 48<br />
Sikosuilarmiut(now called Kingarmiut) 49 Akuliarmiut 50 Nugumiut 51 Qaumauangmiut 52 Nuvugmiut 53 Ungavamiut 54 Tahagmiut 55 Itivimiut 56 Koksoakmiut 57 Kidlinungmiut 58 Kongithlushuamiut 59 Kalatditmiut 60 Quavaitmiut 61 Akunermiut 62 Kangiamiut 63 Qeqertarsuarmiut 64 Avangnamiut 65 Qanaq<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 15
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut dillerininin lengüistik konumlarını Türkologlara daha iyi gösterebilmek için<br />
Türkolojideki yaklaşık dengi (analogous) olan terimlerle ifade edersek:<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut dilleri ↔ Türk dilleri<br />
Aleutça ↔ Çuvaşça<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dilleri ↔ Genel Türkçe<br />
Sirenik Yupikçesi ↔ Yakutça<br />
Yupik dilleri ↔ Kıpçak dilleri<br />
Sibirya Yupikçesi ↔ Altayca / Hakasça / Tuvaca<br />
Yupikçe ↔ Kazakça / Kırgızca<br />
Çupikçe ↔ Tatarca / Başkurtça<br />
Nunivak Çupikçesi ↔ Karaçay-Balkarca<br />
Supikçe ↔ Özbekçe / Uygurca<br />
İnuit dilleri ↔ Oğuz dilleri<br />
İnyupikçe ↔ Türkmence<br />
Batı Kanada İnuitçesi ↔ Azerice<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ↔ Türkiye Türkçesi<br />
Labrador İnuitçesi ↔ Anadolu ağızları / Ahıskaca<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi ↔ Rumeli ağızları / Gagauzca<br />
İNYUPİK ALFABESİ ATCHAGAT the INUPIAQ ALPHABET<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24<br />
̣<br />
̣<br />
A Ch G Ġ H I K L Ł Ḷ Ł<br />
a ch g ġ h i k l ł ḷ ł<br />
M N Ñ Ŋ P Q R S Sr T U V Y<br />
m n ñ ŋ p q r s sr t u v y<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 16
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Iñupiat <strong>Eskimo</strong> Dictionary (Donald H. Webster, Wilfried Zibell, Illustrated by Thelma A. Webster, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc.,<br />
Fairbanks, Alaska, 1970) adlı basılı kitabın internet versiyonu olan Interactive IñupiaQ<br />
Dictionary, kitapta yer alan yedi farklı karakterden altında nokta olan ḳ harfini (the k with<br />
a dot underneath) resmi alfabeye uygun olarak q harfiyle değiştirmiştir. Diğer altı harf (the Inupiaq<br />
letters not found in English) ise fontsuzluk azizliğine uğrayıp şifrelenmiştir. İnyupikçe sözler<br />
Inupiaq fontuyla, İngilizceleri ise Calibri (Gövde) fontuyla dizilmiştir. Inupik fontu download edilmemişse<br />
ñ, ł̣, ġ, ŋ, ł, ḷ harfleri şifreli e, o, b, f, j, x olarak gözükmektedir. Site bu durumun açıklamasını<br />
ve şifrelerin çözümünü geçit (=link) verdiği sayfalarda yapmıştır.<br />
Mehmet Kara bu sayfaları gör*e+mediği için, İnyupik ses sistemine aykırı olan ve yalnızca<br />
Inupiaq fontu yüklenmemiş bilgisayarlarda görünen ünlü ve ünsüzleri (= e, o, b,<br />
f, j, x ) görünür değerlerine göre kullanıp denkleştirmelerini yapmış. Oysaki gerçek<br />
değerleri (= ñ, ł̣, ġ, ŋ, ł, ḷ ) farklı sonuçlar verebilir. Dilcilikte, görünür değerlikli<br />
harf’ler değil, gerçek değerlikli ses’ler kullanılır. Güven verici Webster adının himayesinde çıkan<br />
Parker’ın sözlüğü (Webster's Inupiatun - English Thesaurus Dictionary, Edited by Professor Philip M. Parker, Ph.D., Published by ICON Group International, Inc. 2008)<br />
de güven zedeleyici biçimde font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsünü yansıtır.<br />
font’suz YALANCI görüntü<br />
F A L S E LETTERS<br />
font’lu GERÇEK görüntü<br />
T R U E LETTERS<br />
̣<br />
b B = ġ Ġ<br />
e E = ñ Ñ<br />
f F = ŋ Ŋ<br />
j J = ł Ł<br />
o O = ł Ł̣<br />
x X = ḷ Ḷ<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 17
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Önsöz ve şifrelerin bulunduğu sayfalar<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/Language/dictionaries/inupiaq/default.htm<br />
Iñupiat <strong>Eskimo</strong> Dictionary<br />
Donald H. Webster and Wilfried Zibell, Illustrated by Thelma A. Webster, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc., Fairbanks, Alaska,<br />
1970.<br />
FORWARD<br />
Inupiaq On-line Dictionary<br />
Of the making of books there is no end, said the great King Solomon of old. To the making of a dictionary there is no end, is the<br />
feeling one gets when he sets out on such a project. This work by no means exhaustive. It is but a beginning.<br />
The <strong>Eskimo</strong> is admired the world over for his ability to live comfortably on the very edge of human habitat. His language reflects<br />
this genius. This dictionary is sent forth with the hope that something of this genius is displayed, both to the <strong>Eskimo</strong> (and particularly<br />
the young people who are loosing their cultural heritage), and to interested non-<strong>Eskimo</strong>.<br />
Unlike most dictionaries, this is compiled according to subject matter. By so doing the authors feel that language features (such as<br />
how words relate to each other) can be displayed better. Also, new literates will find this system easier to follow and more<br />
interesting.<br />
These words have been gathered over a period of ten years and drawn from various <strong>Eskimo</strong> living in the villages of North and<br />
Northwest Alaska. To these many <strong>Eskimo</strong> friends our debt of thanks is due. They truly deserve the credit, while we assume the<br />
responsibility of any errors.<br />
IMPORTANT NOTES TO THE READER<br />
1. When looking for a word (in the <strong>Eskimo</strong> section), think of what it might be linked with, (e.g. "think"--mental activity; "spoon" -food,<br />
eating; "rifle"--hunting etc.), then look at the index to see the subject categories. If the word is not suitable for simple<br />
categorizing, it may be in the section entitled "Other Words", such as "gift", "ouch!' etc. [GO TO CATEGORY SEARCH]<br />
2. Since this dictionary is a compilation of the Kobuk River dialect and North Alaska dialect, many entries consist of two or more<br />
words. Such sets of words may vary on the basis of pronunciation or meaning. This dialect division is indicated thus:<br />
(N) after a word or meaning indicates use in the North Slope villages<br />
(K) after a word or meaning indicates use in the Kobuk River villages.<br />
A word entry which is not followed by a letter means that the word is used in both dialects. Some words have a more restricted use,<br />
being commonly used only in certain villages. Where such restrictions are known, they are noted thus:<br />
(a) after a word indicates it is used in Anaktuvuk Pass<br />
(b) after a word indicates it is used in Barrow<br />
(d) after a word indicates it is used in Deering/Buckland<br />
(no) after a word indicates it is used in Noatak<br />
(ki) after a word indicates it is used in Kivalina<br />
(p) after a word indicates it is used in Point Hope<br />
(q) after a word indicates it is used in Kotzebue<br />
(s) after a word indicates it is used in Selawik<br />
(Sh) after a word indicates it is used in Shishmaref<br />
(W) after a word indicates it is used in Wainwright<br />
(u) after a word indicates it is used in Unalakleet<br />
3. Information is also available from the way words are placed on the page, from their endings, and from their English glosses. Look<br />
at the following sample entry.<br />
aatchuiruq (K), aitchuiruq (N)1 gives1<br />
aatchubaa, aitchubaa 2 gives it 2<br />
aatchuun, aitchuun 3 gift 3<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 18
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
First, we know how the word is said in the Kobuk River dialect (K) and how it is pronounced in the North Alaska dialect (N).<br />
Second, we know that all of these words are related because the last two sets are set to the right of the main word. These words are<br />
related semantically. Some insets display categorical relationship.<br />
Third, verbs are indicated by the ending "-uq" on the <strong>Eskimo</strong> word and "-s" on the English gloss. Look at the words marked 1. (Some<br />
English glosses need a helping verb as "is happy" ).<br />
Fourth, verbs are also indicated by the ending "-aa" on the <strong>Eskimo</strong> word and generally "it" in the English lgloss. Look at the words<br />
marked 2.<br />
Other words are nouns. Look at the words marked 3. (Some entries are conjunctions and interjections, but these are clearly<br />
displayed).<br />
(<strong>Eskimo</strong> does not distinguish gender in the third person, therefore "aatchuiruk" may mean either "he gives" "she gives", or "it gives".<br />
Similarly, "aatchugaa" may mean "he/she/it" gives "it /he/she". This is why no subject pronoun is listed with '-uq' verbs; and "it" has<br />
arbitrarily been chosen to signal "-aa" verbs. Infrequently, meaning demands that it be replaced by "him" or "her" as in "kunikkaa-kisses<br />
her". Both Intransitive verb forms (-uq) and Transitive verb forms (-aa) have been included because<br />
a student of <strong>Eskimo</strong> must know both forms and there is no simple rule for deriving the one from the other.)<br />
4. SECTION II is a list of <strong>Eskimo</strong> Post Bases. Post Bases are added to bases to modify meaning. Their function is similar to that of<br />
English adverbs, adjectives, auxiliary verbs, tenses, etc. of Parts I & II.<br />
5. SECTION III is an index of English words that equate to the <strong>Eskimo</strong> entries of Parts I & II. (Please note this particular section has<br />
been excluded from the Web Site edition).<br />
WEB SITE EDITION<br />
The Web Site edition of Iñupiat <strong>Eskimo</strong> Dictionary has been revised to reflect the most current changes made to the Iñupiat spelling<br />
system since the 1970 edition. Those changes include replacing the k (with a dot underneath) to the letter q representing the sound<br />
farther back in the throat than k or g. Although many changes were needed in the postbases section, only those changes that could be<br />
fixed easily were done rather than revising the entire section. The postbase section was, for that reason, left in its original form with<br />
only a few changes made.<br />
People playing a part in the creation of this online, interactive Iñupiat dictionary include: Suzanne Sharp who typed the words using<br />
the Iñupiat font into an excel spreadsheet which was used as an organizational tool, and scanned pictures using the Scansuite software<br />
program; Larry Kaplan, a linguist and language consultant to the Native Curriculum and Teacher Development project, who edited<br />
the entire dictionary; Katie Eberhart provided Web Site expertise in translating all the information into a html format, and created<br />
different interactive features of the online dictionary, integrated the option for users to access the dictionary by major categories as<br />
well as building the Iñupiaq spellchecker which contains nearly 6000 Iñupiat words.<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/Language/inupiaqpb/wordproc.htm<br />
Alaska Native Studies Curriculum Project Inupiaq Font Page<br />
As part of the Iñupiaq Phrasebook project, we developed an Iñupiaq font which can be used on both Mac's and PC's. It is simple to<br />
download and install as one of the fonts on your computer. Once the font is installed, then any web pages where the font tag<br />
includes face="Inupiaq, InupiaqNormal" and the page has been created on a computer where this same Iñupiaq font is the<br />
selected font, will appear correctly. Other sites that might want to include Iñupiaq material are welcome to link to our font<br />
download page to make it easy for others to acquire this font. This font is available to be freely distributed.<br />
Word Processing Instructions<br />
The way this font works is that certain Iñupiaq characters are substituted for other characters on the keyboard. To Use the Iñupiaq<br />
font in your word processor:<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 19
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Open your word processing program and select Inupiaq from the list of fonts available.<br />
As you type, use the table at the left to substitute Inupiaq characters for characters on the keyboard. Be<br />
sure that Iñupiaq is the font selected, for these characters to work correctly.<br />
If you want to mix English words with Iñupiaq words, you must switch your font selection between one of<br />
your regular fonts and the Inupiaq font, depending on which language you are typing.<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/Language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords-2.asp<br />
IñupiaQ to English<br />
Click on the first letter(s) of the word you want to look up, then select the word from the word list or Browse IñupiaQ Words<br />
by Category | Browse IñupiaQ Words Alphabetically | <strong>Eskimo</strong> Writing Key<br />
Specific word look-up is not available if you are using Internet Explorer. Please click this link to access the Browse by<br />
Category and Browse Alphabetically search options or use Netscape to access the on-line IñupiaQ Dictionary.<br />
If the two phrases below do not look the same, please download and install the free Inupiaq font from the<br />
www.Alaskool.org web site.<br />
Uvafa tikiqattaabivut ixivut.<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/language/inupiaqpb/getfont.htm<br />
Alaska Native Studies Curriculum Project Iñupiaq Font Page<br />
Do you have Alaskool's free Iñupiaq font? - Check for font installation<br />
If the phrases below don't match, please follow the directions to download and install the Iñupiaq font.<br />
Picture of an Ieupiaq phrase:<br />
The typed phrase: Uvafa tikiqattaabivut ixivut.<br />
Download Alaskool's free Iñupiaq font if you are connected to the Internet<br />
Clicking on the links below takes you to an ftp site. PC users running Internet Explorer can just click on "PC" to download. PC users<br />
running Netscape Navigator should click on the font name with your right mouse button, then choose save target as.<br />
Macintosh PC<br />
Installation instructions<br />
Macintosh PC<br />
Get the Iñupiaq Font if you are running this site from a CD<br />
Macintosh (located in the folder ftp/macfont) PC (located in the folder ftp/pcfont)<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/dictionary.htm<br />
If the two phrases below do not look the same, please download and install the free Inupiaq font from the www.Alaskool.org web<br />
site.<br />
Uvafa tikiqattaabivut ixivut.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 20
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
ESKİMOLAR ve KOMŞULARI<br />
KEŞİF ÖNCESİ<br />
A M E R İ K A ’ Y A<br />
önce gelen daha sonra gelen en son gelen<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algic<br />
↙Algonkin Dilleri<br />
“ Y E R L İ L E R ”<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Na-Dene_langs.png<br />
←Na-Dene Dilleri<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut_langs.png<br />
←<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut Dilleri<br />
Amerika'nın keşif öncesi "yerlileri" (First Nations) üç farklı grupta toplanır: Pasifik kökenli Kızılderililer<br />
(Amerinds, general Amerinds, Paleoindians), Asya kökenli Kızılderililer (Na-Dene, Northwest Amerinds) ve <strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleutlar.<br />
Algonkin, Maya ve Tainoların da aralarında bulunduğu Pasifik kökenli Kızılderilileri "şimdilik"<br />
bir kenara bırakalım.<br />
Meşhur Apaçilerin de yeraldığı Asya kökenli Kızılderililerin dillerinin Yenisey dilleri ile birlikte<br />
Dene-sey (Dene-Yeniseic) adı altında birleştirilmeleri heyecan verici olup çok yenidir:<br />
http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/dy2008.html<br />
Asya kökenli <strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut dillerinin herhangi bir dil grubuyla akrabalığı yoktur.<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>log Michael Fortescue’nün 1998’de ortaya attığı farazî Ural-Sibirya dilleri (= Ural, Yukağır, Çukçi-Kamçatka,<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut) ailesine dilciler ikna edicilikten uzak olduğu için temkinli yaklaşmaktadır.<br />
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000861/086162E.pdf (1990) Georgy Menovshchikov, Contemporary Studies of the <strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut<br />
Languages and Dialects: A Progress Report<br />
The <strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut language group has no direct genetic kinship with any language in the world. Under L.I. Schrenck‘s genealogical classification of the<br />
indigenous languages of northern Siberia, the languages in this group were included among what he called the Palaeosiberian languages, embracing groups of related<br />
languages and structural isolates that bore no resemblance to the Ural-Altaic, Finno-Ugric or Samoyedic groups.<br />
Günümüzden 8500 yıl önce Sibirya’dan Alaska Yarımadasına gelmişler. Batıya yönelenler<br />
Aleutların, kuzeye yönelenler ise <strong>Eskimo</strong>ların (Yunuit = Yupik & İnuit) ataları olmuştur. Alaska’nın<br />
orta ve güney bölgesiyle yetinenler Yupikleri, daha kuzeye gidenler ise İnuitleri oluşturmuştur.<br />
Alaska’nın kuzeyinde yerleşenlere İnyupik denirken, Alaska’nın ötesine daha doğuya yönelenler ise<br />
Kanada ve Grönland İnuitleridir.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 21
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.itk.ca/system/files/5000YearHeritage.pdf<br />
Inuit History and Heritage<br />
Yaşadıkları yerler, emperyalist sömürge kültürü hariç diğer kültürlerin ulaşamıyacağı ulaşsa<br />
bile barınamıyacağı soğuk, çetin, yalıtılmış bölgelerdir. Haritaları açıp bakarsanız ağaçların bile yaşayamadığı<br />
ağaçsızlık çizgisinin [tree eline, timberline] kuzeyinde kalan bölümünde toplanmışlardır.<br />
Grönland’daki kısa ve kesintili Viking karşılaşmasını bir kenara bırakırsak, Alaska <strong>Eskimo</strong>larının Batı<br />
kültürüyle tanışmaları iki buçuk asır önce olmuştur.<br />
http://www.akgenweb.org/Maps.htm<br />
1857 Map of North America - Russian America (Alaska), United States, Canada and Mexico<br />
From 1741 until 1867, the Russian Empire stretched into Alaska and<br />
parts of California and Hawaii and was known as Russian America<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 22
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.apiai.com/history.asp?page=history<br />
Aleut History and Timeline<br />
1741 Employed by Russia Danish Explorer, Vitus Bering, first sighted<br />
the Aleutian Islands (Aleut population estimated at 12,000-15,000)*<br />
[*Venaminov 1984:246; Lantis, after research, agrees with<br />
Venaminov]<br />
1764 Massacre of Russians on Umnak Island by Aleuts<br />
1786 Gerasim Pribilof discovers Saint George Island<br />
1787 Peter and Paul Island discovered (Saint Paul Island today)<br />
1788 Russians enslave Aleuts to hunt fur seals<br />
1799 Russian-American Company established by Czar Paul<br />
1800 Aleut population estimated at 1,200<br />
1808 Unalaska's first Russian Orthodox church constructed<br />
1823 Sanak residents relocate to Belkofski/Russians settle Aleuts at<br />
Belkofski to harvest sea otters<br />
1834 27 Aleut villages remain with an estimated 2,500 Aleut<br />
population<br />
1836 Russians vaccinate Natives against smallpox<br />
1878 Western Fur & Trading Company established a fur storage and<br />
trading port at Akutan<br />
1898 Sand Point was founded<br />
1910 Census reports 1491 Aleuts Lantis 1984:163<br />
1911 King Cove was established<br />
1912 Alaska becomes a territory of the United States<br />
http://www.akgenweb.org/Timeline.htm<br />
Date Alaska Historical Events Timeline<br />
100 million<br />
BC<br />
20,000 BC<br />
10,000 BC<br />
8,000 BC<br />
500-900 AD<br />
1579<br />
1725<br />
1728<br />
1733<br />
1741<br />
1745<br />
1764<br />
1768<br />
1774<br />
1776<br />
1778<br />
1784<br />
Land masses collided about this time and created Alaska.<br />
Ancient people from Siberia crossed the Bering land bridge about this time and began their southward migration into the Americas.<br />
The first humans to stay in Alaska are thought to have arrived more than 10,000 years ago and are the ancestors of today's Alaska<br />
Natives.<br />
Ice Age ending - rising waters cover land bridge.<br />
At Barrow, the <strong>Bir</strong>nirk culture, is represented by a group of 16 dwelling mounds and is considered a key link between the prehistoric<br />
cultures of Alaska and Canada.<br />
Sir Francis Drake's Secret Voyage to Northwest America brought him to Alaska's southeast (Chatham Strait, south of Juneau, between<br />
Baranof Island and Kulu Island).<br />
Peter the Great dies and Empress Catherine becomes head of Russia. Vitus Bering explored Northwest coast; established Russia's claim<br />
Vitus Bering discovered St. Lawrence Island. Bering sailed through Bering Strait<br />
Bering's second expedition, with George Wilhelm Steller aboard, the first naturalist to visit Alaska.<br />
June 4 - Vitus Bering on the St. Peter and Alexei Chirikov on the St. Paul set sail from Kamchatka, Siberia. On June 20 they lose sight of<br />
each other in a storm and continue on their separate voyages.<br />
July 15 - Aleksei Chirikov along with the Danish Explorer, Vitus Bering, sights the Aleutian Islands. Chirikov, in command of the ship the St.<br />
Paul, sighted what is believed to be Prince of Wales Island of the Alexander Archipelago. Chirikov sights land and drops the anchor of the<br />
St. Paul. After losing two crews sent to shore to explore, he continues on to Unalaska and probably the island of Adak. He also loses some<br />
of his crew to disease and scurvy, before returning to Kamchatka.Bering's ship, the St. Peter, had sailed a more northerly direction and<br />
came upon Kayak Island the next day<br />
July 18 - Vitus Bering sights Mount St. Elias in North America. He and his men were shipwrecked on Avacha Island off of Kamchatka and<br />
many died of disease and lack of food.<br />
December 8 - Bering dies on the island of Avacha and is buried there. The island is later renamed Bering Island.<br />
Russian fur traders first sight Attu and land there to trade with the natives. Several natives were killed<br />
Unalaska natives, tired of attrocities committed upon them by the Russians, strike back. Four Russian ships were destroyed.<br />
Pribalof discovers the seal islands in the Bering Sea, north of the Aleutians that now bear his name.<br />
Charles III of Spain fears Russian expansion; sends expeditions north along northwest coast of North America. Spanish navigator Juan<br />
Perez sailed from California to Prince William Sound. He is driven back by storms, but the Spanish returned in the Sonora the following<br />
year, venturing as far as Mt. Edgecume near Sitka. Juan Perez discovered Prince of Wales Island, Dixon Sound. Spain leaves few traces<br />
except place names such as Malaspina Glacier and Valdez.<br />
British Captain James Cook of England searches for Northwest Passage. His maps of northern North America prove that America and Asia<br />
are separate land masses and remain the standard for over a century.<br />
British Captain James Cook explores the Alaskan coast, seeking the Northwest Passage back to the Atlantic. On the Discovery he maps<br />
and names Mount Edgecumbe, Prince William Sound, Bristol Bay and Norton Bay. On the way back to England his crew almost mutinied,<br />
wanting to go back to Alaska, after stopping in China and discovering how much sea otter pelts were worth.<br />
First white settlement (Russian) established at Three Saints Bay on Kodiak Island by Grigorii Shelikov<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 23
1786<br />
1787<br />
1788<br />
1789<br />
1790<br />
1791<br />
1794<br />
1795<br />
1797<br />
1799<br />
1800<br />
1802<br />
1804<br />
1808<br />
1812<br />
1815<br />
1820<br />
1821<br />
1823<br />
1824<br />
1825<br />
1834<br />
1839<br />
1841<br />
1847<br />
1848<br />
1849<br />
1853<br />
1857<br />
1861<br />
1865<br />
1867<br />
1868<br />
1869<br />
1870<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Gerasim Pribilof discovers Saint George Island<br />
Peter and Paul Island discovered (now called Saint Paul Island)<br />
Russians enslave Aleuts to hunt fur seals<br />
First American expedition sets out for northwestern North American to compete with British and Russians for fur trade.<br />
Aleksandr Andreevich Baranoff embarks for Alaska. He is shipwrecked off of Unalaska. 5 of his crew members were killed by the Kolosh<br />
natives and the remainder nearly starved to death while spending winter there. The following spring he and his men travel by sealskin<br />
boats to Three Saints, arriving in June of 1791.<br />
British Captain George Vancouver explores Northwest Coast exhaustively with two ships, but finds no Northwest Passage<br />
Aleksandr Andreyevich Baranov builds first ocean-going vessel in northwestern America on the Kenai Peninsula at Voskressenski.<br />
The first Russian Orthodox Church established in Kodiak.<br />
United American Company formed as a merger of 19 traders and trading companies to trade, explore, colonize and Christianize Alaska.<br />
Czar Paul grants a charter to Shelekhov's Russian-American Company for exclusive rights in the fur trade in Alaska.<br />
Baranov leads 1110 men to Sitka. After purchasing land from the Tlingits, they begin to build the town of New Archangel (later renamed<br />
Sitka). Violating order against doing business with foreigners Baranov made friends with James Shields, an English naval officer<br />
experienced in ship building. Baranov engaged Shields to construct a vessel. When it was finished the ship was christened the Phoenix. It<br />
was used in American waters and made two voyages to Siberia. Its chief value was symbolic.<br />
Two French ships visit Alaska - one reaching Frenchman's Bay and the other Sitka Bay.<br />
Baranov returns to Kodiak. In his absence the Tlingits burn New Archangel, killing and capturing some 600 people. New Archangel (later<br />
Sitka) is recaptured and rebuilt, two years later.<br />
In Baranov's absence the Tlingits burn New Archangel, killing and capturing some 600 people. New Archangel (later Sitka) is recaptured<br />
and rebuilt, two years later. After the attack on Old Sitka, Baranov was forced to pay 10,000 rubles ransom for surviving settlers.<br />
Russians attacked Kiksadi fort on Indian River; Russians lost. Baranov returned to Sitka with a large contingent of Russians and Aleuts, and<br />
the Russian warship Neva. The ship destroyed the Native village and its occupants. Baranov immediately began to build the settlement of<br />
New Archangel, now known as Sitka.<br />
Unalaska's first Russian Orthodox church constructed<br />
Russians complete the settlement of Fort Ross (Russ) on Bodega Bay, north of the Russian River in California. This settlement was<br />
founded to provide foodstocks for Sitka, AK.<br />
Otto von Kotzebue, an Estonian German, sets out on Russian round-the-world expedition; visits St. Lawrence Island and Unalaska during<br />
summer.The Romanzov Expedition led to naming of Escholtz Bay, Chamisso Island and Wildlife Refuge, the city of Kotzebue, and to many<br />
botanical discoveries on land and in Alaskan waters.<br />
Czar Alexander declared that Russian influence in North America extended as far south as Oregon and closed Alaskan waters to<br />
foreigners.<br />
Russian Trading Charter is renewed extending Russian jurisdiction to 51st parallel. During this period, the Hudson's Bay Company,<br />
chartered by the British, was trying to gain a foothold in the Alaska fur trade. The British made a deal with the Russians to lease the<br />
mainland south of Cape Spencer for 10 years at an annual payment of 2,000 land otter skins. The British were a presence in Alaska for the<br />
next 30 years.<br />
Tlingits are allowed to return and rebuild a village at Sitka on their pre-empted land. Their new settlement is called The Ranche.<br />
December 2 President James Monroe, seeking to exclude European intervention in the New World, issues the Monroe Doctrine.<br />
Treaty signed between the United States and Russia which designates the southern border of Russian America at 5440'. This treaty also<br />
re-opened all harbors in the region to fishing and trading.<br />
Ivan Popov, later known as Ioann Veniaminov arrives at Unalaska as a missionary. While he preaches he learns the Aleut language and<br />
creates an Aleut dictionary.<br />
Russians begin exploration of mainland that leads to discovery of Nushagak, Kuskokwim, Yukon, and Koyokuk Rivers.<br />
Point Barrow is named for Sir John Barrow of the British Admiralty by Captain Beechey of the Royal Navy.<br />
Feb 22, Russia and Britain established the Alaska/Canada boundary.<br />
Ivan Popov, later known as Ioann Veniaminov moves from the Aleutians to Sitka and learns the Tlingit language in order to minister the<br />
natives.<br />
Dena’ina population decimated by smallpox<br />
Ivan Popov is appointed Bishop of Russia America and Siberia and is re-named Ioann Veniaminov.<br />
Fort Yukon established<br />
The onion-domed St. Michael's Cathedral is built in Sitka.<br />
Russian Mining engineer discovers gold and coal on Kenai Peninsula.<br />
Oil seeps in Cook Inlet discovered by employees of Russian-America Company.<br />
Coal mining begins at Coal Harbor on Kenai Peninsula to supply steamers. The Russian-American Company was suffering from financial<br />
difficulties and the Tzar wanted to revoke the charter. The company had been beaten by the Hudson's Bay Company in the fur trade. The<br />
British company had better and cheaper items to trade with the Natives for furs. The Company tried new business ventures. It opened a<br />
coal mine at Port Graham. By 1857 the mine produced enough coal to support the colony. Surplus coal was taken to San Francisco but it<br />
was sold at a loss. The company quit the venture. It also failed at whaling because it could not compete with the more efficient<br />
Americans. The ice trade prospered, but it was not enough to justify the company's existence. The company's long tenure in the Americas<br />
soon came to an end.<br />
Gold is discovered at Telegraph Creek at the Stikine River near Wrangell by Buck Choquette.<br />
Western Union Telegraph Company prepares to put telegraph line across Alaska and Siberia.<br />
Last shot of the Civil War fired in Alaskan waters<br />
Russia sold (present-day) Alaska (375 million acres) to United States for $7.2 million (about 2 cents per acre). Many called this "Seward's<br />
Folly" because little was known about Alaska, other than its cold climate.<br />
Fur seal population, stabilized under Russian rule, declines rapidly.<br />
Major General Jefferson C. Davis, U.S. Army, assumes command of the Department of Alaska. A decade of military rule begins<br />
Alaska designated Department of Alaska. First Alaska newspaper, "The Sitka Times," is published by Thomas Murphy<br />
Sitka Times, first Alaskan newspaper, published<br />
Gold found at Sumdum Bay, SE Alaska.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 24
1871<br />
1872<br />
1873<br />
1874<br />
1876<br />
1877<br />
1878<br />
1879<br />
1880<br />
1881<br />
1882<br />
1884<br />
1885<br />
1886<br />
1887<br />
1888<br />
1890<br />
1893<br />
1894<br />
1896<br />
1896-1900<br />
1896<br />
1897<br />
1898<br />
1899<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
A whaling fleet of 32 ships was abandoned off Icy Cape in the Chukchi Sea. Seven other vessels escaped with all the crew members saved.<br />
In 1998 an attempt was made to locate the shipwreck site.<br />
Gold discovered near Sitka at Indian River.<br />
Jack McQuestern, Arthur Harper and Alfred Mayo begin prospecting along the Yukon River.<br />
George Halt first white man to cross Chilkoot Pass in search for gold<br />
Gold discovered south of Juneau<br />
The US Army leaves Alaska and chaos ensues. First mission school for natives is founded<br />
First Alaska fish cannery opens in Klawock.<br />
Naturalist John Muir canoes throughout Southeast Alaska and discovers Glacier Bay. (When Vancouver passed 80 years earlier the bay<br />
was still totally full of ice.) Muir's reports inaugurate tourism to the territory.<br />
In 1880, George Pilz, a German-born mining school graduate living in Sitka, grubstaked his employee Joe Juneau and another man,<br />
Richard Harris. The two men went prospecting in the vicinity of Gastineau Channel. Harris and Juneau named the creek where they found<br />
placer gold, Gold Creek, and they named Silver Bow Basin at the head of the creek. A mining district was established and called<br />
Harrisburg, and soon a town first named Harrisburg, then Rockwell, and finally Juneau began to flourish at a shallow bay called Miners<br />
Cove.<br />
First census of Alaska taken.<br />
Parris Lode claim staked near Juneau and by 1885 is Alaska's most famous mine -- the Treadwell. In 1881 John Treadwell, a promoter,<br />
obtained a claim from a prospector known as French Pete for a sum ranging from $5 to $400, depending upon one's source of<br />
information. The claim was located on Douglas Island. A Geologist had said the site contained only low-grade ore. It was worthless to<br />
French Pete, who did not possess the capital to develop it. Treadwell recognized its potential and developed a very profitable enterprise.<br />
The year-round employment at the mine gave the town an economic base. Eventually, four mines were opened -- the Treadwell, the 700,<br />
the Mexican, and the Ready Bullion -- and five stamp mills.<br />
First Alaska salmon canneries are built in central Alaska.<br />
First commercial herring fishing begins at Killisnoo.<br />
U.S. Navy bombs, then burns Tlingit village of Angoon.<br />
Steamers begin bringing first tourists to Alaska.<br />
Congress passes First Organic Act; $15,000 appropriated to educate Alaska Native children.<br />
Lieutenant Henry Allen reached St. Michael after exploring the Copper and Yukon Rivers.<br />
Howard Franklin strikes Gold on Fortymile River ln Interior Alaska.<br />
Congress creates the Indian Reservation of Metlakatla on Annette Island. Around 1887, Reverend William Duncan brought 1,000<br />
Tsimshian followers from Metlakatla in British Columbia to Annette Island. On land obtained through a congressional grant he built a new<br />
Metlakatla, designed to make the Natives self-sufficient. They were taught trades such as carpentry, seamanship, and boat-building, built<br />
their own sawmills and a cannery, and engaged in other enterprises.<br />
Alexander King discovers gold on Kenai Peninsula near Turnagain Arm.<br />
First oil claims are staked in Cook Inlet.<br />
Dr. Sheldon Jackson explores Arctic Coast; brings reindeer husbandry into Alaska.<br />
Large corporate salmon canneries begin to appear.<br />
Israel C. Russell, sponsored by the National Geographic Society, returned from an expedition to Mt. St. Elias with fossil bearing rocks.<br />
Gold discovered near Hope, Rampart and Circle.<br />
Cape Smythe Whaling and Trading Station built near Barrow and is the oldest frame building in the Arctic<br />
Gold discovery on Mastadon Creek; founding of Circle City<br />
1896 - Dawson City founded at mouth of Klondike River.<br />
George Washington Carmack, Tagish Charlie and Skookum Jim make a discovery on Bonanza Creek, setting off the great Klondike Gold<br />
Rush.<br />
Discovery of Gold on a Yukon River tributary brings 100,000 people to Alaska and the Yukon Territory<br />
James Girdwood stakes placer claim at Crow Creek<br />
Jul 15, The gold-laden ship Excelsior from Alaska landed in San Francisco. Seattle mayor W.D. Wood was visiting and immediately<br />
resigned his job, hired a ship, and organized an expedition from SF to the Yukon territory.<br />
Jul 17, The Steamer Portland arrived into Seattle from Alaska with 68 prospectors carrying more than a ton of gold. The Seattle Post-<br />
Intelligencer announced that men with gold from Alaska were landing. This unleashed the Klondike gold rush and tens of thousands<br />
headed for the Yukon.<br />
U.S. Army establishes Fort St.Michael, first of six Gold Rush posts.<br />
1897-1902 - The Jesup North Pacific Expedition was made to study the biological and cultural connections between peoples on each side<br />
of the Bering Strait. It was one of the first instances where a camera was used in such a study.<br />
First shipment of fresh halibut sent south from Juneau.<br />
Construction began on the White Pass & Yukon railroad. It was led by Big Mike Heney, a Canadian Railway contractor, and Sir Thomas<br />
Tancred, who represented the British financiers.<br />
The Klondike gold rush was in full swing.<br />
Congress extends Homesteading Act to Alaska<br />
Libby Partners make first major gold strike on Melsing and Ophir Creeks<br />
Sixty five people die in Chilkoot Pass Avalanche.<br />
Skagway is largest city in Alaska. Soapy Smith killed in Skagway.<br />
The "Three Luck Swedes" discover gold on Seward Peninsula.<br />
Gold is discovered on the beaches of Nome and many prospectors who had been unsuccessful in the Yukon move westward to try again.<br />
Local government organized in Nome.<br />
The White Pass & Yukon railroad was completed.<br />
The U.S. Revenue Marine service steamer Nunivak entered the Yukon River to commence patrol duties.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 25
1900<br />
1901<br />
1902<br />
1903<br />
1904<br />
1906<br />
1908<br />
1909<br />
1910<br />
1911<br />
1912<br />
1913<br />
1914<br />
1915<br />
1916<br />
1917<br />
1918<br />
1920<br />
1922<br />
1923<br />
1924<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
First exploratory well is drilled in Cook Inlet. Capital moves from Sitka to Juneau. 20,000 gold miners on Nome beach. Alexander McKenzie<br />
and Judge Arthur H. Noyes arrive ln Nome and start a fraudulent scheme to seize rich mining claims.<br />
The 110-mile White Pass & Yukon narrow-gauge railroad from Skagway to Whitehorse, the Alaska-British Columbia border, was<br />
completed.<br />
The Nome Daily Chronicle began publication. In September it changed to weekly publication and the following June it closed down.<br />
The USS Wheeling arrived in Sitka from the Philippines after taking part in the Spanish-American War.<br />
E.T. Barnette opened a trading post on the Chena River. A town formed that came to be called Chenoa City and was later renamed<br />
Fairbanks.<br />
First oil production in Alaska.<br />
Felix Pedro discovers gold near Fairbanks. Pedro and merchant Barnette played leading role in the establishment of Fairbanks. Barnette,<br />
who had been a trader for several years in Circle, came down the Tanana River in 1901. He anchored the ship that his chartered ship on<br />
the Chena River, a tributary of the Tanana, in August of 1901. Persuaded by Pedro of the area's potential, he established his store there. A<br />
town grew up and named for the vice president of the United States at that time, Charles Fairbanks.<br />
President Theodore Roosevelt establishes the Tongass National Forest.<br />
Jan 24, U.S. Secretary of State John Hay and British Ambassador Herbert created a joint commission to establish the Alaskan border.<br />
Oct 20, A joint commission ruled in favor of the United States in a boundary dispute between the District of Alaska and Canada.<br />
U.S. Senator W. P. Dillingham arrived at Sitka on the Revenue Cutter McCullouch on a tour of Alaska. The town of Dillingham was later<br />
named for him.<br />
The Santa Ana landed 200 people at Seward. The date was long observed there as Founders Day.<br />
Last great Tlingit potlatch held in Sitka.<br />
Washington Alaska Military Cable and Telegraph System (WAMCATS) begins to lay submarine cable between Seattle, Sitka, and Valdez<br />
linking Alaska to "Outside."<br />
Nome Kennel Club organizes to promote sled dog racing. First message is telegraphed from Fairbanks to Valdez. 1906 Native Allotment<br />
Act passes; first opportunity for Natives to obtain land under restricted title. Gold discovered in Chadalar District.<br />
Alaska territorial capital is moved from Sitka "the Paris of the Pacific" to Juneau. The first official election was held to name a Delegate in<br />
Congress for Alaska. Actually, two Delegates were elected: Frank Waskey for a short term, Thomas Cale for a full term.<br />
The Alaska Packers Assoc. bought the square-rigged Balclutha ship and renamed it Star of Alaska. It carried workers to the Chignick<br />
Cannery and transported them back after the salmon season.<br />
In Alaska Dr. Frederick Cook claimed to have taken a picture of his companion, Edward Barrill, from the summit of Mt. McKinley. In 1998<br />
it was reported that the photo was a fake, and that they probably never reached the summit.<br />
A fire burned down most of downtown Fairbanks.<br />
Alaska Road Commission surveys route from Seward to Nome, later called the Iditarod Trail.<br />
The first automobile in Fairbanks, a Pope-Toledo, arrived for David Laite<br />
The first sled dog race to receive national attention, the All-Alaska Sweepstakes, was held in Nome, AK.<br />
The George C. Thomas Memorial Library was dedicated at Fairbanks<br />
The "Sourdoughs," four Kantishna miners, make first ascent of Mt. McKinley's North Peak.<br />
Ruby gold stampede begins.<br />
Kennicott copper mines begin production. July 7th - US, Canada, Russia, Great Britain, Japan sign an agreement in Washington D.C. to<br />
preserve the fur seal in the North Pacific.<br />
Jun 4, Gold was discovered in Alaska's Indian Creek.<br />
G/s F.S. Redfield stranded on Cape Prince of Wales. All 23 people aboard survived.<br />
Mt. Katmai exploded, created Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.<br />
The Alaska Native Brotherhood is founded in Sitka.<br />
Aug 24, By an act of Congress, Alaska was given a territorial legislature of two houses. President William Howard Taft signed the Organic<br />
Act which created the Territory of Alaska. The signing took place on the birthday of Delegate James Wickersham, author of the bill.<br />
First Alaska Territorial Legislature convened; women granted voting rights.<br />
Gold found at Marshall.<br />
Congress authorized construction of Alaska Railroad. Surveying begins for Alaska Railroad; Anchorage starts as construction camp on Ship<br />
Creek.<br />
Gold discovered at Livengood, near Fairbanks.<br />
Alaska Native Sisterhood holds first convention in Sitka.<br />
First Alaska Railroad Anchorage townsite auction.<br />
Pioneer School established as Anchorages first school<br />
First bill for Alaska statehood introduced; Alaskans voted in favor of prohibition<br />
In Anchorage, baseball diamond and grandstands built.Joe Spenard holds first ice carnival on Lake Spenard<br />
"Skookum Jim" the miner who discovered the gold that led to the Klondike Gold Rush, dies penniless in Dawson, Yukon Territory..<br />
Pribilof fur seal exports exceed $274,000. Total Alaska fur exports: $1,338,599.<br />
Treadwell Mine caves in at Douglas.<br />
All-Alaska Mid-Winter Carnival first held.<br />
Alaska salmon pack exceeds six million cases, valued at over $51 million.<br />
The Alaska Air Expedition from New York to Nome is successful. The Alaska Air Expedition was sponsored by the US Army. The "Black<br />
Wolf" squadron of wheeled biplanes landed at Wrangell, Fairbanks, Ruby, and finally at Nome's Fort Davis. For Alaska, the flight was<br />
significant because it demonstrated that airplanes capable of carrying heavy loads could fly to and across Alaska.<br />
Train service established between Anchorage and Seward<br />
Father William Duncan died at Metlakatla, a town he was instrumental in founding in 1887.<br />
Anchorage is incorporated as a city.<br />
The cannery of the Straits Packing Company burned at Skowl Arm of Kasaan Bay.<br />
Juneau had its first airplane overflight when one of the four planes of the Black Wolf Squadron passed over on its way to Nome.<br />
Alaska Agricultural College & School of Mines, later the University of Alaska, opens at College near Fairbanks. When it opened in 1922,<br />
the Alaska Agricultural College and School of Mines had six students, one building, and an annual budget of $30,000. It became the<br />
University of Alaska in 1935 and has since added campuses at Anchorage and Juneau.<br />
Feb 6, The Washington Disarmament Conference came to an end with signature of final treaty forbidding fortification of the Aleutian<br />
Islands for 14 years.<br />
Roy Jones makes the first floatplane trip up the Inside Passage; such small aircraft revolutionize travel in the bush.<br />
A fire at Haines destroyed the post office and other buildings.<br />
President Warren G. Harding died suddenly of an embolism in San Francisco on August 2, 1923, during a return trip form Alaska. Born<br />
November 2, 1865, in Corsica, Ohio, Harding was elected the 29th U.S. president in 1920. He had just driven the Golden Spike to<br />
complete the Alaska Railroad line from Seward to Fairbanks, near the village of Nenana.<br />
Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 is created.<br />
Congress extends citizenship to all American Indians. William L. Paul, a Tlingit, is the first Alaska Native elected to Territorial Legislature<br />
Airmail delivery began.<br />
The railroad made it to Fairbanks.<br />
Eklutna Industrial School established in Anchorage<br />
Fire destroyed the power plant at the Kennecott mine.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 26
1925<br />
1926<br />
1928<br />
1929<br />
1930<br />
1931<br />
1935<br />
1936<br />
1937<br />
1938<br />
1939<br />
1940<br />
1942<br />
1943<br />
1944<br />
1946<br />
1947<br />
1948<br />
1949<br />
1950<br />
1951<br />
1953<br />
1954<br />
1956<br />
1957<br />
1958<br />
1959<br />
1960<br />
1963<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
January, Dr. Curtis Welch in Nome began diagnosing cases of diphtheria. An emergency delivery of serum against the disease was<br />
arranged by dogsled. 20 mushers rushed the serum 674 miles from Nenana to Nome in 5 days. The last leg of the journey was run by<br />
Gunnar Kaasen and his lead dog Balto. An animated film on Balto was made in 1995 by Stephen Spielberg. The longest segment of the<br />
journey, 260 miles, was run by Leonhard Seppala and his lead dog Togo. The events were later described by Bill Sherwonit in his book:<br />
"Iditarod: the Great Race to Nome."<br />
Glacier Bay National Monument was dedicated in Alaska.<br />
Anchorage Golf Club organized.<br />
13-year old Benny Benson won contest for design of Alaska flag.<br />
Alaska Native Townsite Act allows Natives to obtain restricted deeds to village lots.<br />
First homestead established in South Anchorage by Thomas Hogan<br />
A Statue of Balto, a famous lead dog in the 674 mile serum run that saved the town of Nome the year before, was erected in NYC's<br />
Central Park.<br />
Court case resolves the right of Native children to attend public school.<br />
Pioneer aviator Russell Merrill disappears while crossing Cook Inlet<br />
Merrill Field opened in Anchorage<br />
Col. and Mrs. Charles A. Lindbergh landed at Barrow en route to the Orient.<br />
Aug 15, Humorist Will Rogers, American comedian and "cowboy philosopher," and aviation pioneer Wiley Post were killed when their<br />
airplane crashed near Point Barrow, Alaska.<br />
Alton C. Nordale, a Territorial Legislator, died in a plane crash near Healy River.<br />
Matanuska Valley Project established ane 202 farmers colonize Matanuska Valley; 900 gold mine workers struck for 40 days<br />
Congress extends the Indian Reorganization Act to Alaska.<br />
Nell Scott of Seldovia becomes the first woman elected to the Territorial Legislature.<br />
First Fur Rendezvous held by Chamber of Commerce<br />
Kennicott Mine closes at McCarthy.<br />
A Pan-American Airways "Baby Clipper" landed on the Juneau airfield in a trial flight.<br />
Providence Hospital opens in Anchorage<br />
Fort Richardson and Elmendorf Air Force Base established<br />
Japan bombs Dutch Harbor; invades Attu and Kiska in the Aleutian Islands.<br />
Sep 16, The Japanese base at Kiska in the Aleutian Islands was raided by American bombers.<br />
Pioneer Service Road (Alaska-Canada Military Highway) is built between February 14th and September 24th from Dawson Creek, British<br />
Columbia to Delta Junction, Alaska.<br />
Whittier Tunnel completed<br />
Upgrading and bridge building continues on the Alaska Highway providing first start for some of today's largest construction contractors.<br />
American forces retake the Aleutian Islands, Attu and Kiska, from the Japanese.<br />
Secretary of the Interior creates the Venetie Reservation.<br />
Alaska-Juneau Gold Mine shuts down.<br />
Boarding school for Native high school students opens at Mt. Edgecumbe.<br />
Universal Services was formed in 1946 to provide catering and other support services for the civilian workforce rebuilding defense bases<br />
in Alaska. Extensive work was then developed with the oil industry that was expanding its exploration activity in Alaska. As the search for<br />
energy moved to other parts of the world, Universal followed.<br />
An Anchorage landmark, Austin Cap Lathrops 4th Avenue Theatre opens doors.<br />
The Fur Rendezvous World Championship Sled Dog Race debuted in Anchorage, AK, and has been run nearly every year since. A sprint<br />
race, teams in the event traveled a short distance (~25 miles) several days in a row.<br />
The Open North American Sled Dog Race was first run in Fairbanks, Alaska. The Open North American is also a sprint race, with teams<br />
traveling 20 miles on day one and two, and 30 miles on day three.<br />
The Alaska Command is established; first unified command of the US Army, Air Force, and Navy.<br />
First Alaska Native land claims suit, filed by Tlingit and Haida people, introduced in US Court of Claims.<br />
Alaska Highway opens to civilian traffic.<br />
Alaskans vote to abolish fish traps by a 10 to 1 margin.<br />
First traffic lights installed on Fourth Avenue in Anchorage.<br />
First Carrs grocery store opens in Anchorage<br />
Marvin "Muktuk" Marston lays out Turnagain-by-the Sea<br />
Completion of highway between Anchorage and Seward<br />
Mount Spurr erupts for first time in recorded history.<br />
Oil well drilled near Eureka on Glenn Highway marks the beginning of Alaska's modern oil history<br />
The first plywood operations begin at Juneau and the first large pulp mill opens at Ketchikan.<br />
DEW-Line construction begins in the Arctic at Barter Island.<br />
First Alaska television broadcast by KENI, Anchorage.<br />
Anchorage Community College opens<br />
Alaska Constitution adopted.<br />
Anchorage named "All-American City"<br />
Atlantic Richfield discovers oil at Swanson River on the Kenai Peninsula. The Swanson River field on the Kenai Peninsula was the first<br />
commercial production site for oil and gas in Alaska's modern oil era. During the next ten years, additional oil fields are discovered<br />
offshore in nearby Cook Inlet and production platforms are installed to bring production on-line for the Middle Ground shoal field, the<br />
Granite Point field, the MacArthur River field and the Trading Bay field. By 1968, the Cook Inlet is producing nearly 200,000 barrels per<br />
day, and the income generated by oil production in Alaska is contributing more than 20% of the state government's total revenues.<br />
Congress passes Alaska Statehood Act conveying ownership of 104 million acres.<br />
Alaska is admitted to the Union as the 49th state, and William A. Egan becomes Alaska's first governor.<br />
Sitka pulp mill opens.<br />
British Petroleum begins to explore for oil on Alaska's North Slope.<br />
Amoco finds offshore oil in Cook Inlet.<br />
Stevens Village and other Yukon villages protest the proposed Rampart Dam.<br />
Alaska Marine Highway System begins<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 27
1964<br />
1965<br />
1966<br />
1967<br />
1968<br />
1969<br />
1970<br />
1971<br />
1972<br />
1973<br />
1974<br />
1975<br />
1976<br />
1977<br />
1978<br />
1979<br />
1980<br />
1981<br />
1982<br />
1983<br />
1984<br />
1985<br />
1986<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Mar 27, Good Friday, Valdez, Alaska, was rocked by an 8.6 earthquake, the largest ever recorded in North America. It lasted 4 minutes<br />
and was followed by tsunamis and fires and 32 people were killed. Survivors moved 4 miles west to solid bedrock and rebuilt the town.<br />
This earthquake is forever dubbed the "Good Friday" Earthquake.<br />
Greater Anchorage Area Borough created the State legislature<br />
Anchorage again named All- American City for earthquake restoration efforts<br />
Secretary of the Interior, Stewart L. Udall, imposes a land freeze until Native land claims can be settled. Alaska Federation of Natives is<br />
organized.<br />
The Russian-built Cathedral of St. Michael in Sitka was destroyed by fire. It was later rebuilt.<br />
Chena River flooded Fairbanks<br />
The Anchorage Museum of History and Art opened.<br />
Kincaid Park created from a former Nike missile site in South Anchorage<br />
Prudhoe Bay, the largest oil field in North America was discovered on the North Slope, near Barrow.<br />
September 10: Prudhoe Bay Lease Sale provides $900 million in lease bonuses to state treasury. In this year, Alaska's population totals<br />
295,000.<br />
State revenues: $1,067,264,000 First bill introduced in the legislature to establish a Permanent Fund.<br />
Environmental studies measuring the impact of pipeline construction on Alaska wildlife begin.<br />
Walter Hickel named to Presidential Cabinet post, a first for any Alaskan<br />
Congress passes Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act; transfers ownership of 44 million acres of land to newly established Native<br />
corporations.<br />
Sep 4, An Alaska Airlines jet crashed near Juneau, killing 111 people.<br />
President Richard Nixon and Emperor Hirohito meet at Elmendorf Air Force Base<br />
Dog mushing was established as the Alaska state sport<br />
Congress passes legislation allowing construction to begin on the trans-Alaska pipeline. War in the Middle East in October causes oil<br />
prices to rise from $3 to $16 per barrel.<br />
The Alaskan 1,159 mile Iditarod dog-sled race was first run in commemoration of the 1925 dog-sled relay for diphtheria vaccine to Nome.<br />
Joe Redington, Sr. and others organize the first Iditarod to finish in Nome. The race is completed by 22 mushers, and won by Dick<br />
Wilmarth of Red Devil AK in 20 days, 49 minutes and 41 seconds.<br />
Joan Kimura designs official seal of Anchorage<br />
Construction begins on the pipeline; thousands of workers flock to Alaska in search of jobs. Construction lasts 39 months, costs $8 billion,<br />
including the Marine Terminal in Valdez.<br />
The USS Anchorage, on a tour of Alaska ports, arrived in Sitka harbor for a three-day stay.<br />
Carl Huntington of Galena AK wins the Iditarod.<br />
The Alaska Permanent Fund is created to insure long-term benefits from oil revenues.<br />
Mar 9, Work began on the Alaskan oil pipeline.<br />
4,000 acre Bicentennial Park created in Southeast Anchorage.<br />
City of Anchorage and Greater Anchorage Area Borough unified into Municipality of Anchorage.<br />
Jerry Riley of Nenana AK wins the Iditarod.<br />
In November's General Election, Alaska's voters, by a vote of 75,588 to 38,518, approve constitutional amendment establishing the<br />
Permanent Fund. Article IX, Section 15 - At least 25 percent of all mineral lease rentals, royalties, royalty sale proceeds, federal mineral<br />
revenue sharing payments and bonuses received by the State shall be placed in a permanent fund, the principal of which shall be used<br />
only for those income-producing investments specifically designated as eligible for permanent fund investments. All income from the<br />
permanent fund shall be deposited in the general fund unless otherwise provided by law.<br />
Alaska's population passes 400,000.<br />
Jerry Riley of Nenana AK wins the Iditarod.<br />
May 31, The trans-Alaska oil pipeline was completed after three years of work and the first oil through flows through an 800 mile<br />
engineering feat. The first tanker with Prudhoe Bay oil, the ARCO Juneau, left Valdez on August 1.<br />
The Permanent Fund receives its first deposit of dedicated oil revenues: $734,000. A barrel of crude oil takes 5.04 days to flow from<br />
Prudhoe Bay to Valdez through the trans-Alaska pipeline at 6.62 mph. If the pipeline were full, it would hold 9 million barrels. One barrel<br />
equals 42 gallons.<br />
Rick Swenson wins the Iditarod.<br />
The closest Iditarod finish in history - Only 1 second separated champion Dick Mackey from runner up (and later, 5-time champion) Rick<br />
Swenson<br />
Rick Swenson of Manley AK wins the Iditarod.<br />
In the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act the size of Denali National Park was tripled to 6 million acres. Motorized access to<br />
the land was given for traditional activities such as hunting, fishing and camping.<br />
Congress passes and President Jimmy Carter signs the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA).<br />
Legislature repeals Alaska income tax.<br />
Joe May of Trapper Creek AK wins the Iditarod.<br />
Alaska Legislature approves second special appropriation to the Permanent Fund, this time for $1.8 billion.<br />
Rick Swenson of Manley AK wins the Iditarod.<br />
Time zones changed to include all Alaska.<br />
The White Pass & Yukon railroad closed after a highway opened between Skagway and Whitehorse, and a slump in metal prices shut<br />
down mines.<br />
State revenues peak at $4,108,400,000 after OPEC fixes oil price at $34/barrel. Alaska Legislature enacts inflation-proofing to protect<br />
purchasing power of Permanent Fund principal. First Permanent Fund Dividend check is distributed:$1,000.<br />
Rick Swenson of Manley AK wins the Iditarod. Susan Butcher finishes 3 minutes later, in 2nd place.<br />
1983 Crab stocks so low that most commercial seasons are canceled<br />
Heritage Land Bank created<br />
Rick Mackey of Wasilla AK wins the Iditarod.<br />
Dean Osmar of Clam Gulch, AK wins the Iditarod. Susan Butcher finishes 2nd.<br />
Anchorage named All-American City for third time<br />
The first 1,000 mile Yukon Quest Sled dog race was held, running between Fairbanks, AK and Whitehorse, YT, Canada. The race was<br />
established to commemorate the historic use of dog teams on the 'Highway of the North'; the Yukon River. Many prospectors had<br />
followed the race route during the 1898 gold rush.<br />
Mar 20, Libby Riddles became the first woman to win the Iditarod. Her run to Nome took 18 days, 20 minutes and 17 seconds.<br />
State of Alaska purchases Alaska Railroad from federal government.<br />
Anchorage named a U.S. bid city for Olympic games.<br />
Oil price decline caused budget problems<br />
Susan Butcher wins the Iditarod.<br />
Price of oil drops below $10 per barrel, causing Alaska oil revenues to plummet.<br />
Alaska Legislature approves third special appropriation to Fund principal: $1.26 billion.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 28
1987<br />
1988<br />
1989<br />
1990<br />
1991<br />
1992<br />
1993<br />
1994<br />
1995<br />
1996<br />
1997<br />
1998<br />
1999<br />
2000<br />
2001<br />
2002<br />
2003<br />
2004<br />
2005<br />
2006<br />
2007<br />
2008<br />
2009<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Susan Butcher wins the Iditarod.<br />
Congress passes amendments to the Alaska Native Land Claims Settlement Act, which protect lands and stocks.<br />
Trans-Alaska Pipeline celebrates its 10th anniversary.<br />
Susan Butcher wins the Iditarod.<br />
Two whales trapped by ice, rescued near Barrow.<br />
The Soviets allow a one-day visit of a group of Alaskans to the Siberian port city of Providenya.<br />
Total annual throughput of oil in the trans-Alaska pipeline peaks at 744 million barrels (2 million barrels per day).<br />
Anchorage population reduced by 30,000<br />
The White Pass & Yukon railroad opened for tourists visiting the state from cruise ships and the new road to Skagway<br />
Joe Runyon of Nenana AK wins the Iditarod. Susan Butcher of Manley AK finishes 1 hour later in second place.<br />
Mar 24, Good Friday, The nation's worst oil spill occurred as the supertanker Exxon Valdez ran into Bligh Reef in Alaska's Prince William<br />
Sound and began leaking 11 million gallons of crude. The Exxon Valdez struck ground and spilled 10.6 million gallons of oil. Exxon then<br />
spent some $2.5 billion to clean up the spill and filed suit against Lloyd's of London for reimbursement under a $210 million insurance<br />
policy. In 1996 a jury in Houston voted that Lloyd's and some 250 other underwriters should compensate Exxon $250 million. The Exxon<br />
Valdez spilled 240,000 barrels of oil in Alaska's Prince William Sound.<br />
Apr 1, Alaska Gov. Steve Cowper announced that a "strike force" of state officials and local fishermen were taking over some of the<br />
cleanup operations following the massive Exxon Valdez oil spill.<br />
Susan Butcher wins the Iditarod again and claims 4 Iditarod titles in 5 years (1986, 1987, 1988 and 1990), inspiring the slogan: "Alaska,<br />
where men are men and women win the Iditarod".<br />
Over 800,000 visitors came to Alaska. Alaska population reaches 550,000 according to the US Census Bureau. Mining ranks as Alaska's<br />
fastest growing industry. Permanent Fund makes its first investments in stocks and bonds outside the United States.<br />
Jan 29, Former Exxon Valdez skipper Joseph Hazelwood went on trial in Anchorage, Alaska, on charges stemming from the nation's worst<br />
oil spill. Hazelwood was acquitted of major charges and convicted of a misdemeanor.<br />
Mar 22, A jury in Anchorage, Alaska, found Captain Hazelwood not guilty in the Valdez oil spill.<br />
Rick Swenson wins his 5th Iditarod, becoming the most winning Iditarod musher in Iditarod history<br />
8 billionth barrel of oil arrives in Valdez. Permanent Fund Dividends are paid to all Alaska residents for the 10th consecutive year.<br />
Mar 13, Exxon paid $1 billion in fines and for the clean-up of the Alaskan oil spill.<br />
Alaska Highway celebrated 50th anniversary.<br />
Final repercussions of Alaska's recession are felt as oil industry retrenches with major job losses<br />
The Anchorage Times, once Alaska's largest newspaper folds<br />
Reapportionment challenges delay primaries by two weeks<br />
Spurr Volcano erupts three times, one blast dumping ash on Anchorage<br />
Juneau's Hillary Lindh wins Olympic Silver Medal in downhill skiing.<br />
Martin Buser of Big Lake, AK wins the Iditarod.<br />
Chairman of Alaskan Independence Party, Joe Vogler, mysteriously disappeared<br />
Jeff King of Denali Park, AK wins the Iditarod.<br />
$5 billion verdict in Exxon Valdez case.<br />
Tommy Moe won Olympic Gold Medal in downhill ski competition.<br />
Several Koyukuk River communities washed away by flooding<br />
Alaska population was 599,200<br />
Martin Buser of Big Lake, AK wins the Iditarod.<br />
Doug Swingley of Simms, MT wins the Iditarod and breaks the 10-day barrier, winning his first Iditarod title in 9 days, 2 hours, 42 minutes,<br />
and 19 seconds.<br />
One of the most devastating fires in state history destroys homes and property in Southcentral near Big Lake<br />
Arctic Winter Games held in Chugiak/Eagle River<br />
Jeff King of Denali Park, AK wins the Iditarod.<br />
Nov 9, A family of 7 and the pilot of a commuter plane died in a crash in Barrow.<br />
Nov 26, In the Aleutian Islands 800 miles southwest of Anchorage, Alaska, the Japanese freighter, Kuroshima, ran aground off Dutch<br />
Harbor in heavy winds. Two crewmen were reported dead and 10,000 gallons of oil was reported to have leaked. As much as 240,000<br />
gallons was reported on board. Emergency workers removed 57,000 gallons on Dec 5 and 30,000 gallons still remained.<br />
Martin Buser of Big Lake, AK wins the Iditarod.<br />
Jeff King of Denali Park, AK wins the Iditarod.<br />
The moose was adopted as Alaska's official state land mammal.<br />
Feb, The snowmobile was banned from all but 7,000 of the 2 million acres of Denali National Park designated as the Denali National<br />
Wilderness.<br />
Mar 21, In Alaska an avalanche killed at least 4 snowmobilers at the Turnagain Pass in Chugach National Forest.<br />
Jun 10, A sightseeing helicopter crashed near Herbert Glacier and all seven people onboard were killed.<br />
Doug Swingley of Lincoln, MT wins the Iditarod.<br />
Two legendary dog mushers died - Joe Redington, Sr., founder of the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race and Edgar Nollner, Sr., the last surviving<br />
musher of the 1925 diphtheria serum run to Nome.<br />
Doug Swingley of Lincoln, MT wins the Iditarod<br />
Doug Swingley of Lincoln, MT wins the Iditarod<br />
Martin Buser of Big Lake, AK breaks the 9-day barrier, winning his 4th Iditarod title in 8 days, 22 hours, 46 minutes and 2 seconds.<br />
State study showed glaciers melting at higher rate.<br />
Earthquake damaged highways and rural homes<br />
Robert Sorlie of Hurdal, Norway wins the Iditarod.<br />
Federal judge ordered Exxon to pay $6.75 billion for 1989 oil spill<br />
Mitch Seavey of Seward AK wins the Iditarod.<br />
Robert Sorlie of Hurdal, Norway wins the Iditarod.<br />
Sarah Palin takes office as Alaskas first woman governor<br />
British Petrolum had 267,000 gallons oil spill at Prudhoe Bay; crew rescued from cargo vessel listing by Aleutian Islands<br />
Jeff King of Denali, AK wins the Iditarod.<br />
Aug 5 - 4 time Iditarod winner, Susan Butcher dies.<br />
Lance Mackey becomes the first musher to win both the Yukon Quest International Sled Dog Race and the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race in<br />
the same year.<br />
Alaska Governor Sarah Palin runs on Republican ticket for US Vice President next to Presidential Candidate John McCain. Election won<br />
handily by Democratic Presidential candidate, Barack Obama and Vice Presidential candidate, Joseph Biden.<br />
Lance Mackey won both the Yukon Quest and the Iditarod sled dog races for the second year in a row.<br />
50th Anniversary of Alaska Statehood<br />
The minimum wage jumps from $5.65 to $7.15, giving Alaska the highest minimum wage on the West Coast<br />
Sarah Palin resigns as Alaska Governor for unspecified reasons.<br />
Lance Mackey of Fairbanks AK wins the Iditarod.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 29
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Alaskan Ülkü-mos / Alaska Ülkü-moları !<br />
http://www.alaska-highway.org/delta/outpost/alaskas_first_people.htm<br />
Mehmet Kara'nın<br />
<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>ni<br />
araması (tavsiuqtuq), apaçık öküzün (pagniq)<br />
altında buzağı aramaktır (nuġġaqsiuqtuq).<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 30
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
1<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=i<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
ieupiaq <strong>Eskimo</strong> (lit. real person)<br />
ieupiatun <strong>Eskimo</strong> language (lit. like <strong>Eskimo</strong>)<br />
M.KARA I 1503<br />
iñupiaq <strong>Eskimo</strong> (lit. real person)<br />
iñupiatun <strong>Eskimo</strong> language (lit. like <strong>Eskimo</strong>)<br />
İñupiaqça, Kuzey Alaska'da konuşulan bir <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilidir. "İñupiaq", aynı zamanda bir veya iki<br />
Kuzey Alaska <strong>Eskimo</strong>sunu ifade etmek üzere kullanılır. "İñupiat" kelimesi ise, çokluk belirtir. Yani<br />
söz konusu dilde "İñupiat", "İñupiaqlar" demektir. Ancak üç veya daha fazla kişi için kullanılır.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
"bir veya iki = one or two" yargısını internet kaynaklı bir yerden aldığını sanmıyorum, zira<br />
her türlü key word girdiğim halde Kara'nın bu yargısına dayanak olabilecek bir kaynağa rastlayamadım.<br />
O yüzden bu yanlış bilgiyi Kara'nın bizzat kendisi oluşturmuş olmalı.<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi ve Sirenik Yupikçesi hariç bütün <strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut dillerinde dual (= tesniye)<br />
bulunur. Kara'nın göremediği bu özellik ailenin en temel özelliklerinden biridir.<br />
İnyupikler kendilerine Iñupiaq (sg: bir kişi), Iñupiak (dual: iki kişi), Iñupiat (pl: üç<br />
veya daha fazla kişi), dillerine de Iñupiatun derler. Adın kaynağı iñuk ('insan;<br />
kişi') ismiyle -piaq ('gerçek, hakiki, öz') ekidir.<br />
Yirmi yıl önce İnyupiklerin sayısı:<br />
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000861/086162E.pdf (1990) Lawrence D. Kaplan, The Language of the Alaskan Inuit<br />
North Slope Villages Total 3,450<br />
Northwest Alaska - Malimiut Dialect 3,814<br />
Seward Peninsula Total 3,029<br />
Total Inupiaq village population 10,415<br />
Estimated population of Inupiat in cities and areas not listed above 2,500<br />
Total Inupiat 12,915<br />
http://www.uaf.edu/marketing/standards/style/styleguide08.pdf<br />
Inupiaq : The language of Alaska Inuit <strong>Eskimo</strong>s, spoken on the North Slope and in Northwest Alaska as far south as Unalakleet. Distinct from Yupik. A north Alaska <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
(person). Use Inupiaq to refer to the language (never Inupiat), to one person and as an adjective. Use Inupiak to refer to two people. Use Inupiat to refer to three or more<br />
people (never Inupiats), to the people collectively and to the culture. The <strong>Eskimo</strong> languages include the four Yupik languages of Alaska and Siberia as well as Inuit, the Alaska<br />
sector of which is called Inupiaq.<br />
http://www.bigmoviezone.com/filmsearch/movies/teacher_guides/pdf/AlaskaSpiritoftheWild_TG.pdf<br />
IÑUPIAQ: This is the Native name of the northern Alaskan <strong>Eskimo</strong> language (it is the same language as Inuktitut, though a different dialect), and also the word for a single<br />
northern <strong>Eskimo</strong> person. There are two forms of plural in the Iñupiaq language: two people are “Iñupiak,” while three or more are “Iñupiat.” Note that differences are indicated<br />
by the ending of the word, just as in English an “s” is often added to the end of a word to indicate the plural.<br />
http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inupiatun<br />
Inupiatun/inupiaq tarkoittaa "aitoa" tai "oikeaa ihmistä". Se koostuu kahdesta sanasta: inuk "ihminen" ja piaq "aito, oikea". Sanan kaksikko on inupiak ja monikko inupiat.<br />
[<strong>Kmoksy</strong>: Fince kaksikko = dual, monikko = plural]<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 31
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
2<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=a<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=i<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=n<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
aularuq moves (N, s)<br />
aularuq dances (K)<br />
aularuq nuna earthquake (N)<br />
ini place, room<br />
inikitchuq small place, room<br />
niqi meat, food<br />
niqi meat<br />
niqijuktuq is poor meat (food)<br />
niqipialiuqtuq boils meat (K)<br />
niqipiaq real food (meat)<br />
niqipiaq meat (vs. food)<br />
niqiqaqtuq has meat<br />
M.KARA I 1505<br />
aularuq moves (N, s)<br />
aularuq dances (K)<br />
aularuq nuna earthquake (N)<br />
ini place, room<br />
inikitchuq small place, room<br />
niqi meat, food<br />
niqi meat<br />
niqiłuktuq is poor meat (food)<br />
niqipialiuqtuq boils meat (K)<br />
niqipiaq real food (meat)<br />
niqipiaq meat (vs. food)<br />
niqiqaqtuq has meat<br />
Öte yandan isim ve sıfat tamlamalarının dizilişi, Türkçedeki dizilişin tam tersi bir yapıdadır.<br />
Sıfat tamlamalarında Türkçede önce sıfat, sonra da nitelenen isim gelir, İñupiaqcada ise, önce<br />
isim sonra sıfat gelmektedir. Örnek olarak; İñu. inikitchuq "küçük ev, küçük oda" tamlamasında<br />
isim olan ini "ev, oda" önce, sıfat olan kitchuq "küçük" sonra gelmiştir. Bu örnekteki ini "ev,<br />
oda", ET. i:n "vahşi hayvan ini" ile ilişkilidir. Aynı şekilde İñu. niqipiaq "kaliteli et" örneğinde isim<br />
olan niqi "et" önce, sıfat olan piaq "kaliteli" sonra gelmiştir. Yukarıda verilen sıfat tamlamaları,<br />
İñupiaqcada bitişik yazılmıştır<br />
İsim tamlamasıyla ilgili olarak da bir örnek verelim: İñu. aularuq nuna "yer sarsıntısı"<br />
tamlamasında ana nesne olan nuna "dünya, yer yüzü" (< Ar. dünyâ) sonra, onun bir durumunu<br />
anlatan aularuq "hareket etme, sarsıntı" önce gelmiştir. Türkçede "sarsıntısı yer" gibi bir tamlama<br />
şekli yoktur. Yani isim tamlamasında ana varlığın bir özelliğinden veya parçasından bahsedilir<br />
ve ana varlık önce, özelliği ya da parçası aradından verilerek isim tamlaması oluşturulur.<br />
Türkçeden çok farklı tamlama yapısı bulunan bir dilde Altay kökenli olabileceğini düşündüğümüz<br />
soru kelimelerinin varlığı dikkatimizi çekti ve …<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
base + postbase + ending + enclitic<br />
Mehmet Kara, kalem oynattığı <strong>Eskimo</strong> diline <strong>Türkçenin</strong> mantığıyla yaklaşıyor.<br />
Türkçe, ekler ve tamlamalar üzerine kuruludur.<br />
Fakat <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilleri yalnızca ekler üzerine kuruludur, tamlama YOKTUR.<br />
Tekrar edelim: Kara’nın ısrarla <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde var dediği TAMLAMA, YOK’tur.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 32
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/192563/<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut-languages/75300/Grammatical-characteristics<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> has a great number of suffixes but only one prefix and no compounds.<br />
http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~ajohns/JohnsNI05.pdf<br />
There are a number of pieces of evidence which make a compound analysis impossible. First and foremost, Inuktitut does<br />
not have either verbal or nominal compounds, i.e. there is nothing equivalent to English toothbrush, photocopy or dog<br />
food. (see Sadock 1980; 1991).<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandic_language<br />
The language (=Greenlandic), like its relatives, is highly polysynthetic and ergative. There are almost no compound words,<br />
but lots of derivations.<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde sıfat tamlaması (adjectival compounds) yoktur. Kara'nın sıfat tamlaması örneği<br />
diye sunduğu inikitchuq ile niqipiaq sözleri ekli yapılardır.<br />
Kara'nın "kaliteli" anlamını vererek sıfat diye öne sürdüğü piaq, sıfat değil ektir. İnyupiklerin<br />
kendilerine verdikleri Iñupiaq adında da geçen -piaq 'real = gerçek' ekiyle kurulu sözler incelediği<br />
sözlükte az olsa da gerçekte çok yaygın işlek bir ektir: aiyauppiaq 'staff, walking stick', nukatpiaq 'young<br />
man (marriageable)'. Kuukpiaq 'coffee' örneği ise halk etimolojisidir (kuuk 'river'). Ekin çoğul biçimi –piat’tır:<br />
qaġrupiat 'bow and arrow' qalupiat 'whitefish (Coregonidae) (K)'<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Inupiaq/2nd%20section%20postbases.doc<br />
-piaq(-) 2 vv, nn to really __; the real __<br />
[Before the coming of the whaling boats from other parts of the world the Iñupiat did not use lumber<br />
to cover their boats. They had the skins of the walrus and other sea mammals to cover the frames<br />
of the boats. With the coming of the Tanik whalers, came the lumber. To distinguish the<br />
skin-covered boats from the wooden boats the suffix -piaq was attached to the word for boat<br />
umiaq giving umiapiaq "the real, original boat=skin covered boat". Likewise, the word Iñupiaq is<br />
used to distinguish an <strong>Eskimo</strong> from a non-<strong>Eskimo</strong>; and niqipiaq is used to refer to "meat"]<br />
avit- (i) to split one’s pants; to get a divorce; (t) avipiaqpik did I really split my pants<br />
to separate themd, who are fighting; to divorce<br />
her/him<br />
iga(-) place where cooking is done before<br />
igapiaġaa she is boiling it<br />
modern day kitchens; to cook (it=food)<br />
igaaq boiled food, cooked food, food which is igaapiaq boiled meat<br />
being cooked<br />
iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to build a iglupiaq sod house<br />
structure over it<br />
iñuk(-) person, owner; core of boil; resident<br />
Iñupiaq <strong>Eskimo</strong> (real, original person)<br />
spirit; embryo of an egg<br />
itquma- (i) to be awake itqumapiaqpa is he really awake<br />
kamik(-) boot, mukluk, esp fur Native-made<br />
kamipiak fur bootsd<br />
boot, dog booty, shoe; (i) to put one's boots on;<br />
(t) to put boots on her/him/it<br />
niqi food, meat niqipiaq meat (this refers to the meat of animals<br />
taken by a hunter)<br />
nuut- to move (her/him/it) Ulġuniġmun nuupiaġniaqpisi will you definitely<br />
move to Wainwright<br />
umi ġ aq(-) a boat; (i) to go hunting in a skin boat umiapiaq skin-covered boat<br />
for sea mammals; (Ti) (i) to be out in a whaling<br />
boat<br />
Aynı ek Supiklerin kendi adları olan Sugpiaq (‘real person’) sözünde de bulunur.<br />
Nunivak Çupikleri Ruslar için Kass'alugpiag ('real white man') adını kullanır.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 33
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Aynı şekilde, “küçük” anlamını vererek [ve de “çaktırmadan” Türkçe küçük sözüyle örtüştürerek] sıfat diye öne<br />
sürdüğü kitchuq, kesinlikle sıfat değildir. İnyupikçede “küçük” anlamına gelen böyle bir söz de<br />
yoktur.<br />
Peki, o zaman nedir?<br />
Kara’nın dayanak aldığı İnyupikçe sözlükte sonu “-kitchuq” ile biten yedi veri var:<br />
inikitchuq small place, room<br />
iñukitchuq are few<br />
ipkitchuq is dull<br />
maptukitchuq is thin<br />
sivikitchuq is a short distance, is of short duration<br />
sukkitchuq gets a thorn or tack into his flesh<br />
tikitchuq arrives<br />
Bu verileri didiklediğimiz zaman üç ayrı oluşum ortaya çıkıyor:<br />
ÇOKLUK bildiren isimlerin (ya da fiillerin) anlamını AZLIK olarak değiştiren -kit- fiil yapım<br />
ekinin türevleri: iñukitchuq, sivikitchuq, maptukitchuq<br />
VARLIK bildiren fiillerin (ya da isimlerin) anlamını YOKLUK olarak değiştiren -it- fiil yapım<br />
ekinin türevi: ipkitchuq<br />
Geri kalan iki veri (sukkitchuq, tikitchuq) ise gövdesi bilinen ya da yalnızca kökten oluşan<br />
örneklerdir.<br />
Hepsi de -chuq üçüncü tekil şahıs çekim ekiyle yapılan fiil çekintisidir.<br />
Kara’nın görüntüyü yanlış yorumlamasına sebep olan small place, room tanımlamasını ben<br />
sözlükteki yanlış tanımlamalardan biri olarak algılıyorum. Zira yapı olarak iñukitchuq sözüyle aynıdır<br />
ve bana göre *inikit- fiilinin -chuq ekli çekintisidir. Kısıtlı imkânlarımla böyle bir fiili tespit<br />
edemediğimi de belirteyim<br />
kök<br />
base (stem)<br />
-kit-chuq<br />
ini ‘place, room’<br />
iñuk ‘person’<br />
*sivI ‘duration’<br />
maptu- ‘to be thick’<br />
…k-it-chuq<br />
ipik- ‘to be sharp; to<br />
be sharp-tongued’<br />
yapım eki<br />
(= ek söz)<br />
postbases (derivational<br />
suffixes)<br />
İnyupikçe: akunniġun (sg)<br />
akunniġutit (pl)<br />
-kit- ‘to possess, have __ small<br />
in size or quantity’<br />
-kit- ‘to possess, have __ small<br />
in size or quantity’<br />
-kit- ‘to possess, have __ small<br />
in size or quantity’<br />
-kit- ‘to possess, have __ small<br />
in size or quantity’<br />
-it- 'to lack __; to not be __'<br />
yapıntı / gövde<br />
çekim eki<br />
endings<br />
İnyupikçe: isukłiqpiaq (sg) uqaluit<br />
isukłiqpiaŋit & uqaluit isuŋit (pl)<br />
*inikit- ? -chuq '(indicative) she/he/it' inikitchuq<br />
iñukit- ‘to have few people’ -chuq '(indicative) she/he/it'<br />
sivikit- ‘ to be of short duration,<br />
take little time’<br />
-chuq '(indicative) she/he/it'<br />
çekinti<br />
iñukitchuq ‘are few’<br />
nunaaqqiq taamna iñukitchuq<br />
this village has very few people<br />
sivikitchuq 'is a short distance,<br />
is of short duration'<br />
maptukIt ‘ to be thin and flat’ -chuq '(indicative) she/he/it' maptukitchuq 'is thin'<br />
ipkit- ‘to be dull, not sharp,<br />
e.g. of a knife’<br />
-chuq '(indicative) she/he/it'<br />
sukkit- 'to take a step and getting a nail, thorn, tack in one’s foot' -chuq '(indicative) she/he/it'<br />
tikit- ‘ to arrive at, reach one’s destination or goal’<br />
-chuq '(indicative) she/he/it'<br />
ipkitchuq 'is dull'<br />
ipkitchuq taamna savik,<br />
atuġnagu that knife is dull,<br />
don't use it<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
haymatlos<br />
sukkitchuq ‘gets a thorn or tack<br />
into his flesh’<br />
tikitchuq*<br />
anuġiqłuk tamauŋa tikitchuq the<br />
storm suddenly arrived<br />
* http://www.arctichost.net/ICASS_VI/images/05.01.08.pdf Iñupiaq tikitchuq = Inuktitut tikittuq = West Greenlandic tikippoq (-poq INDIC.3sg) ‘He just now arrived’<br />
Sayfa 34
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Inupiaq/1st%20postbases.doc<br />
kIt- nv, rv (i) to possess, have __ small in size or quantity<br />
*ati 1 (root) area below, bottom, underside, down atikit- for it (open water) to be near the shore<br />
iñuk(-) person, owner; core of boil; resident spirit; embryo of an egg iñukit- to have few people<br />
isigak or isigait foot isigakit- to have small feet<br />
kanak length of leg from crotch to heel, inner leg, inseam kanakit- to have short legs<br />
kilu 2 seam, stitch kilukit- to have a fine stitches<br />
*puk (root) surface depth pukkit- for the boat to sit low<br />
qaqisaq or qaqasaq brain qaqisakit- to be not too smart (small brain)<br />
qaunnaq solid animal fat qaunnakit- to not have much fat (of hoofed animal=ruminant)<br />
*sivI (root) duration sivikit- to be of short duration<br />
It- 2 , =It-, '-It- nv, vv, bv (i) to lack __; to not be __<br />
aglitchIk- (i) to grow rapidly, to have the ability to grow aglitchiit- to grow slowly<br />
agliġi- (t) to shun or avoid her/him/it (someone or something to be avoided in<br />
accordance with a taboo, e.g. a sick person)<br />
agliġIt- (Ti) (i) to not be subject to taboo<br />
*anaya (root) cautiousness, wariness, anxiouness anayait- to be not aware of the danger involved<br />
iłuaq- or iluaq- (i) to be correct, proper, right<br />
iłuit- or iluit- (i) to not be correct, not proper, not right; be sick<br />
ipik- (i) to be sharp; to be sharp-tongued ipkIt- (i) to be dull, not sharp, e.g. of a knife / ipkitchuq taamna savik, atuġnagu that<br />
knife is dull, don't use it<br />
ipiQ 2 dirt ipqIt- to be clean<br />
iqaluk(-) (Nu) qaluk(-) fish; (i) to catch a fish iqaluit- to not have fish<br />
*iqIk (root) ) laziness, lack of enjoyment, boring, uninspiring, lack of<br />
eagerness, unwillingness, lack of initiative, lack of energy, lethargy<br />
iqiit- to be industrious<br />
kamanaq- (i) to have greater authority than others; to be great, worthy of<br />
respect, honored; to be bossy; to be strong, big (of animal)<br />
kamanait- to not be held in awe<br />
*kanŋu (root) feeling of shame, embarrassment, shyness kanŋuit- to be forward, bold<br />
kiiñaq face; blade of knife kiiñait- to be not sharp, dull<br />
manIk- 1 (i) to be smooth (of ice) maniit- for it to be rough (of ice) [maybe, this should be on land]<br />
*manŋa (root) tense, hard, sturdy ?? manŋait- for it to be tough (of meat)<br />
naŋiaq- (i) to be afraid of falling, esp from a high place or into deep water naŋiit- to be daring, esp. in boating<br />
nika- (i) to avoid eye contact with others; to be still, silent, and a<br />
non-participant due to one's embarrassment, lack of confidence or fear of<br />
authority<br />
nikait- to be confident<br />
puqIk- (i) to be smart, quick to learn puqiit- to be dumb<br />
qimmIq dog qimmiit- to not have dogs<br />
*quvia (root) happiness, joy quviit- to be despondent<br />
saŋŋI- (i) to be strong saŋŋiit- to be weak<br />
*suġa (root) fragment, an item suġait- to be healthy<br />
suka- (i) to be fast sukait- to be slow<br />
tupiQ(-), dual tuppak, pl tupqit tent; to raise, set up a tent for (her/him/it) tupqIt- to not have a tent<br />
tuttu caribou (Rangifer arcticus) tuttuit- for there to be no caribou<br />
uqaqsiġiaq- (i) to be obedient uqaqsiġiit- to not be obedient; to be bad<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde isim tamlaması (nominal compounds) yoktur. Bu dillerde belirtisiz (indefinite<br />
nominal compounds) isim tamlaması kesinlikle yoktur, fakat Türkçedeki belirtili (definite or possesive nominal<br />
compounds) isim tamlamasıyla görünürde birebir örtüşen yapı vardır. Bu yapı bize (=Türklere) belirtili<br />
isim tamlaması olarak gözükse de, uzmanları onu tamlama (=compound) olarak görmüyor.<br />
duyduğuma değil gördüğüme inanırım, diyorduk ya; gördüğüne de inanma!<br />
false cognate<br />
REL = relative case (playing the role of both genitive case<br />
and ergative case); relativizer, relative marker<br />
ABS = absolutive case ; absolutive marker<br />
Unangan (Aleut)<br />
Unanga-m tunu-u<br />
Unangan-REL.s language- ABS/A/s<br />
Unangan language<br />
tayaĝu-m ula-a<br />
man-REL.s house- ABS/A/s<br />
the man's house<br />
http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~spena/papers/Nikolaeva-Spencer-poss-mod-scale.pdf<br />
In Aleut (<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut) there are two construction-internal<br />
morphological markers in NPs (Bergsland, 1997; Golovko, 1997). The head of<br />
a complex NP bears a number marker (in the Absolutive singular -a, dual -kix<br />
GEN = genitive case; genitive marker<br />
POSS = possessive; possessive marker [in English s with<br />
possessive apostrophe]<br />
Turkish<br />
Aleut dil-i<br />
Unangan language-POSS.3s * 1<br />
Unangan language<br />
adam-ın ev-i * 2 / adam-ın hane-si<br />
man-GEN house-POSS.3s<br />
the man’s house<br />
Sakha (Yakut)<br />
Саха Республика-та<br />
Sakha republic-POSS.3s<br />
Sakha Republic<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 35
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
or plural -(ng)is/-(ng)in). Golovko refers to it as ‘possessive’, as it is absent on<br />
nouns which do not take dependents and on which number is expressed<br />
differently (singular -x̂, dual -(i)x/-ki and plural -(i)n/-(i)s). The dependent<br />
bears the so-called ‘relative’ marker, whose function is to indicate the<br />
dependent status of the phrase. The relative marker is also sensitive to the<br />
number feature of its host noun: singular and dual -(i)m, plural -s. The<br />
construction expresses both possession and (in the singular only)<br />
modification by noun e.g:<br />
a. sabaaka-m tutuusi-ki<br />
dog-REL.SG ear-POSS.DU<br />
‘dog’s ears’<br />
b. tayaĝu-s hla-ngis<br />
man-REL.PL son-POSS.PL<br />
‘men’s sons’<br />
c. alaĝu-m qa-a<br />
ocean.REL.SG fish-POSS.SG<br />
‘ocean fish’<br />
d. isuĝ-im ajaga-a<br />
seal-REL.SG female-POSS.SG<br />
‘female seal’<br />
Саха Республика-т-ын былааҕ-а<br />
Sakha republic—POSS.3s-GEN flag-POSS.3s<br />
flag of the Sakha Republic<br />
Hungarian (Macarca)<br />
Péter autó-ja<br />
NAME car-POSS.3s<br />
Peter’s car<br />
Ümüt könyv-e<br />
NAME book-POSS.3s<br />
Ümüt's book<br />
* 1 http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/27/755/9632.pdf Erhan Aslan ve Aslı Altan, The Role of -(s)I in Turkish Indefinite Nominal Compounds, 2006<br />
* 2 http://home.uchicago.edu/~merchant/pubs/aleut.tree.pdf Jason Merchant, Aleut case matters, 2008 p:8<br />
possession in the Na-Dene languages<br />
PSR+/-PSM-PNS<br />
PSR = possessor [possessor noun (+) or possessor prefix, possessive prefix (-)][is unlike in all persons: heteroprefix]<br />
PSM = possessum, possessed noun<br />
PNS = possessed noun suffix, possessive suffix [is alike in all persons: homosuffix] [but heterosuffix in the Turkic languages]<br />
Tlingit<br />
Jáan híd-i<br />
NAME house-PNS [< hít + ÿi]<br />
John's house<br />
Dena’ina<br />
Michael ghelt-’a<br />
NAME sled-PNS<br />
Michael's sled<br />
Dane-zaa Záágéʔ (Beaver) & Turkish<br />
homosuffix heterosuffix<br />
taa father baba<br />
sataaʔ my father babam<br />
nataaʔ your (sg) father baban<br />
mataaʔ his/her father babası<br />
hataaʔ our father babamız<br />
nahataaʔ your (pl) father babanız<br />
guutaaʔ their father babaları<br />
Dìne Sųłıné *Chipewyan+ and Tłįchǫ Yatiì *Dogrib+ örnekleri için bakabilirsiniz:<br />
http://web.uvic.ca/ling/faculty/SSILA2008-WilhelmSaxon.pdf Andrea Wilhelm and Leslie Saxon, The 'possessed noun suffix' and "possession" in two Northern<br />
Athabaskan languages, SSILA Annual Meeting, January 2008<br />
İñupiaq<br />
aaġlu-m iñu-a<br />
killer.whale-REL person-ABS.POSS.3s-3s<br />
hump on back of killer whale [lit. the person/spirit of a killer whale]<br />
Greenlandic<br />
A. noun phrase construction<br />
Kaal-ip illu-a<br />
Karl-ERG house-ABS.POSS.3s-3s<br />
Karl's house<br />
piniart-up qaja-a<br />
hunter-ERG kayak-ABS.POSS.3s-3s<br />
the hunter's kayak<br />
B. postpositional construction<br />
illu-p qaa-ni<br />
on top of the house<br />
Inuktitut<br />
illu-up ukkua-nga ‘the door of the house’<br />
anaana-ma illu-nga my mother's house<br />
Yup'ik<br />
kuige-m paa-nga ‘river’s mouth’<br />
qaya-m paa-nga ‘kayak’s hatch’<br />
nuna-m iqu-a 'the end of the tundra'<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 36
ğildir.<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Angalga-am qimugtai ‘Angalgaq's dogs’<br />
angun man<br />
angutem qimugtii the man's dog<br />
angutem qimugtai the man's dogs<br />
angutet qimugtiit the men's dog<br />
angutet qimugtait the men's dogs<br />
angutek qimugtegkek the men2's dogs2<br />
http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~ajohns/JohnsNI05.pdf Johns, Restricting noun ıncorporation: Root Movement,<br />
2005<br />
1. NOUN INCORPORATION IN INUKTITUT<br />
Noun incorporation in Inuktitut is very productive and very common in the language. Allen (1994) and<br />
Parkinson (1999) both show that Inuit children acquire productive noun incorporation at an early stage,<br />
attesting to its central role in Inuktitut grammar (see section 4. for discussion). Although the noun in an NI<br />
construction is morphologically attached to the verb, it nonetheless has properties which indicate that it is<br />
neither a verbal modifier nor a compound. In a seminal article Sadock (1980) provides arguments that in<br />
Kalaallisut (West Greenlandic Inuit), NI is clearly a syntactic phenomenon (to be discussed further in 1.1),<br />
rather than simply compounding. 5 From this it can be concluded that noun incorporation in Inuktitut provides<br />
an interesting example of the interaction between the syntax and the morphological component.<br />
5 There are a number of pieces of evidence which make a compound analysis impossible. First<br />
and foremost, Inuktitut does not have either verbal or nominal compounds, i.e. there is<br />
Michael Fortescue (Department of <strong>Eskimo</strong>logy, University of Copenhagen)'nün konuyla ilgili bir çalışması<br />
[<strong>Eskimo</strong> word order variation and its contact-induced perturbation, Journal of Linguistics: 29 : 267-289 Cambridge University Press, 1993] var<br />
ama ben ulaşamadım:<br />
[17] Compare English 'the X of Y'. Barrow Inupiaq also has the general <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
possessor-possessum construction parallel to English 'Y's X',<br />
Kara’nın “isim tamlaması” örneği olarak sunduğu aularuq nuna sözü isim tamlaması de-<br />
Dayanak aldığı İnyupikçe sözlükteki veriler:<br />
aularuq moves (N, s)<br />
aularuq dances (K)<br />
aularuq nuna earthquake (N)<br />
iḷiqsaqtuq quakes, wobbles<br />
iḷiqsaqtuq nuna earthquake (K)<br />
Kara’nın görüntüyü yanlış yorumlamasına sebep olan earthquake tanımlamasını isim olarak<br />
değil fiil olarak algılamak gerekir. Zira ilk bölümle aynı olan örnekler fiildir.<br />
Başka İnyupikçe kaynaklarda (http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc) buna benzer olarak<br />
yalnızca nuna iḷiqsraqtuq 'there is an earthquake' örneği geçiyor. iḷiqsraq-* 'to squirm, wiggle, move<br />
around; to quake (of land)' fiilinin çekintisi olan örneğin Grönland İnuitçesindeki karşılığı nuna<br />
sajuppoq (eski yazı nuna sajugpoq) 'the earth trembles; there is an earthquake' olup deprem için görü-<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 37
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
nürde bizdeki isim tamlamasını andıran yapı kullanılır: nunap sajunnera (eski yazı nunap<br />
sajungnera). Deprem için Batı Supikçesinde aulaluni , Doğu Supikçesinde arulaluni,<br />
a’ulaluni Doğu Kanada İnuitçesinde ᓴᔪᑉᐱᓛᕗᖅ sajuppilaavuq adı geçiyor.<br />
İnyupikçe nuna'lı fiil çekimleri olarak nuna ivsaktuq or nuna ivsakkaa 'the ground became moist'<br />
< ivsak- 'to become saturated with moisture' ; kaviqsigaa nuna or kaviqsiruq nuna 'the land is turning reddish' <<br />
kaviqsi- 'to turn red, redden; to have measles' ; kukiḷukkaa nuna 'she is traveling over the land' < kukiḷuk- 'to go<br />
about from place to place; to travel' ; nuna apiqqammiġaa 'the ground has new snow' < appiqqammiq- 'to have new<br />
snow cover (of ground)' örneklerini verebiliriz. Kara'nın gördüğü gibi görürsek "isim tamlaması" diyebileceğimiz<br />
örnek var ama ne yazık (!) ki isim tamlaması değil: nunam natchisaa 'the land’s floor or bedrock' <<br />
natchiñ 'floor; bedrock'<br />
A gigantic Earthquake in Alaska tore up this road back in 2003.<br />
http://earthquakefacts.net/Earthquake-Pictures.html<br />
*NOT voiceless r (sr /ʂ/ ). Where Kobuk River people use "sr" between vowels, North Slope <strong>Eskimo</strong>s pronounce "s" : aġnasalluq (N)<br />
aġnasralluq (K); atausiq (N) atausriq (K); iñuusiq (N) iñuusriq (K); ikusik (N) ikusrik (K); irrusiq (N) irrusriq (K); isaġuq (N) israġuq (K);<br />
isuma (N) isruma (K); kanŋusuktuq (N) kanŋusruktuq (K); masu (N) masru (K); nakasuk (N) nakasruk (K); nasaq (N) nasraq (K); pasigaa<br />
(N) pasrigaa (K); pisaasuqtuq (N) pisaasruktuq (K); qanusiq (N) qanusriq (K) ...<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 38
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
3<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=q<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
qablik <strong>Eskimo</strong> waterproof boot (N)<br />
qablik fur breeches (fur in)<br />
M.KARA I 1509<br />
qaġlik <strong>Eskimo</strong> waterproof boot (N)<br />
qaġlik fur breeches (fur in)<br />
Dialect Note: (N) after a word or meaning indicates use in<br />
the North Slope villages, (K) after a word or meaning<br />
indicates use in the Kobuk River villages.<br />
İñupiaqçada kullanılan bazı Türkçe kelimelerdeki ses özellikleri de bu kelimelerin<br />
bir kısmının 13. ve 14. yüzyıl Doğu Türkçesine ait olabileceğini göstermektedir. Söz konusu<br />
kelimelerde hem bir ünlü yuvarlaklaşması bulunmakta hem de kelime sonlarındaki "-g"<br />
ünsüzlerinin sedasızlaşarak "-k"ye döndüğü görülmektedir.<br />
İñu. qaluk (= kaluk) "balık" örneğinde, OT.'deki yuvarlak ünlülü biçim olan baluk<br />
(CLAUSON 1972: 335) aynen korunmuştur. <strong>Bir</strong> yer adı olan Chuathbaluk'ta ise OT. baluk<br />
daha açık bir şekilde yer almıştır. İñu. qablik (= kablık) "su geçirmez <strong>Eskimo</strong> çizmesi, botu;<br />
kürklü pantolon" örneğinde ise, "-lig" ekinin son sesi olan "-g", sedasızlaşarak "-k" olmuştur.<br />
Bu sedasızlaşma da OT.'de gerçekleşmiş olmalıdır.<br />
1. İñu. qablik (= kablık)* “su geçirmez <strong>Eskimo</strong> çizmesi, botu; kürklü pantolon”. ET.<br />
*ka:blıg kelimesiyle ilişkili olmalıdır. Su geçirmeyen çizmelerin bir kısmı kaplıdır; içleri ayağı<br />
sıcak tutacak malzemelerle kaplanır. Kürklü pantolon da hayvan kürküyle kaplanmakta<br />
veya tamamen kürkten yapılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu kelimenin Türkçe olduğu anlaşılıyor.<br />
*İngilizce ve İñupiaqçada “ı” ünlüleri bulunmadığı için, İñupiaqça-İngilizce olarak hazırlanan Iñupiat <strong>Eskimo</strong> Dictionary<br />
(Fairbanks-Alaska, 1970) adlı eserde ve bundan faydalanılarak hazırlanan Interactive Iñupiaq Dictionary adlı internet sözlüğünde<br />
İñupiaqçaya geçen Türkçe kelimelerdeki “ı”lar “i” olarak gösterilmiştir.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Inupiaq fontu yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsüne göre b olarak gözüken harf,<br />
gerçekte ġ sesinin şifresidir. Bu şifreden “haberdar” olmayan Kara, b harfi görünümlü ġ sesini<br />
b sesi gibi değerlendirip yanlış denkleştirme yapıyor. Ayakkabı’nın kap’ını aklına getirerek Eski<br />
Türkçe hayali “ka:blıg” sözüne bağladığı İnyupikçe qablik verisinin gerçek görüntüsü qaġlik<br />
(sg) qaġliik (dual) Türkçeye bağlanamaz*. Kaldı ki, birincil anlamı ayakkabı değil pantolon’dur.<br />
maz!<br />
Onun Fransızcavari alternatif yazımlı qarlik biçimi de Türkçe *qarlıq (karlık)’a bağlana-<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde pantolon (pants, trousers) : Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᖃᕐᓖᒃ qarliik ‘pants’<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi qarlik (eski yazı: qardlik) (sg) qarliit (eski yazı: qardlît) (pl) ‘trousers’<br />
Yupikçe qerrulliik 'a pair of pants' (> the village of Kotlik) Nunivak Çupikçesi qerrullig<br />
'pants; sealskin pants'<br />
Yıldız (*)’lı dipnotunuz akademik değil; çocukça!<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 39
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/nbwm/2971618110/<br />
* Tabii ki Rusça каблук 'ökçe / ayakkabı topuğu = heel' sözüne de bağlanamaz.<br />
Yeri gelmişken, Rusça каблук Türkçe alıntıdır ama kap+ayak’tan bozma değildir. Arapça кав - "пятка" sözünden de baz alınmamıştır.<br />
Defter kaplığı ile aynı olup kaplamak fiiliyle kökteştir.<br />
http://beznen-yul.narod.ru/arhiv/2002/11san/tyrkslov11.htm<br />
каблук. - Тюркское - "каблук у обуви", в свою очередь образовалось на базе арабского кав - "пятка". В русских<br />
памятниках отмечается с XVI века.<br />
http://www.turkishstudies.net/sayilar/sayi13/18esenaliyevaminara.pdf<br />
Minara Aliyeva Esen, Rus <strong>Dilinde</strong>ki Türkçe Kelimeler üzerine bir Tasnif Denemesi, Turkish Studies International Periodical For<br />
the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 3/7 Fall 2008<br />
каблук (kabluk) “tahta veya deriden yapılan ökçe, ayakkabının topuğu” (
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
4<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=q<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
qabrupiat bow and arrow<br />
qabruq arrow, shell<br />
qabruqabvik ammunition case (K)<br />
qabruuraqtuun shotgun (N)<br />
M.KARA I 1513<br />
qaġrupiat bow and arrow<br />
qaġruq arrow, shell<br />
qaġruqaġvik ammunition case (K)<br />
qaġruuraqtuun shotgun (N)<br />
Dialect Note: (N) after a word or meaning indicates use in the North<br />
Slope villages, (K) after a word or meaning indicates use in the<br />
Kobuk River villages.<br />
9. İñu. qabruq "kabuk; deniz hayvanı kabuğu". Clauson sözlüğünde "kabuk" anlamına gelen<br />
ve benzer ses özelliği taşıyan bir kelimeye rastlayamadık. Clauson, "kapı" anlamındaki ET. kapıg,<br />
kabag ve "kapak, örtü" anlamındaki kapga:k, kapkak, kapak kelimelerinin *kap- fiilinden geldiğini<br />
düşünür (CLAUSON 1972: 583, 584). Ancak Clauson, muhtemel *kap~- fiilinin anlamını vermemiştir.<br />
Clauson tarafından *kap- fiilinin anlamının "kapamak, kapatmak, örtmek" olarak düşünüldüğünü<br />
sanıyoruz. Hasan Eren de kapı kelimesinin etimolojisi üstünde dururken bu kelimenin kap- veya kapa-<br />
fiilinden geldiğini belirtir (Eren 1999: 208). Günümüz Türk lehçelerinde kabuk yanında özellikle<br />
kabık şeklinde yaygın olan (ERCİLASUN 1991: 418-419) kelimenin de muhtemel bir *kap- fiilinden<br />
gelmiş olduğunu düşünüyoruz. Eski Anadolu Türkçesinde "kaplamak, istilâ etmek" anlamına bir kap-<br />
fiili bulunmaktadır ,Tarama Sözlüğü IV1969: 2248).<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Türkçe qabuq sözüyle ilgi kurulamaz, çünkü:<br />
1) Değerlendirmeye aldığınız fontsuz qabruq sözünün fontlu gerçek görüntüsü sesçe ilgi<br />
kurulamıyacak kadar farklıdır: qaġruq<br />
2) Türkçe -k/q bitimli yapıntıları <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca -q/k bitimli çekintilerle birleştiremezsiniz.<br />
3) arrow tanımlamasını *ve diğer verileri+ es geçip shell (= deniz kabuğu;…) tanımlamasını almak,<br />
açıkça veri saklamaktır.<br />
Redhouse'da shell için verilen "kabuk; bağa; istiridye kabuğu; bina iskeleti; ince uzun yarış sandalı, kik; mermi kovanı;<br />
açık bej rengi" tanımlamasındaki mermi kovanı anlamı, İnyupikçe sözlükteki shell’in tam karşılığıdır ve bu<br />
karşılığı başka kaynaklar* da doğruluyor: In Inupiaq, qaġruq 'arrow' now means 'bullet' [REDHOUSE bullet = mermi,<br />
kurşun; küçük top]<br />
<strong>Bir</strong>incil anlamı "ok = arrow" olan bir sözü, semantik açıdan deniz kabuk'u ile örtüştüremezsiniz:<br />
arrow = ok ➟ shell = mermi kovanı ➟ bullet = mermi § "arrow = ok" ile "shell / bullet = mermi *kovanı+" arasındaki<br />
anlam geçişini kavramak için ok'un ağaç kısmının sokulduğu metal (temren = arrowhead) yuva ile<br />
merminin sokulduğu kovan'ı hatırlamak ve okun da merminin de atımlı silah olduğunu düşünmek<br />
gerekir.<br />
4) “r türemesi”ni nasıl açıklamayı düşünüyordunuz?<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 41
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
shell and bullet sea shell<br />
Inupiaq spear/arrow point, 1905<br />
Anlamı mermi ile kovanı kapsayacak biçimde genişleyen qaġruq sözünü ilk anlamına<br />
döndermek için -piaq (‘gerçek = real’) ekine başvurulmuş: qaġrupiat ‘bow and arrow’ (plural)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 42
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde ok (arrow) : Siglit İnuitçesi qaryuq İqaluktuuttiaq ve Qurluqtuq<br />
İnuitçesi qarjuk Natsilik İnuitçesi qaryuq Kivalliq İnuitçesi qaryuq Aivilik İnuitçesi<br />
qarjuq Kuzey Qikiqtaaluk İnuitçesi qarjuq Güney Qikiqtaaluk İnuitçesi qarjuk<br />
Nunavik İnuitçesi qajjuk Nunatsiavut İnuitçesi Katjuk Batı Grönland İnuitçesi<br />
qarsoq (eski: qarssoq) Doğu Grönland İnuitçesi qarliq Kuzey Grönland İnuitçesi<br />
qarhuq Sirenik Yupikçesi qarceẋ Yupikçe qeruq** Nunivak Çupikçesi qerrur Batı Supikçesi ruuwaq<br />
Doğu Supikçesi rruraq<br />
* http://www.erudit.org/revue/etudinuit/2005/v29/n1-2/013946ar.pdf Anna Berge and Lawrence Kaplan, Contact-induced lexical development in Yupik and Inuit languages<br />
Relexicalization<br />
Relexicalization is commonly found in cases where native terms were restricted in use, as in old shamanic terms, or became obsolète as a resuit of modernization or<br />
technological changes. Thus, in West Greenlandic, an old shamanic term agiaq 'rubbing stone' has become 'violin.' Similarly, the names of old items that may hâve gone out of use get<br />
reused for modem technology, e.g., issat 'snow goggles' now means 'eyeglasses' (Petersen 1976). Aningaasaq 'money, change' is from an old word for 'moon.' In Inupiaq, qagruq<br />
'arrow' now means 'bullet’, and kutchuq 'tree sap' has corne to mean 'chewing gum.' Another interesting source of relexicalization is the introduction of new concepts. In many Inuit<br />
dialects, the word for 'to sell' is some variation of niuviq-, originally meaning simply 'to trade'; as in WG niuer-, East Canadian Inuktitut (ECI) niuviq- (most ECI examples are from Baffin<br />
Island Inuktitut unless otherwise indicated). In many cases, the same word is also used for its converse, 'to buy.' Thus, while Greenlandic uses pisiniar- 'to buy, lit. to acquire something,'<br />
most Canadian Inuit dialects use niuviq-. The comparable English meanings 'sell' and 'buy' are relatively récent. Another well-known source of relexicalization has been the<br />
reinterpretation of traditional religion and spirituality according to the needs of the newly introduced religions; hence the reinterpretation of 'shaman's familiar spirit' to mean 'devil,' as<br />
discussed above. In Alaska, where there were more rituals associated with the native religion and consequently native terms for thèse rituals, many were subject to relexicalization.<br />
Thus, CAY agayu- 'to hold the mask ceremony' became 'to pray,' and agayuvik 'church, place for praying' was coined from this (Berge and Kaplan 2002). New foods, condiments, etc.<br />
also led to relexicalization. Once again, in CAY, the appearance of tobacco, both as dried leaves and as eut or chopped leaves, resembled native plants, and the terms cuyaq 'leaf and<br />
ingqaaq 'something chopped' became associated specifically with tobacco.<br />
Relexicalizations appear to be more random than either borrowings from the respective source languages or coinages, and the latter two appear to hâve had a far greater<br />
effect on the lexicon.<br />
** http://www.yupikscience.org/4riversspring/4-2.html Yup’ik arrows (pitegcautet) from the Yukon: akitnaq (blunt tipped bird hunting arrow), urugnaq (arrow with barbed ivory<br />
point), pingayupegcetaaq (three pronged arrow), akulmiqurcetaaq (two pronged bird arrow), and umilek (arrow with a stone point).<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
qaġruq arrow, bullet, shell, any projectile | ? +ruq 1 n<br />
qaġrI- to make arrows for (her/him); to make (it) into arrows / qaġrigaa tutaaluni he is making arrows for his grandchild / qaġrigai pukuani qiruich he is making the wood that he gathered<br />
into arrows | ‘=I- 1 nv<br />
qaġrIq- (i) to load bullets in gun; (t) to load it=gun | ‘=Iq- 1 nv<br />
qaġriqsuq- (t) to load it=gun with ammunition @ qaġriqsuI- | ‘=Iq- 1 nv +tuq- 2 vv<br />
qaġruksraun lead for making bullets | -ksraun nn<br />
qaġrupiat arrow | -piaq(-) 2 nn -t (pl mkr)<br />
qaġruqaġvIk ammunition case | -qaq- 1 nv +vIk 1 vn<br />
qaġruq sululik feathered arrow<br />
qaġruuraqtuun shotgun | :uraq(-) 1 nn +tuq 3 nv :un 1 vn<br />
qaġruurat buckshot | :uraq(-) 1 nn -t (pl mkr)<br />
qaġruqsaq(-) skin-covered fishhook left in water; (Nu) long anchor fishhook used for lush, ling cod; (i) to fish with a skin-covered hook left in water<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=+888&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *qaʁru<br />
Meaning: arrow, bullet<br />
Russian meaning: стрела, пуля<br />
Proto-Yupik: *qæʁrú- ˜ *qắʁru-<br />
Meaning: arrow 1, bullet 2, lead (= sth. for an arrow head) 3<br />
Russian Meaning: стрела 1, пуля 2, свинец (= нечто для стрелы) 3<br />
Sirenik: qaʁcǝ́ẋ, //qaʁruẋ [Vakh.] 1, qaʁrúʁnǝẋ 2, 3<br />
Chaplino: ẋūq (ẋūʁǝt) 1, 2, 'ball-cartridge', ẋuẋqaq 3<br />
Naukan: ẋu 2, 'ball-cartridge', uʁáɫǝq 3 (< "ẋuʁáɫǝq ?)<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: cf. ǝẋuaẋtǝ-, ẋuʁāẋtǝ- 'to have a stick go through roof of mouth'<br />
Chugach (AAY): ẋuq 1, 2<br />
Koniag (AAY): ẋūʁaq 1, 2<br />
Chugach (<strong>Bir</strong>ket-Smith): ẋuq 1<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: cf. qǝẋuaẋtǝ- 'to get a splinter'<br />
Egegik (Peripheral): qǝẋuq 1, 2<br />
Chevak (Peripheral): qǝẋuq 1, 2<br />
Nunivak (Peripheral): ẋẋoẋ* 1, qǝẋuq 1, 2<br />
Norton Sound (Peripheral): qǝẋuq 1, 2<br />
Proto-Inupik: *qạʁrų-Г<br />
Meaning: arrow 1, bullet 2<br />
Russian meaning: стрела 1, пуля 2<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: qaʁruq 1, 2<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq qáʁroq 'ball-cartridge', qáʁrun 'cartridge-belt', W qaqzʁut* pl. 1, 2, qaqzʁutit* pl. 2 ?'cartridge-belt', KI qaqʁoq* 2<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: qaʁruq 1, 2<br />
NAI Dialects: B qaqʁoq* 1, 2, (qaʁǝ ̣oq* 'fish-hook' < WCI), Ingl qaɣʁoq* 1, 2<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: qaʁjuq, qaʁjuk 1, 2<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor qaʁjoq* 1, 2, 'fish-hook', qaʁun* 2, M qaʁjoq* 1, 2, 'fish-hook'<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: qaʁjuk 1<br />
ECI Dialects: Aiv qaʁjuk 2<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: qaʁšuq (qarssoq*) 1, qarsorsaq* 'fish-hook'<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 43
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
5<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=i<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=y<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
iyabijhaq knife sheath (K)<br />
yabisrhaq knife sheath (n)<br />
M.KARA I 1515<br />
iyaġiłhaq knife sheath (K)<br />
yaġisrhaq knife sheath (n)<br />
İñu. iyabijhaq (= ıyabıjhaq) "bıçak kını" kelimesinin son kısmında bulunan bijhaq (= bıjhak),<br />
bıç- "kesmek" fiilinden yapılmış ET. bıçak "bıçak" ile ilişkili olmalıdır (CLAUSON 1972: 292-294).<br />
İñupiaqcada yine "bıçak kını" anlamına gelen yabisrhaq'taki bisrhaq (= bısrhak) da aynı kelimenin bir<br />
başka şeklidir.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Negatif fotoğraftan yapılan teşhis ancak bu kadar olur! Mehmet Kara’nın iyabijhaq<br />
ve yabisrhaq olarak gördüğü iyaġiłhaq (Kobuk River dialect) ve yaġisrhaq (n =<br />
Noatak? dialect) ile Türkçe bıçak arasında ilgi kurulamaz. Yaptığım taramada yalnızca<br />
İnyupikçede (Nu = Nuataaġmiut? dialect) örnek bulabildim. Diğer <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde<br />
benzerleri yok. O yüzden birleşenlerine ayıramıyorum. Yalnız, Kara’nın ayırdığı<br />
biçimde bölünemiyeceğine adım gibi eminim.<br />
http://americanindian.si.edu/searchcollections/results.aspx?objtype=Personal+item s<br />
Man's knife and sheath<br />
Kuskwogmiut Yup'ik (Kuskokwim <strong>Eskimo</strong>)<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
iyaġałqhaq or iyaġałłaq or iyaġarġaq (Nu) knife sheath<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 44
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
6<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=q<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
qixa shaman's power or familiar spirit, conjuring spirit<br />
qixafaq common puffin, tufted puffin (Lunda cirrhata)<br />
qixafmiutauraq collared lemming (Dicrostonyx rubricatus)<br />
qixagaq palate, roof of mouth<br />
qixak ceiling<br />
qixak sky, heaven, roof<br />
qixak heaven<br />
qixallautaq Holy Spirit (K)<br />
qixam qaafa roof (lit. ceiling's top)<br />
qixaruq conjures, divines<br />
qixaun divining rod (used by diviners, e.g. to foretell death or<br />
life of a sick person)<br />
qixaun drum<br />
qixausiraqti drummer<br />
M.KARA II 292<br />
10. İñu. qixak < ET. kö:k<br />
qiḷa shaman's power or familiar spirit, conjuring spirit<br />
qiḷaŋaq common puffin, tufted puffin (Lunda cirrhata)<br />
qiḷaŋmiutauraq collared lemming (Dicrostonyx rubricatus)<br />
qiḷagaq palate, roof of mouth<br />
qiḷak ceiling<br />
qiḷak sky, heaven, roof<br />
qiḷak heaven<br />
qiḷallautaq Holy Spirit (K)<br />
qiḷam qaafa roof (lit. ceiling's top)<br />
qiḷaruq conjures, divines<br />
qiḷaun divining rod (used by diviners, e.g. to foretell death or life<br />
of a sick person)<br />
qiḷaun drum<br />
qiḷausiraqti drummer<br />
İñupiaqça Eski Türkçe İngilizcesi<br />
qixak “gök yüzü; cennet; dam,<br />
çatı; tavan”<br />
< kö:k “gök, gök yüzü” sky; heaven; roof; ceiling<br />
Eski Türkçede ünlüsü uzun olan kö:k “mavi; gök, gök yüzü” kelimesi, Sahacada küöx “gök, gök<br />
yüzü”, Çuvaşçada ise kĭvak “gök, gök yüzü” (TEKİN 1875: 11; VASİLİEV -CARGISTAY- 1995: 99) biçimindedir.<br />
Eski Türkçedeki “uzun ö” ünlüleri, Çuvaşçada “-ıva-“ seslerine denk gelmektedir (TEKİN<br />
1875: 11). Acaba Yakutçada “-üö-“, Çuvaşçada “-ıva-“ seslerine denk gelen “uzun ö”, İñupiaqça “-ixa-<br />
“ seslerine mi denk geliyor;<br />
Eski Türkçede Teŋri kelimesinin “gök, gök yüzü” anlamının yanı sıra “cennet” anlamının bulunması,<br />
öte yandan Kö:k Teŋri kelimelerinin birlikte “cennet” anlamına gelmesi (CLAUSON 1972:<br />
523, 709), İñupiaqçadaki qixak ile Türkçe kö:k arasındaki bağlantıyı güçlendirmektedir.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 45
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Türkçe kö:k (> gök) sözüyle ilgi kurulamaz, çünkü:<br />
1) Değerlendirmeye aldığınız fontsuz qixak sözünün fontlu gerçek görüntüsü sesçe ilgi<br />
kurulamıyacak kadar farklıdır: qiḷak<br />
2) Türk ve <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilleri gibi iki ayrı k sesini [k velar / q uvular+ ayırt eden dillerde k’yi k ile q’yı q<br />
ile birleştirebilirsiniz.<br />
mez.<br />
3) Türkçe -k/q bitimli yapıntıları <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca -q/k bitimli çekintilerle birleştiremezsiniz.<br />
Nostratic teorisyenlerinin <strong>Eskimo</strong> qiḷak'larıyla Türk gölge'sini birleştirmeleri de kabul edile-<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> (Yupik-İnuit) dillerinde gök (sky) için qilak ᕿᓚᒃ adı ortaktır.<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
qila(-) 1 or qiḷa shaman’s power; shaman’s spirit; conjuring spirit; (i) to invoke spirits (of shaman) / qilasiññaqtuq aŋatkuuŋitkaluaqtuq he is conjuring spirits even though he is not a shaman<br />
qillan shaman’s conjuring rod | ‘n 1 vn § rel. qirugautaq<br />
qiḷagautaq divining rod used to foretell fate of sick person | -gaq 1 vv -utaq 1 vn<br />
qiḷaun drum used in Iñupiaq dancing | :un 1 vn<br />
qiḷaugauraq (Ti) eardrum | :un 1 vn :uraq 1 nn<br />
qiḷaurraq- (i) to drum, play the drum | -urraq(-) vv,vn<br />
qiḷausiraq- (Ti) (i) to play the drum | :un 1 vn :siraq- nv<br />
qiḷausiraqti or qiḷaurraqti drummer | :uti 1 vn =Iraq- nv t/ri 3 vn -urraq(-) vv,vn t/rI 3 vn<br />
qiḷak(-) sky, heaven, roof; (i) to be in the process of having a roof put on (of house); (t) to put a roof on it<br />
qiḷagakuaqtuat palatal sounds | -gaq 8 nn -kuaq- nv +tuaq (part) -t (pl mkr)<br />
qiḷagaq roof of mouth, hard palate | -gaq 8 nn<br />
qiḷagluk- (i) to be cloudy and windy | +luk(-) 1 vn, nv<br />
qilagluksi- (Ti) (t) to get cloudy and windy | +luk(-) 1 vn, nv +sI- 1 vv<br />
qiḷaguaq upstairs | -guaq 2 nv<br />
qiḷaich supporting crosswise roof beams | :It (pl mkr)<br />
qiḷaktaq ice cache (above ground) | +t/raq 4 vn<br />
qiḷaŋmiutaq collared lemming (Dicronstonyx groenlandicus) | miu +t/raq 4 vn<br />
qiḷak- 1 (i) to drum<br />
qiḷaun an Inupiaq drum<br />
qiḷaurraqti drummer<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=+550&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *qilaɣ (-ɫuɣ)<br />
Meaning: sky, cloud<br />
Russian meaning: небо, облако<br />
Proto-Yupik: *qilaɣ (-ɫuɣ)<br />
Meaning: sky 1, cloud 2<br />
Russian Meaning: небо 1, облако 2<br />
Sirenik: qílǝx 1, qiláxɫǝx 'cloud, overcast'<br />
Chaplino: qilák (ɣǝt), kil/ɫak* 1, qiláxɫuk (ɣǝt), kɨláxɫuk* 2<br />
Naukan: qílak 1, qílin 'ceiling', qiláxɫuk 2<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: qilak 1<br />
Koniag (AAY): qilaxɫuk 2<br />
Chugach (<strong>Bir</strong>ket-Smith): qiläk 1<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: qilak 1<br />
Nunivak (Peripheral): qilak* 1, qilaxɫux 2<br />
Proto-Inupik: *qịlạɣ (-luɣ)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 46
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Meaning: sky 1, cloud 2, roof, ceiling 3<br />
Russian meaning: небо 1, облако 2, крыша, потолок 3<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: qilak 1, 2, 3, qilaɣluk 2<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq qılak ́ 1, 2, W qilẹq*, qiląq* 1, qila* (åk, qiʎʎąt) 3, KI qilẹq* 1, qila* 3<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: qiĺak 1, 3, qilaɣluk- 'to be cloudy'<br />
NAI Dialects: B qilák* 1, qiĺąk* 3, Ingl qilak* 1<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: qilak 1, 3<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor, M qilak* 1<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: qilak 1, qilaŋŋua(q)- 'to stand out in silhouette against the sky'<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: qilak (qilak*) 1, qilâq* 'roof, palate' *Jen.+, qilaŋŋūʁ- 'to stand out in silhouette against the sky'<br />
Eurasiatic: *ḳVĺV<br />
Meaning: dark<br />
Indo-European: *kål- ( + *kal- / -e- 2801)<br />
Altaic: *k`oĺi(-mV)<br />
Meaning: shadow, cloud<br />
Russian meaning: тень, облако<br />
Turkic: *köl-<br />
Turkish: gölge, kölge (dial.)<br />
Tungus-Manchu: *KVlm-<br />
Korean: *kúrùm<br />
Japanese: *kùmua-N<br />
Dravidian: *kàl-<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut: *qilaɣ (-ɫuɣ)<br />
Nostratic etymology :<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 47
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
7<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=q<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
utuqqanaat old people<br />
utuqqauruq is old<br />
M.KARA I 1515<br />
İñu. utuqqauruq "yaşlı, ihtiyar; eski" kelimesinin ikinci kısmında bulunan qauruq (= kauruk),<br />
ET. karı:- "yaşlanmak, ihtiyarlamak" fiilinden yapılmış bir isim olan muhtemel *karıg/*karug kelimesiyle<br />
ilişkili olabileceği gibi Eski Uygurcada kullanılan karıyuk "yaşlanmış, yaşlı" ile ilişkili de olabilir<br />
(CLAUSON 1972: 645).<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Sıfat sanarak "yaşlı, ihtiyar; eski" diye çevirdiğiniz İngilizce "is old" tanımlamasını, İnyupikçe sözlüğün<br />
önsözünde belirtilen kural* gereği "yaşlanır" biçiminde fiil olarak vermeliydiniz.<br />
utuqqaq 'yaşlı' sözünden köken alan utuqqau- 'yaşlanmak' fiilinin üçüncü tekil şahsa göre çekimi<br />
olan utuqqau-ruq ‘yaşlanır’ çekintisini utuq-qauruq biçiminde yanlış yerden bölerek ikinci bölüntüyü<br />
Türkçe *karıg/*karug sözüne bağlayamazsınız.<br />
Görmezden gelip sakladığınız utuqqanaat 'old people = elder, senior citizen = aksakal ve akpürçek' verisi de<br />
aynı kökün *utuqqaq 'yaşlı'] isimden isim yapan -naaq ekli türevinin plural biçimidir.<br />
Grandparents by James Kivetoruk Moses, Inupiaq (Alaskan Inupiat <strong>Eskimo</strong>), 1902-1982<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
id<br />
Sayfa 48
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
*http://www.alaskool.org/Language/dictionaries/inupiaq/default.htm: Third, verbs are indicated by the ending "-uq" on the <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
word and "-s" on the English gloss. Look at the words marked 1. (Some English glosses need a helping verb as "is happy").<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
utuqqaQ something old<br />
>Utuqqaq former village site between Wainwright and Barrow<br />
Utuqqaġmiut people of Utuqqaq River area [Utokok River] | -,:miu(q) nn -t (pl mkr)<br />
utuqqalI- (i) to grow old, become aged | -lI- 2 nv<br />
utuqqanaaq elder, senior citizen | -naaq 3 nn<br />
utuqqaqtuun custom | +tuq- 3 nv :uti 1 vn<br />
utuqqau- (i) to be old | :u- 2 nv<br />
utuqqaviñiq piece of old land-locked ice which has broken off; chunk of thick shore ice | -viñiQ nn<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=1264&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *utu-, *uci-<br />
Meaning: old<br />
Russian meaning: старый<br />
Proto-Yupik: *utu-, *uci-<br />
Meaning: old<br />
Russian Meaning: старый<br />
Sirenik: ūsatájǝʁáẋ, usaẋ<br />
Chaplino: utúqa (t)<br />
Naukan: utúqaq, cf. ōsǝ 'host'<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: usuqqaʁ- 'to wear out, to fall apart'<br />
Chugach (<strong>Bir</strong>ket-Smith): ucīŋụq 'old woman'<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: utuqa- 'aged (sealskin)'<br />
Comparative <strong>Eskimo</strong> Dictionary: 383<br />
Proto-Inupik: *ụtųqqạ-<br />
Meaning: old 1, old person 2<br />
Russian meaning: старый 1, старик 2<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: utuqaq 1, utuqanåq 2<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq utúqaq 1, utúqaûʁraq 2, W, KI utoqqaq* 1<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: utuqqaq (ʁ) 1, utuqqanåq 2<br />
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl utoqqaq* 1<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: utuqqaq 1<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor, M utoqqaq* 1<br />
ECI Dialects: Igl utuqqaviksuaq magn. 2 [Ras.]<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: utuqqaq (ʁ) (utorqaq*) 2, utuqqaɫɫak 'old animal'<br />
Inupiaq <strong>Eskimo</strong> Dancer<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 49
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
8<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=a<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=i<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=m<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=n<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=q<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
annibeaq pain (N)<br />
annibeaqtuq hurts, pains, is sick (N)<br />
annii exclamation of pain, sorrow or<br />
disappointmentq<br />
anniiyaruq is sore (N)<br />
anniqsubaa benefits him<br />
anniqsubiaq salvation<br />
anniqsuiruq helps, is beneficial (N)<br />
anniqsuiruq benefits, helps<br />
Anniqsuqti Savior<br />
anniqsuqtiksraq salvation (K)<br />
anniqsuqtuq is saved (K)<br />
Anniqsuun Savior (K)<br />
atnibeaq pain (K)<br />
atnibeaqtuq is sick (malaise) (K)<br />
atnibeaqtuq hurts, pains, is sick (K)<br />
atniiyaruq is sore (K)<br />
atniutaqtuqtuq has pain<br />
avaalaruq yelps with pain (K, q)<br />
ibbialaruq yells, shouts<br />
ixasrailaruq cries with pain, screams (K)<br />
mabaalaruq yelps with pain (N)<br />
nipaalaruq screams<br />
nipaiouktaq short-earred owl (Asio flammeus)<br />
(lit. flies soundlessly) (K)<br />
nipaiqsuq becomes quiet<br />
nipaitchuq is quiet<br />
nipaixuktaq short-earred owl (Asio flammeus)<br />
(lit. flies soundlessly) (n)<br />
nipi voice, sound<br />
nipiruq (sun, moon) sets<br />
nipitchaq octopus<br />
nipittuq is sticky<br />
nipituruq is noisy, loud<br />
nipliqsuq says, sounds, voices (K)<br />
quluularuq stomach growls<br />
M.KARA I 1515<br />
anniġeaq pain (N)<br />
anniġeaqtuq hurts, pains, is sick (N)<br />
annii exclamation of pain, sorrow or<br />
disappointmentq<br />
anniiyaruq is sore (N)<br />
anniqsuġaa benefits him<br />
anniqsuġiaq salvation<br />
anniqsuiruq helps, is beneficial (N)<br />
anniqsuiruq benefits, helps<br />
Anniqsuqti Savior<br />
anniqsuqtiksraq salvation (K)<br />
anniqsuqtuq is saved (K)<br />
Anniqsuun Savior (K)<br />
atniġeaq pain (K)<br />
atniġeaqtuq is sick (malaise) (K)<br />
atniġeaqtuq hurts, pains, is sick (K)<br />
atniiyaruq is sore (K)<br />
atniutaqtuqtuq has pain<br />
avaalaruq yelps with pain (K, q)<br />
iġġialaruq yells, shouts<br />
iḷasrailaruq cries with pain, screams (K)<br />
maġaalaruq yelps with pain (N)<br />
nipaalaruq screams<br />
nipaiłuktaq ̣ short-earred owl (Asio flammeus)<br />
(lit. flies soundlessly) (K)<br />
nipaiqsuq becomes quiet<br />
nipaitchuq is quiet<br />
nipaiḷuktaq short-earred owl (Asio flammeus)<br />
(lit. flies soundlessly) (n)<br />
nipi voice, sound<br />
nipiruq (sun, moon) sets<br />
nipitchaq octopus<br />
nipittuq is sticky<br />
nipituruq is noisy, loud<br />
nipliqsuq says, sounds, voices (K)<br />
quluularuq stomach growls<br />
İñupiaqcada kullanılan bazı kelimelerin baş tarafı başka dile aittir, ancak son kısımlarında<br />
Türkçe kelimelerin bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. İñupiaqcada "ağrı"yı ifade etmek üzere kullanılan<br />
kelimelerin sonu aruq (= aruk) ile bitmektedir: İñu. anniiyaruq "ağrılı, acılı, ağrıyan, acıyan", İñu.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 50
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
atniiyaruq "ağrılı, acılı, ağrıyan, acıyan", İnu. avaalaruq "ağrıyla/acıyla havlar", İñu. ibbialaruq "ağrıyla/acıyla<br />
havlar; ağrıyla/acıyla bağırır", İñu. ixasrailaruq "ağrı/acı ile ağlar; acı acı bağırır, çığlık atar",<br />
İñu. mabaalaruq "ağrıyla/acıyla havlar", İñu. nipaalaruq "acı acı bağırır, çığlık atar", İñu. quluularuq<br />
"mide gurultusu; karın ağrısı".<br />
Bu kelimelerin son kısmında bulunan aruq (- aruk) kelimesinin ET. agrıg "ağrı, sızı, acı; acı<br />
verici, sızlatan" ile ilişkili olduğunu düşünüyoruz, agrıg ise, ET. ağrı:- fiilinden türemiş bir isimdir<br />
(CLAUSON 1972: 90).<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Sayın Kara, -la- fiil yapım eki ile -ruq ‘(indicative) she/he/it’ çekim ekinden oluşan -la-ruq bitimli örnekleri<br />
yanlış yerden (-l-aruq) bölerek Eski Türkçe aġrıġ (> ağrı) sözüyle birleştiriyor.<br />
Sıfat sanıp "ağrılı, acılı, ağrıyan, acıyan" olarak çevirdiği anniiyaruq (North Slope dialect) ile<br />
atniiyaruq (Kobuk dialect) sözlerinin İngilizce karşılığı olan ‘is sore’ tanımlamasını İnyupikçe sözlüğün<br />
önsözünde belirtilen kural* gereği fiil olarak vermeliydi.<br />
Üçüncü tekil şahıs eki (-ruq) ile biten o İnyupikçe sözleri Türkçe aġrıġ (> ağrı) ile birleştiremezsiniz.<br />
Mazruf bilinmeden zarfa değer biçilmez!<br />
*http://www.alaskool.org/Language/dictionaries/inupiaq/default.htm: Third, verbs are indicated by the ending "-uq" on the <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
word and "-s" on the English gloss. Look at the words marked 1. (Some English glosses need a helping verb as "is happy").<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Inupiaq/1st%20postbases.doc<br />
-la-, =la- vv nv (limited) to __ repeatedly or to exaggeration § rel. –ula- vv, -kula- vv, -vla- vv, -ġġula- vv<br />
aaqqaaq- (i) to be foul smelling or bad tasting; (t) to say that something is foul aaqqaala- to voice displeasure repeatedly about an offensive smell or the taste<br />
smelling or bad tasting<br />
(of it)<br />
agliġuq or agliqquk (dual) jawbone, mandible agliġularuq his teeth are chattering<br />
*aŋa (root) manipulation, power ?? aŋala- (Nu) (i) to move about<br />
aŋatkuq shaman aŋatkularuq he is performing a shamanistic ritual<br />
apyuq(-) or apyula- (Nu) steam, dust (i) to steam, to make steam<br />
arii (excl) ouch! it hurts!<br />
ariiq- to say that something hurts<br />
ariilaruq he is saying, "ouch, ouch, ouch"<br />
asiñI (adv) located in a place other than where it belongs asiñiḷa- (i) to be slack or baggy, to be loose (of clothing)<br />
*ava 2 (root) periphery,vicinity, avalaruq she is moving her arms and legs about<br />
igniQ fire<br />
*igniġuuq- to burst into sparks ??<br />
igniġuularuq it is shooting sparks<br />
iġñiQ son<br />
iġñiiq- to call him son; (i) to say “son”<br />
iġñiilaruq he is saying, "son, son, son"<br />
iġñiilagaa she is calling him "son, son, son"<br />
ii 5 (excl) moan, groan expressing sadness, sickness iilaruq he is moaning and groaning<br />
ikiaqtaq- (Ti) (i) to shiver from the cold ikiaqtalaruq he had a tingling sensation<br />
iñuksruk- to have noisy activity of humans; to make one's presence known by iñuksrularuq he is making noise as he moves<br />
noise<br />
iŋiq- (t) to ask something of, beg her/him; to pray to Her/Him *iŋiuq iŋiularuq he is begging<br />
isaaq- (i) to raise, extend, stretch out one’s arm or arms; to stretch out wings; (t) isaaqtala- (i) to wave one’s arm(s), wings; (t) to wave at her/him/it<br />
to raise, extend it=arm, wing<br />
isaġuq wing isaqqiḷaruq it is flapping its wings<br />
isivit- (i) to be extended fully, flattened out; stand up straight from a stooped isivsala- (i) to be stretched out<br />
position; to stretch out from a fetal position; to be laid out (like wet clothing); to<br />
unwind (of thread); (t) to extend, stretch it out fully; to lay it all out<br />
ivsuk- (i) to shake, e.g. in the wind; (Ti) to brush snow off of oneself; (t) to shake it ivsularuq it is flapping rapidly<br />
out to remove dust, snow, etc.; (Ti) to brush snow off it=one's clothing<br />
kanġaq- (i) to leak of a sack, container (with small non-liquid) of flour, sand, kanġalaruq he is dropping little crumbs of bread, crackers or food<br />
something which flows; (t) to leak, have something solid flow on to it<br />
*maġ (root) howl maala- (i) to howl with pain (of dog)<br />
navguluu- (i) break into pieces ? navguluula- to break (it) simultaneously into many pieces<br />
niaquq head, skull niaqulagaa he is gesturing with his head to her<br />
*pa ġ (root) movement toward another ?vv paġla- (t) to welcome, greet her/him<br />
paksrak- to dig (it=hole) with claws or paws paksrala- (i) to dig furiously [?]<br />
pamiuq tail (of mammal); (Nu) odd card not part of a pair (in card game of<br />
pamiula- to wag tail (of dog)<br />
“fives”)<br />
papik bird’s tail; top rear edge (of skin pants); back side length (of parka or<br />
papiqqiḷa- (i) to wiggle; to jump around, as a fish after it is caught; to wag the tail;<br />
snowshirt)<br />
(t) to wag the tail at her/him/it<br />
*pati (root) using the palm of hand<br />
patala- (i) to feel one’s way in the dark; to get ready in a hurry; (Ti) (i) to clap<br />
hands<br />
*pik 1 (root) upward movement<br />
pigla- (i) to be able to jump high; to be bouncy, peppy<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 51
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
pu g i- (i) to emerge, surface puiḷa- (i) to rise to the surface (of liquid)<br />
qalġuuq- or qalġuula- (i) to make its characteristic sound, call repeatedly (of<br />
animal)<br />
*qaqauq- to make the call of the ptarmigan ?? qaqaula- (i) to make a prolonged call of a ptarmigan<br />
qasak- or qasala- (i) to burst out with yelling and cheering when dancing or<br />
herding or coming home from a successful hunt (usu. when coming in a boat with<br />
walrus)<br />
*qiġii (root) squeakiness qiġiiḷa- (i) to squeak, be squeaky<br />
qipi- (i) to toss and turn in bed; to writhe, to twist the body, usu in pain; (Nu) (i) to qipiktuq- or qipiktula- (i) to run around; to move around, not keep still (of a<br />
be wound; (t) to wind it (of a clock); (t) to twist, screw it=lid on or off<br />
sayuk- (i) to twitch (of bodypart)<br />
child)<br />
*sayuġġuk- ?? sayuġġula- (Ti) (i) to quiver, like gelatin<br />
siiq- (i) to ooze, seep (like a sore); to leak out (of air); (Ti) (i) to sweat, perspire siiḷaruq it is hissing<br />
siḷivit- (i) to become full, of any container including the stomach; (t) to fill it<br />
completely<br />
siḷivlaruq it is overflowing<br />
tatiġila- (Ti) (i) to chatter from cold (of one’s teeth)<br />
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to take, grab or arrest her/him/it tigula- to grab for (it) but be unable to hold onto it<br />
tiipak a flirt tiiqtala- (i) to move about excitedly<br />
tiŋmI- (i) to be in flight, be flying tiŋmiġala- (i) to fly in every direction<br />
tiriq- (i) to make the sound of rubbing against something once; to gnash tiriiqila- (i) to keep creaking (of floor)<br />
tuqu- (i) to die tuqusia- or tuqusiala- (i) to be dying, be in death throes; to feel faint<br />
ulġu- (i) to fall, topple or tip over ulġusia- or ulġusiala- (i) to stagger (of a person about to fall down, not because<br />
she is inebriated)<br />
ulit- 1 to rise, flood (of water) ulivla- (i) to overflow<br />
*uumI (root) anger, hatred, dislike uumiḷa- (i) to make a face, as when displeased or eating something which tastes<br />
bad<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 52
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
9<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=q<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
qupiruq splits, cracks<br />
qupixbubruaq edible sea worm<br />
quppaq crack, split<br />
quppibaaq coat (lit. split) (K)<br />
quppiq outside garment, coat<br />
quppiqutaq fireweed (edible young shoots) (Epilobium<br />
angustifolium)<br />
M.KARA I 1516<br />
qupiruq splits, cracks<br />
qupixġuġruaq edible sea worm<br />
quppaq crack, split<br />
quppiġaaq coat (lit. split) (K)<br />
quppiq outside garment, coat<br />
quppiqutaq fireweed (edible young shoots) (Epilobium<br />
angustifolium)<br />
1. İñu. qupiruq (= kupıruk) "koparır, yarar, kırar, böler", qupiruq, ET. kop- fiil kökünden<br />
yapılmış bir fiil olan kopur- "kaldırmak, yukarı kaldırmak, yükseltmek" (CLAUSON 1972: 586) ile<br />
ilişkili olmalıdır. Ancak bu fiilin "koparmak" şeklindeki anlamı, <strong>Türkçenin</strong> daha sonraki dönemlerinde<br />
ortaya çıkmışa benziyor. Çünkü bu anlam, Eski Türkçede bulunmuyor. Yerde köklü bulunan<br />
bir şeyi söküp çıkaran bir kimse, o nesneyi hem yukarı kaldırır hem de koparır, "koparmak" anlamına<br />
geçiş, bu şekilde bir anlam ilişkisinden doğmuş olsa gerektir. Burada ilginç olan,<br />
İñupiaqcada kullanılan bir Türkçe kelimenin, <strong>Türkçenin</strong> ilk devresinden sonraki dönemlerde ortaya<br />
çıkan anlamını taşımasıdır.<br />
qupiruq (= kupıruk) "koparır, yarar, kırar, böler" kelimesinin son kısmında bir geniş zaman<br />
ekinin bulunması gerekir. Bu kısım, İnupiaqçaya ait bir unsur olmalıdır.<br />
İñupiaqçada "koparmak, yarmak, kırmak, bölmek" anlamına gelen quppaq (= kuppak)<br />
örneği de ilginçtir. Bu örnekte mastar eki "-mak"ın varlığı ortadadır, quppaq (= kuppak)’ın da<br />
Türkçe kopurmak ile ilişkili olduğunu, ancak söz konusu kelimede bir hece düşmesi meydana<br />
geldiğini düşünüyoruz.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
İnyupikçe qupiruq çekintisini Türkçe’nin mantığına göre qupir-uq biçiminde ayıran ve<br />
“qupiruq kelimesinin son kısmında bir geniş zaman ekinin bulunması gerekir. Bu kısım, İnupiaqçaya ait bir unsur olmalıdır.” diyen<br />
Kara, <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinin yapısını hiç mi hiç bilmiyor. İnyupikçenin yapısı gereği qupi-ruq olarak<br />
ayrılması gereken örnekteki ikinci parça “o” anlamına gelen üçüncü tekil şahıs fiil çekim ekidir: -<br />
ruq ‘(indicative) she/he/it’<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 53
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde mastar YOKTUR. Yanlış gözlük taktığı için quppaq örneğinde Türkçe -<br />
mak mastar ekini gören Kara, doğru gözlük taksaydı qupi- fiilinin -q ekli türevi olduğunu anlardı.<br />
Fiil (to crack) sanarak anlamını “koparmak, yarmak, kırmak, bölmek” olarak verdiği quppaq sözü fiil değil isim<br />
(a crack)’dir.<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
qupi- (i) to split lengthwise; (t) to split or crack it lengthwise, with the grain @ qupisI-<br />
>qumniQ or quġġiq cleft, crack<br />
qupi half-dollar<br />
>qupitalik baleen with white strips | -+talik nn<br />
qupitaq white strip of baleen | -+taq(-) 7 vn<br />
qupitchuŋaq quarter (half of half-dollar) | ? -tchuŋaq vn<br />
quppaġuq- (i) to grow (of a crack) | ‘-Q 4 vn +uq- 1 nv<br />
quppannak- (i) to get a share of something split in half lengthwise, especially of an animal carcass | ‘-Q 4 vn -nnak- nv<br />
quppaŋŋuq- (i) to be half (of moon) | ‘-Q 4 vn, -ŋŋuq- nv § rel. igḷuŋŋuq-, avaŋŋuq-<br />
quppaQ open crack; one piece of something split lengthwise; crack, split | ‘-Q 4 vn<br />
quppiġaaq non-traditinal coat that opens in front | ‘-Q 4 vn =Iq- 1 nv +aaq 3 vn<br />
quppiġarrIq- (t) to part his/her hair down the middle<br />
quppiġñiQ part in hair | ‘-Q 4 vn =Iq- 1 nv +niQ 1 vn<br />
quppiġun or quppiqsaaġun (Nu) hairpin | ‘-Q 4 vn =Iq- 1 nv -ġun vn or -Q 4 vn =Iq- 1 nv, perhaps saaq- 2 vv, :un 1 vn<br />
quppIq- (i) to part one’s hair; to now have one’s hair parted; (t) to part her/his hair | ‘-Q 4 vn =Iq- 1 nv<br />
quppiqsuaq- (Ti) (t) to part them=hair generally as a habit | ‘-Q 4 vn =Iq- 1 nv +tuaq- 1 vv<br />
quppiula- (Nu) (t) to part it=water (as bow of boat) | ’-Q 4 vn, =Iq- 1 nv -ula vv<br />
qupsaq- (Ti) to crack, partially fracture (it) | ~saq- 3 vv<br />
quvluallak- (t) to split it lengthwise nicely after several attempts | ~luq- 5 vv -aq- 1 vv -llak- 1 vv<br />
quvluayuuq fabric with striped pattern | ~luq- 5 vv -aq- 1 vv -yuuq(-) vv, vn<br />
quvluliyait- (i) to not develop cracks easily, quickly | perhaps ~lu(q) 2 vn -lI- 2 nv +ya- 1 vvd :It- 1 vdv<br />
quvluq- (t) to split it into many pieces lengthwise @ quvluI- | ~luq- 5 vv<br />
quvluun, (Nu) qupluun ripsaw, saw which cuts lengthwise | ~luq- 5 vv, :un 1 vn<br />
quvsIk- (i) to split easily | perhaps ~sIk- 1 vv<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/yupet&text_number=+941&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *qupǝ-<br />
Meaning: to crack, to split<br />
Russian meaning: расколоть<br />
Proto-Yupik: *qupǝ-<br />
Meaning: to crack, to split 1, crack, fissure 2, part cut off, section 3<br />
Russian Meaning: расколоть 1, трещина 2, отрезок<br />
Sirenik: qupǝ́qaẋtā́qǝẋtǝ́ẋ 1, qupǝ́kǝnǝ́ẋ 2, //qupn_ǝẋ [Krup.] 2<br />
Chaplino: qupúʁaqā, [qūpaqā] 1, qūpǝɫǝq (ẋǝt), qūpnǝq (ʁǝt) 3<br />
Naukan: qupáxɫǝq 2, qúpn_ǝq 3, qúpmun 'вразрез'<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: qupǝ- 1<br />
Chugach (AAY): qupn_ǝq 2<br />
Koniag (AAY): AP qupn_ǝq 2<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: qupǝ- 1, qupn_ǝq (ʁ) 2<br />
Nunivak (Peripheral): qupʔniẋ* 2<br />
Proto-Inupik: *qụpǝ-<br />
Meaning: to crack 1, to split lengthwise 2, crack, fissure 3, part cut off 4<br />
Russian meaning: расколоть 1, расщепить вдоль 2, трещина, расщелина 3, отрезок 4<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: qupi- 1, qupniq 3<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq qúpnɨq 4, W qup'niq* (nāk, nẹʁit) 3 (in ice), KI qupniq* 3 (in ice)<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: qupɨ- 2, qumnɨq (ʁ) 3 (in rock)<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: qupi- 1, qumniq 3<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: qupi- 1, qumniq 3 (in ice), qupiniq 'split in wood'<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: qupi- 2, qunniq (ʁ) 'cleft in rock'<br />
GRI Dialects: NG quŋniq 3<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 54
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
10<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=i<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
ikiruq burns, is consumed<br />
ikiruq embarks, enters, gets on or into<br />
ikiruq embarks (boat, sled, airplane etc.)<br />
M.KARA II 293-294<br />
1. İñu. ikiruq < ET. kir-<br />
İñupiaqça Eski Türkçe İngilizcesi<br />
ikiruq "girer; biner -gemi, ka- < kir- "girmek"<br />
... enters, gets on or into,<br />
yık, kızak, uçak için-"<br />
embarks (boat,<br />
sled, airplane etc.)<br />
ikiruq kelimesindeki "k-"nin baskın söylenmesinden dolayı başta bir ünlü türemesi meydana<br />
gelmiştir. iqaluq "balık", aqaluq örneklerinde de başta, kalın k (q)'den önce, benzer bir şekilde ünlü<br />
türemesi olduğunu daha önce belirtmiştik. Son iki kelimenin aslı qaluk şeklindedir.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Ustanın hası, malzeme artırandır! Tamir için götürdüğümüz radyoyu söküp orasına burasına<br />
bakan usta söktüklerini tekrar takarken yerlerini bulamadığı bir iki parçayı bunnarı fabriḫa fazladan<br />
goyuyo ya diyip kaldırıp atar ya, Mehmet Kara da aynen öyle yapıyor: ikiruq kelimesindeki "k-"nin baskın söylenmesinden<br />
dolayı başta bir ünlü türemesi meydana gelmiştir.<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinin yapısını bilmediği için i-kir-uq biçiminde yanlış ayırdığı örneğin fabriḫa fazlası<br />
başını atarak “orta”sını Eski Türkçe kir- (> gir-) fiiliyle örtüştüren Mehmet Kara, iki- fiilinin üçüncü<br />
tekil şahsa göre çekimi olan iki-ruq çekintisini göremiyor.<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
iki- 1 or iku- (i) to get into a container or a conveyance; (t) to place or put her/him/it into a container or conveyance @ ikusI- / umialikput ikuruq umiamiñun itqanaiŋammagaaqsaqługu our<br />
captain got into his boat to see if it was ready @ +sI- 3 vv<br />
ikkusIq- (i) to pay, buy one’s fare; (t) to pay her/his/its fare / ikkusiqsuq aullaġukłuni tiŋŋutikun he bought a ticket to get on the plane | ‘ti 1 vn ~Iq- 1 nv<br />
ikkutilik stockholder (in a corporation) | ‘-ti 1 vn -lik 1 nn<br />
ikkun fare, payment for travel; stock (in corporation) | ‘-ti 1 vn<br />
iksruq- (i) to embark, to get into a vehicle or boat (of many persons); (t) to load them into a vehicle, boat, or container; for a boat to be swamped (of water) / qaiḷḷium umiaq iksruġaa the<br />
wave is swamping the boat | qsruq- 2 vv<br />
ikuliq- (i) to come into boat (of water in rough waters) | -liq- 3 vv<br />
ikuvġaq mattress (lower of two caribou skins, hair facing up), mat, pad / ḷḷuataŋitchuŋa I didn’t sleep well because of an uncomfortable mat | +v ? +*ġ+aq 1 vn<br />
ikuvġalIq- or ikuvġIq- (i) to place a mattress or mat under oneself; (t) to place a mattress or mat under her/him/it / we left using winter caribou skins<br />
as mats (on the sled, boat or any other means of transportation) | +*ġ+aq 1 vn -lIq- 1 nv +*ġ+aq 1 vn ‘=Iq- 1 nv<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
id<br />
Sayfa 55
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
11<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=p<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
patiktuq slaps<br />
M.KARA I 1512-1513<br />
patiktuq slaps<br />
mapkutittuq slaps the water with his tail (beaver)<br />
siqijhatittuq slaps the water with his tail (beaver)<br />
8. İñu. patiktuq ( = patıktuk) "pataklar". Çuvaşçada "baston; sopa", Türkiye Türkçesinde ise<br />
"dayak, kötek" anlamlarında kullanılan patak kelimesinin Rus. batog "değnek, sopa, baston" kelimesinden<br />
geldiği yolunda bir görüş vardır (CEYLAN 1996: 139). Gerçekten bu kelime patak haliyle, adı<br />
anılan Türk lehçelerine Rusçadan geçmiş olabilir. Ancak biz bu kelimenin daha öncesinde Rusçaya<br />
Türkçeden geçtiğini düşünüyoruz. ET. butı- "budamak" fiili yanında bu fiilden yapılmış butik "dal -<br />
ağaç için-" biçiminde bir isim bulunmaktadır. Daha sonraki dönemlerde Türkçe içerisinde bu ismin<br />
butak ve budak biçimleri yaygınlaşmıştır (CLAUSON 1972: 300-302). butak, özellikle Kıpçakçada kullanılmıştır.<br />
Rusçaya söz konusu kelimenin Kıpçakçadan geçtiğini düşünüyoruz. Bu kelimelerdeki "dal,<br />
değnek, sopa, baston" anlamlan ise; bir ağaç dalının sopa ve baston olarak kullanılabilmesinden dolayı<br />
birbirine uzak anlamlar değildir.<br />
İñupiaqçadaki patiktuq (= patıktuk) kelimesinin ilk iki hecesinin de ET. butik ile ilişkili olduğunu<br />
düşünüyoruz. Kelimenin bundan sonrasında İñupiaqça unsurlar devreye girmişe benziyor. Çünkü<br />
bu kelimeye "pataklar" anlamının verilebilmesi için bir fiil yapıcı unsura ve bir de zaman ekine ihtiyaç<br />
vardır. Ancak bunları <strong>Türkçenin</strong> imkanlarına göre izah etmekte zorlanıyoruz.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
İngilizce slap'ın öncelikli kullanımı açık el ile daha çok yüze *to slap on the<br />
face+ bazen de sırta *to slap on back+ vurulan darbedir. İkincil kullanımı el dışındaki<br />
organlarla uygun yere yapılan darbedir: Güvercin kanadıyla (wing slap),<br />
kunduz, balina kuyruğuyla (tail slap) , adam şeyiyle (p. slap)…* Üçüncül kullanımı<br />
(mecazî) organ olmayan bir şeyle yapılan darbedir: kadınların çantalarıyla<br />
kendini savunmaları gibi. Slap'in İngilizcedeki kullanımı apaçık "tokat*lamak+, şamar" anlamındadır ve<br />
sopayla vuruşu asla içermediği gibi yumruk (fist) ile de karıştırılmaz.<br />
Wikipedia'da İngilizce slap sayfasının diğer dillerdeki karşılığı hep "elin iç yüzüyle surata<br />
yapılan darbe" üzerinedir: Türkçe tokat, Danca lussing, Almanca Ohrfeige, Ripoarisch (ve Bönnsch,<br />
Kölsch) Tachtele, Esperanto survango, Fransızca claque, İbranice הריטס , Rusça пощёчина, Japonca<br />
平 手 打 ち , Çince 掌 摑<br />
da " slap" için verilen resimler hep şamar-tokat üzerinedir.<br />
Osmanlı tokadı terimini Türkler İngilizceye "Ottoman Slap" olarak çevirmektedir.<br />
Rusçadaki бато́г (dial: потог, бадаг бадок падог, бадег, бадик, батик) 'eskiden suçluları cezalandırmada<br />
kullanılan değnek ya da kırbaç' sözünü etimoloji sözlükleri Eski Rusça *батогъ] ya da Tatarca<br />
[ботак 'budak'+ kökenli olarak verir. Türkçedeki patak’lamak sözündeki patak’ın Rusça батог sözü ile<br />
olan “ilgisi” tartışmaya açıktır.<br />
Sırt ve kaba etlere dayak *=değnek, sopa+ ile yapılan батог ile yüze, surata el ile yapılan tokat<br />
hareketi slap arasında ilgi kurulamaz.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 56
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Türkçede tokat için pataklamak fiili kullanılmaz. İnyupikçe patiktuq’u pataklar olarak değil<br />
tokatlar olarak vermeniz gerekirdi.<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dilleri k ~ q seslerini büyük bir hassasiyetle ayırt eder. Türkçe patak-’taki kalın k (=q)<br />
sesinin İnyupikçede de kalın (pataq-) olması gerekirken niye inceldiğini (patik-) açıklamanız gerekir;<br />
ama açıklayamazsınız, çünkü Türkçeden geçme değildir. Büyük ihtimalle tokat atılırken çıkan sesten<br />
yansımadır.<br />
Diğer <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde tokat’lama: Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᐸᑎᑉᐳᖅ patippuq ᐸᑎᒃᐳᖅ<br />
patikpuq 'slaps (once)' ᐸᑦᑕᐹ pattapaa ᐸᑦᑕᒃᐹ pattakpaa 'slaps it with the palm of his hand once' Labrador İnuitçesi<br />
patik 'smack' Nunivak Çupikçesi patkar- 'to slap on back' patqer- 'to give smack'<br />
İnyupikçede alet kullanmadan vücut bölümleriyle vurma yöntemleri olarak tokatlamak<br />
(patiktuq 'slaps') dışında yumruklamak (tigluktuq 'hits with side of fist'), çimdiklemek (putyukkaa (K)<br />
puyyukkaa (N) 'pinches it') ve tekmelemek (aqigaa 'kicks it') sayılabilir.<br />
Önsöze (http://www.alaskool.org/Language/dictionaries/inupiaq/default.htm) baksaydınız, “Çünkü bu kelimeye "pataklar"<br />
anlamının verilebilmesi için bir fiil yapıcı unsura ve bir de zaman ekine ihtiyaç vardır. Ancak bunları <strong>Türkçenin</strong> imkanlarına göre izah<br />
etmekte zorlanıyoruz” demezdiniz: Third, verbs are indicated by the ending "-uq" on the <strong>Eskimo</strong> word and "-s" on the English gloss.<br />
Look at the words marked 1. (Some English glosses need a helping verb as "is happy").<br />
* Argodaki (slang) örnekleri epey fazladır (http://www.urbandictionary.com) : bitch slap, pimp slap,pigeon slap, beaver<br />
slap, salmon slap, trout slap, fish slap, turkey (=p[enis]) slap, mushroom slap, happy slap, pecker slap, donkey slap, jack slap, slashdot slap,<br />
hustle slap, c[ock] slap, clam slap, virtual slap, gonzo slap, danza slap, deceiving slap, x slap, mud slap, air slap, jap[anese] slap, ho slap,<br />
dick slap, purse slap, shit slap, cream slap, dope slap, poot slap, titty slap, moe slap, crap slap, beard slap, d -slap, pizza slap, crack slap,<br />
paki slap, penguin slap, snowman slap, paddle slap, Money slap, pirate slap, dirty slap, dragon slap, monkey slap, boobie slap, paintbrush<br />
slap, hustle slap, turtle slap, piston slap, bag slap…<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
patik- (t) to slap her/him/it; (Ti) (t) to lay one’s hand on her/him/it<br />
patigaq (Nu) old-style clay pot | +*ġ+aq 1 vn § rel. qikuyaq, utkusik<br />
patikkiuq- (Nu) (i) to make a clay pot | ‘=Iuq- 1 nv<br />
patiktit- (i) to be aligned so that they are in contact; (t) to align them so that they touch each other | tit- 1 vv § rel. paqtit-<br />
patqutaq fly swatter; mosquito fan | :utaq 1 vn<br />
pattak- (t) to spank, slap her/him | ‘-k- vv<br />
pattakula- (i) to clap, applaud; (t) to applaud her/him/it | +ula- vv<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Cesq%5Cinupet&first=1361<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *patǝɣ-, *pat-raɣ-<br />
Meaning: to clap, to slap, to hit with palm of hand<br />
Russian meaning: хлопать, шлепать<br />
Proto-Yupik: *patǝɣ-, *pataɣ-<br />
Meaning: to clap, to slap, to hit with palm of hand 1<br />
Russian Meaning: хлопать (ладонью) 1<br />
Sirenik: patáɣaʁáciqǝ̄́ẋtǝẋ, //patǝɣ- [Em.] 1<br />
Chaplino: påtxaquq, patáɣaʁáquq mult. 1, påtxutaq 'racket-like device used in traditional game'<br />
Naukan: patxáquq, patǝ́ɣåqå 1<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: pataxtuʁ- 'to hurry sbd.'<br />
Chugach (AAY): PWS patǝɣ- 'to use paddle as brake', patxutaq 'sled brake, paddle'<br />
Chugach (<strong>Bir</strong>ket-Smith): patxuta 'drum stick'<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: patǝɣ- 1, pataɣ-, pataxtuʁ- 'to hurry sbd.'<br />
Proto-Inupik: *patǝɣ-, *pattaɣ-<br />
Meaning: to slap, to lay hand on 1, to hurry sbd. 2<br />
Russian meaning: хлопать (ладонью) 1, погонять шлепком 2<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: patik- 1, patak- 2<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq patálɨq dvn. 1, patáʁɨɣa 'to make a gesticulation', pátkutaq 'stick to flap on water'<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: patɨk- 1, pattak- 'to slap, to spank'<br />
NAI Dialects: Qaw patakaq- 2<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: patik- 1, pattak- 'to applaud, to clap, to caress (animal)'<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: patik- 1, patta(k)- 'to play ball'<br />
ECI Dialects: Lab patta(k)- 'to slap'<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: patiɣ-, patit- 1, pattaɣ- mult. 1<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 57
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
12<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=a<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=i<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=p<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=q<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=s<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=t<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=u<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
alaitchuq is not torn<br />
ieuitchuq there are no people<br />
ieuk person, man<br />
iqiasruktuq is lazy (K)<br />
iqiasuktuq is lazy<br />
iqiatchaktuq (moon) begins to wane<br />
iqiatkaa does not want to do it, is lazy<br />
iqiitchuq is not lazy<br />
isruitchuq is endless, eternal, is clear, is not muddy (K)<br />
isruqtuq is opaque, is muddy, not clear (K)<br />
paqinbitchuq did not find<br />
paqittuq finds<br />
qieitlaitchuq is blind (K)<br />
qieuitchuq is patient (not hasty), is peaceful (K)<br />
sayaitchuq is weak<br />
sibxibnaitchuq is easy, not difficult (N)<br />
sibxibnaqtuq is difficult (N)<br />
tafibiqsuq is false (lies)<br />
tafibitchuq is false (lies)<br />
tuqunayaitchuq he would not have died<br />
uqalaitchuq is dumb (N)<br />
M.KARA I 1506-1507<br />
alaitchuq is not torn<br />
iñuitchuq there are no people<br />
iñuk person, man<br />
iqiasruktuq is lazy (K)<br />
iqiasuktuq is lazy<br />
iqiatchaktuq (moon) begins to wane<br />
iqiatkaa does not want to do it, is lazy<br />
iqiitchuq is not lazy<br />
isruitchuq is endless, eternal, is clear, is not muddy (K)<br />
isruqtuq is opaque, is muddy, not clear (K)<br />
paqinġitchuq did not find<br />
paqittuq finds<br />
qiñitlaitchuq is blind (K)<br />
qiñuitchuq is patient (not hasty), is peaceful (K)<br />
sayaitchuq is weak<br />
siġḷiġnaitchuq is easy, not difficult (N)<br />
siġḷiġnaqtuq is difficult (N)<br />
taŋiġiqsuq is false (lies)<br />
taŋiġitchuq is false (lies)<br />
tuqunayaitchuq he would not have died<br />
uqalaitchuq is dumb (N)<br />
Olumsuz bir anlam taşıyan "değil, yok" kelimeleriyle "-mA" ve "-sIz" ekleri, İñupiaqçada -<br />
chuq (= -chuk) şeklinde bir ekle karşılanmaktadır: Genel Türkçedeki yok kelimesiyle bunun bir<br />
ilgisi olabilir. Aşağıda -chuq ile biten İñupiaqça kelime örnekleri veriyoruz:<br />
alaitchuq "yırtılmamış, yırtık değil", ieuitchuq "insanlar yok", iqiitchuq "tembel değil",<br />
isruitchuq "sonsuz, ölümsüz; kirli değil", paqinbitchuq "bulmadı", qieuitchuq "aceleci değil",<br />
sayaitchuq "güçsüz, kuvvetsiz", sibxibnaitchuq "zor değil", tafibitchuq "vefasız, güvenilmez",<br />
tuqunayaitchuq "ölmeyecekti", uqalaitchuq "dilsiz".<br />
uqalaitchuq "dilsiz" örneğinin kökünde İñupiaqça "kelime" anlamına gelen uqaliq (=<br />
uqalıq)’ın bulunduğunu düşünüyoruz. Çünkü aynı dilde "dil" anlamını uqaq veriyor. Saha Türkçesinde,<br />
"dilsiz" anlamını oldukça parelel bir yapıyla tila suoh kelimeleri vermektedir. Buradaki<br />
suoh, Sahacada "değil" ve "yok" anlamlarına gelen Genel Türkçe yok kelimesinin bu lehçedeki<br />
biçimidir. Sahacadan aynı yapıda birkaç örnek daha verelim: atağa suoh "bacaksız", küühe suoh<br />
"güçsüz, kuvvetsiz", teñe suox "denk değil", xaana suoh "kansız", xaraağa suoh "kör, gözleri<br />
görmeyen" (VASİLİEV-CARGISTAY 1995: 23, 67, 83,102, 142, 167, 305).<br />
Sahacadaki xaraağa suoh "kör, gözleri görmeyen" kelimesi ile İñupiaqçada bulunan<br />
qieitlaitchuq "kör, gözleri görmeyen" kelimesinin aynı mantıkla yapılması çok şaşırtıcı, şaşırtıcı<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 58
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
olduğu kadar da meraklandıncıdır. İñupiaqça ieuitchuq "insanlar yok" örneği, yok ile -chuq arasındaki<br />
benzerliği daha açık hâle getirmektedir. Bu kelimedeki ieut, ieuk'un çokluk şeklidir ve<br />
"insanlar" anlamına gelir. Aynı kelimedeki -chuq da "yok" anlamını vermektedir.<br />
GT. yok kelimesi, Sahacada olduğu gibi diğer Kuzey lehçelerinde de aynı yapıyla "-sIz"<br />
anlamını vermek üzere kullanılmaktadır: Örnek olarak; Tuv. arga "usul, tarz" demektir, argajok<br />
ise bu lehçede "usulsüz; imkânsız" anlamlarına gelir. Tuv. hamaan "ilgi, alâka; ilişki" anlamındadır,<br />
hamaançok ise aynı lehçede "ilgisiz, alâkasız; ilişkisiz; kayıtsız, umursamaz" anlamlarına<br />
gelmektedir (ARIKOGLU-KUULAR 2003: 6,48).<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Mehmet Kara’nın üçüncü tekil şahıs -chuq ‘(indicative) she/he/it’ çekim ekini Türkçe yok ‘nonexistent,<br />
absent, not, no, -less’ sözü ile birleştirmesi <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilleri hakkında en ufak bir şey bilmediği’nin<br />
kanıtıdır.<br />
Kara, incelediği sözlüğün önsözünü okuma zahmetine katlanmıyor:<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/Language/dictionaries/inupiaq/default.htm<br />
FORWARD<br />
Third, verbs are indicated by the ending "-uq" on the <strong>Eskimo</strong> word and "-s" on the English gloss. Look at the words marked 1. (Some<br />
English glosses need a helping verb as "is happy" ).<br />
Fourth, verbs are also indicated by the ending "-aa" on the <strong>Eskimo</strong> word and generally "it" in the English lgloss. Look at the words<br />
marked 2.<br />
Other words are nouns. Look at the words marked 3. (Some entries are conjunctions and interjections, but these are clearly<br />
displayed).<br />
(<strong>Eskimo</strong> does not distinguish gender in the third person, therefore "aatchuiruk" may mean either "he gives" "she gives", or "it gives".<br />
Similarly, "aatchugaa" may mean "he/she/it" gives "it /he/she". This is why no subject pronoun is listed with '-uq' verbs; and "it" has<br />
arbitrarily been chosen to signal "-aa" verbs. Infrequently, meaning demands that it be replaced by "him" or "her" as in "kunikkaa-kisses<br />
her". Both Intransitive verb forms (-uq) and Transitive verb forms (-aa) have been included because a student of <strong>Eskimo</strong> must<br />
know both forms and there is no simple rule for deriving the one from the other.)<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde mastar (infinitive) olmadığı için sözlüklerde fiiller genelde üçüncü tekil<br />
şahıs bildirme kipi (indicative) olarak yeralır.<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>-English-<strong>Eskimo</strong> Dictionary by Thibert Arthur<br />
As there is no infinitive mode in <strong>Eskimo</strong>, all the verbs are given in the indicative mode, in the third person singular. As a rule when<br />
the subject of a verb is a personal pronoun, it is not expressed but included in the verb.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_grammar<br />
The indicative is the simplest form of the verb in Inuktitut.<br />
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/192563/<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut-languages/75300/Grammatical-characteristics<br />
Verbal modes include indicative (“he goes”), interrogative (“did he go?”), imperative (“go!”), optative (“may he go”), participles<br />
(“going, gone”), and other forms.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 59
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.arctichost.net/ICASS_VI/images/05.01.08.pdf Marking of time in Inuit Languages with a special focus on marking of past time in West<br />
Greenlandic<br />
Greenlandic Inuktitut Iñupiaq<br />
Indicative participial indicative/declarative<br />
(declarative, statement) -puq/-vuq -juq -tuq/-ruq (present)<br />
Intransitive<br />
-tuaq/-ruaq (past)<br />
Transitive -pa/-va -pa/-va -ki/-ka or –ri/-ra (present)<br />
-ra/-ta (past)<br />
İnyupikçe [ -tu- intransitive indicative]<br />
+ruq [used with verb stems with vowel final] / +chuq / +tuq / +suq ‘(indicative) she/he/it’<br />
savaŋitchuq = he is not working<br />
aġnauŋitchuq = it is not a woman<br />
http://www.sil.org/silewp/1997/002/SILEWP1997-002.html (Wolf Seiler 1997: Valence and Affix Ordering in Inupiatun): *özgün harfler “alternatif”<br />
yazımla sunulmuş+<br />
a. ilyisima-ruq<br />
know-3s.IND<br />
'he knows'<br />
b. ilyisima-qqaaq-tuq<br />
know-first-3s.IND<br />
'he knows first' (before others)<br />
c. ilyisima-qqaa-tla-ruq<br />
know-first-can-3s.IND<br />
'he can know first'<br />
d. ilyisima-qqaa-tla-niaq-tuq<br />
know-first-can-INT-3s.IND<br />
'he is going to be able to know first'<br />
e. ilyisima-qqaa-tla-nia-nghit-chuq<br />
know-first-can-INT-not-3s.IND<br />
'he is not going to be able to know first'<br />
Utkuhiksalik<br />
pi-tsau-ngngit-tuq ᐱ-ᑦᓴᐅ-ᙱᑦ-ᑐᖅ<br />
thing/act-good-not-part.3s<br />
“It is not good”<br />
Mittimatalingmiutut (Pond Inlet)<br />
Naatali-uqquuji-juq<br />
Natalie-resemble-intr.part.3s<br />
“He/she looks like Natalie”<br />
kigusiriji-nnguq-tuq<br />
dentist-become-intr.part.3s<br />
“He/she has become a dentist”<br />
Kingarmiut<br />
axit-tuq<br />
soft-3rd.sg<br />
“It’s soft”<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 60
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
amia-qxau-zuq<br />
paint-past.today-3rd.sg<br />
“He/She painted today”<br />
mike kapi-su-zuq ixalum-mik<br />
Mike stab-past-3rd.sg fish-obj<br />
“Mike stabbed the fish”<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi<br />
Isumaqarpunga ajuqutissarsinavianngitsuq<br />
isuma-qar-pu-nga ajuqut-ssaq-si-navianngit-tu-q<br />
belief-have-IND.IV-1SG harm-prospective-come.to-be.certain.not.to-ELA⊥.IV-3SG⊥<br />
“I am sure he won’t come to any harm”<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_grammar<br />
Verb roots ending<br />
in a consonant Singular Dual Plural<br />
First person -tunga -tuguk -tugut<br />
Second person -tutit -tusik -tusi<br />
Third person -tuq -tuuk -tut<br />
Verb roots<br />
ending in a<br />
consonant<br />
Singular Dual Plural<br />
First person -punga -puguk -pugut<br />
Second person -putit -pusik -pusi<br />
Third person -puq -puuk -put<br />
Alternative form<br />
Verb roots ending<br />
in a<br />
vowel<br />
Singular Dual Plural<br />
First person -junga -juguk -jugut<br />
Second person -jutit -jusik -jusi<br />
Third person -juq -juuk -jut<br />
Verb roots ending<br />
in a<br />
vowel<br />
Singular Dual Plural<br />
First person -vunga -vuguk -vugut<br />
Second person -vutit -vusik -vusi<br />
Third person -vuq -vuuk -vut<br />
Yupikçe<br />
For example, a not excessively long word is angyaliurvigpaliciquq, which means "he will build a<br />
big place for working on boats." The starting point (base, or stem) is angyaq "boat," The first<br />
suffix (called a 'postbase') is liur "to work on"; then we add, in order, vig "place," pa "big," li<br />
"build," and finally ciq "will." The last syllable, uq, is a verb ending, showing that this form is a<br />
statement (not a question or request) and that its subject is third person singular ("he," "she,"<br />
or "it").<br />
ayaqaqucuaryuumiitqapiallruyugnarquq-qaa<br />
ayag-qaqu-cuar-yuumiite-qapiar-llru-yugnarq-u-q=qaa<br />
travel-now.and.then-little-want.not-very-PST-probably-IND-3SG.S=Q<br />
‘I guess she probably didn’t really want to go for those short little trips, did she?’<br />
yurar- to dance (<strong>Eskimo</strong> dance)<br />
arnaq yurartuq the woman is dancing<br />
arnak yurartuk the women (two) are dancing<br />
arnat yurartut the women (three or more) are dancing<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 61
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
M.KARA:<br />
Aşağıda -chuq ile biten İñupiaqça kelime örnekleri veriyoruz:<br />
alaitchuq "yırtılmamış, yırtık değil", ieuitchuq "insanlar yok", iqiitchuq "tembel değil",<br />
isruitchuq "sonsuz, ölümsüz; kirli değil", paqinbitchuq "bulmadı", qieuitchuq "aceleci değil",<br />
sayaitchuq "güçsüz, kuvvetsiz", sibxibnaitchuq "zor değil", tafibitchuq "vefasız, güvenilmez",<br />
tuqunayaitchuq "ölmeyecekti", uqalaitchuq "dilsiz".<br />
Verdiğiniz bu örneklerin ortak noktası -chuq değil -itchuq'tur. Buna dikkat etseydiniz,<br />
VARLIK bildiren fiillerin (ya da isimlerin) anlamını YOKLUK (to lack ...; to not be ...) olarak değiştiren<br />
-it- fiil yapım ekli türevlerin -chuq '(indicative) she/he/it' ekli intransitive çekimi olduğunu<br />
görür ve anlamlarını da fiil olarak verirdiniz:<br />
iqi-it-chuq 'is not lazy'<br />
isru-it-chuq* 'is endless, eternal, is clear, is not muddy (K)'<br />
qiñu-it-chuq 'is patient (not hasty), is peaceful (K)'<br />
taŋiġ-it-chuq 'is false (lies)'<br />
siġḷiġna-it-chuq 'is easy, not difficult (N)'<br />
saya-it-chuq 'is weak'<br />
paqinġ-it-chuq 'did not find'<br />
tuqunaya-it-chuq 'he would not have died'<br />
ala-it-chuq 'is not torn'<br />
iñu-it-chuq 'there are no people'<br />
Yukarıdaki renklendirmede açıkça gördüğümüz üzere, YOK (suox; jok, çok)’luk bildiren,<br />
Mehmet Kara’nın sandığı gibi -chuq değil -it ’lerdir. Kara, <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerindeki sentaksın Türkçedeki<br />
gibi sıralandığını sanıyor.<br />
*NOT voiceless r (sr /ʂ/ ). Where Kobuk River people use "sr" between vowels, North Slope <strong>Eskimo</strong>s pronounce "s" : aġnasalluq (N)<br />
aġnasralluq (K); atausiq (N) atausriq (K); iñuusiq (N) iñuusriq (K); ikusik (N) ikusrik (K); irrusiq (N) irrusriq (K); isaġuq (N) israġuq (K);<br />
isuma (N) isruma (K); kanŋusuktuq (N) kanŋusruktuq (K); masu (N) masru (K); nakasuk (N) nakasruk (K); nasaq (N) nasraq (K);<br />
pasigaa (N) pasrigaa (K); pisaasuqtuq (N) pisaasruktuq (K); qanusiq (N) qanusriq (K) ...<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
*iqIk (root) laziness, lack of enjoyment, boring, uninspiring, lack of eagerness, unwillingness, lack of initiative, lack of energy,<br />
lethargy<br />
iqIIt- (i) to be active, industrious, energetic | :It- 1 rv<br />
isu end, e.g. of a word, book, long stick<br />
isuIt- (i) to be eternal, endless | :It- nv<br />
*qinu- 2 (root) arrogance<br />
qiñuIt- (i) to be shy, humble, meek by nature | :It- 1 rv § rel. uluġIIt- kiiñaġnIq-<br />
taŋIq- (i) to eat the best part of the food; (t) to eat its=food best part; (Ti) bread, biscuit eaten with tea or coffee<br />
taŋiġIt- (i) to be false, incorrect | :It- 1 nv<br />
si ġ i- (i) to gather one’s strength for an all-out effort<br />
siġḷiġnait- (i) to be easy, not difficult | perhaps -lIq- 3 vv +naq- 1 vv :It- 1 vv<br />
sayak health, strength<br />
sayaIt- (i) to be weak, drained of energy | :It- 1 nv<br />
paqit- (i) to be found; to find (her/him=not a proper name |it); (t) to find her/him/it<br />
tuqu- (i) to die<br />
tuqunaq(-) poison; (i) to be poisonous; (t) to poison her/him/it | +naq 2 vn<br />
alik- to tear or rip (it) @ aliksI- / aqsaurrautigivlugu alipalukkikpuk wed sure ripped it fighting over it || +sI- 3 vv<br />
aligaq- to tear (it); (i) to be sad, “torn up” | +aq- 1 vv<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 62
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Inupiaq/1st%20postbases.doc<br />
lait- vv does not, cannot, is not able to __ § rel. -suit- vv<br />
imiQ(-) drinking water; an alcoholic drink; to drink imilaitchuq she does not drink<br />
(it)<br />
naatchI- (i) to finish, to complete something naatchiḷaitchuq sumik isagutigaluaqami she never finishes<br />
whenever she begins anything<br />
pisuaq- (i) to walk; (t) to walk it=distance<br />
pisualaitchuq taamna aġnaiyaaq that young girl cannot walk<br />
savak- to work on (it); (i) to be working, operating<br />
properly (of a machine); (t) to prepare it=corpse for<br />
burial<br />
savalaitchuq qaigaluaqami she does not work even though she<br />
comes over<br />
Sıfat sanarak "dilsiz" diye çevirdiğiniz İngilizce "is dumb" tanımlamasını, İnyupikçe sözlüğün<br />
önsözünde belirtilen kural* gereği "sessiz olur, konuşamaz" biçiminde fiil olarak vermeliydiniz.<br />
“uqalaitchuq "dilsiz" örneğinin kökünde İñupiaqça "kelime" anlamına gelen uqaliq (= uqalıq)’ın bulunduğunu düşünüyoruz.<br />
Çünkü aynı dilde "dil" anlamını uqaq veriyor” yargınız yanlıştır. Başka kaynaklara da baksaydınız uqaq- ‘to talk<br />
= konuşmak’ fiilinin -lait- ‘does not, cannot, is not able to …’ fiilden fiil yapım ekiyle yapılmış uqalait- ‘to be mute,<br />
unable to talk = sessiz olmak, konuşamamak’ fiilinin -chuq '(indicative) she/he/it' ekli çekimi olduğunu görürdünüz.<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
uqaq(-) tongue; tongue-like part of leg-hold trap which is stepped on by an animal and tripped; (i) to talk; (t) to keep talking to<br />
her/him for purpose of telling the way to live<br />
uqalaIt- (i) to be mute, unable to talk | -laIt- vv<br />
“Sahacadaki xaraağa suoh "kör, gözleri görmeyen" kelimesi ile İñupiaqçada bulunan qieitlaitchuq "kör, gözleri görmeyen"<br />
kelimesinin aynı mantıkla yapılması çok şaşırtıcı, şaşırtıcı olduğu kadar da meraklandıncıdır. ” diyorsunuz. Bunda şaşıracak,<br />
meraklanacak bir durum yok.<br />
Öncelikle, sıfat sanarak "kör, gözleri görmeyen" diye çevirdiğiniz İngilizce "is blind" tanımlamasını,<br />
İnyupikçe sözlüğün önsözünde belirtilen kural* gereği "kör olur, göremez = bakamaz" biçiminde fiil<br />
olarak vermeliydiniz.<br />
qiñiq- ‘to look at, watch (her/him/it) = bakmak’ fiilinin -lait- ‘does not, cannot, is not able to …’ fiilden fiil yapım<br />
ekiyle yapılmış qiñitlait- ‘bakamamak’ fiilinin -chuq '(indicative) she/he/it' ekli çekimidir.<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
qiñiq- to look at, watch (her/him/it)<br />
qiñaa- to look for, search for (her/him/it) | -a 2 - vv<br />
qiñġun pupil of eye | :un 1<br />
qiñiġaaq picture, photograph | +*ġ+aq 6 - vv aq 4 nv<br />
qiñiġaq- to photograph (her/him/it); (Nu, Ti) to look with the aid of binoculars or telescope at (her/him/it) | -ġaq 6 - vv<br />
qiñiġaun camera; (Nu) telescope, scope of rifle; (Ti) sight on rifle | -ġaq 6 - vv :un 1 vn § rel. iriġruaq<br />
qiñiġautik (Nu) binoculars | -ġaq 6 - vv :un 1 vn -k (dual mkr) | syn iriġruak<br />
qiñiġiaq vision | +iaq 2 vn<br />
qiñiġruaq- to stare at, glare at (her/him/it) sternly | +ġruaq- 3 vv<br />
qiñiġvIIt- (i) to not know where to look because of embarrassment, shame | +vIk 1 vn :It- 1 nv<br />
qiñiqsaġataq- to stare at (her/him/it) for quite a while | +saġataq- vv<br />
qiñiqsitaaġiaq- (Ti) (i) to go to a movie | +sitaaq- vv +iaq 1 - vv<br />
qiñiqsitaaq- (Ti) (i) to watch a movie | +sitaaq(-) vv, nv<br />
qiñiqsitaat (Ti) movie, film | +sitaaq(-) vv, vn -t (pl mkr)<br />
qiñiqtuaq movie, picture book | +t/ruaq 2 (part 3s)<br />
qiñiyunaq-, (Nu) qiñiyuġnaq- or qiññaġIk- (i) to be pretty, pleasing to the eye | -yunaq- vv -yuġnaq- vv or ‘-Q 4 vn +[g]Ik-<br />
qiññaapak- to stare at (it) longingly, enviously | ‘-aq 1 - vv -pak(-) 3 vv, vn<br />
qiññaq appearance | ‘-Q 4 vn<br />
*http://www.alaskool.org/Language/dictionaries/inupiaq/default.htm: Third, verbs are indicated by the ending "-uq" on the<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> word and "-s" on the English gloss. Look at the words marked 1. (Some English glosses need a helping verb as "is happy").<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 63
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
13<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=t<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
tuutraq ridge beam<br />
tuutuq is lashing skin to the frame<br />
M.KARA I 1514<br />
14. İñu. tuutuq (= tuutuk) "bağlama sırımı -çerçeve vb. için-". "Tutmak, yakalamak, kavramak"<br />
anlamlarına gelen tut- fiilinden yapılmış bir isim olduğunu düşündüğümüz bu kelime, ET. tutuk<br />
"bulutlu hava; tutulmuş dil; felç olmuş vücut; kapalı perde" (CLAUSON 1972: 451,453) ile ilişkili olmalıdır.<br />
Ancak anlamı biraz farklılaşmış durumdadır.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Türkçe tutuq sözüyle ilgi kurulamaz, çünkü:<br />
1) İnyupikçe tuutuq sözündeki uzun ünlüyü Türkçe tutuq sözündeki kısa ünlüyle örtüştüremezsiniz.<br />
2) Türkçe -k/q bitimli yapıntıları <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca -q/k bitimli çekintilerle birleştiremezsiniz.<br />
3) Redhose'daki frame 'çerçeve, bina iskeleti, kafes, çatı; beden, vücut; gergef, tezgâh; hal' tanımlamasından<br />
çerçeve'yi alarak "bağlama sırımı -çerçeve vb. için-" biçiminde isim olarak tanımladığınız örnek, tuut- 'deri örtüyü<br />
kayık kafesine bağlamak' fiilinin çekintisidir ve hemen üstündeki tuutraq sözüyle kökteştir. Koskoca kafesi<br />
gözüken kayık *= umiaḳ /umiaq+ resmini nasıl görmüyorsunuz ya!<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
id<br />
Sayfa 64
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
tuut- (t) to lash skin cover to boat frame § rel. amiq(-)<br />
tuurraq, (Nu) tuutraq ridgepole, lengthwise ceiling beam in house<br />
tuurvik or (Ti) tuulvik horizontal pieces of wood perpendicular to the ribs=tulimaat to<br />
which skins of umiaq are lashed; (Ti) inner “brace board” running length of the boat<br />
frame inside the boat<br />
http://newstar.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=1126&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *tuɣǝt-<br />
Meaning: to span, to stretch skin over frame<br />
Russian meaning: затягивать, натягивать шкуру на каркас<br />
Proto-Yupik: *tuɣǝt-<br />
Meaning: to span (tugs, pouch), to tighten parka hood round face<br />
Russian Meaning: стягивать, затягивать (лямки, мешок), завязывать капюшон<br />
Chaplino: tūxtaqā; túxtaq (t) 'walrus ham with fat and species sewed in rawhide'<br />
Naukan: tuxtaq 'pickled meat' [Tein]<br />
Proto-Inupik: *tuut-<br />
Meaning: to lash skin cover to boat frame<br />
Russian meaning: натягивать шкуру на каркас байдары<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: tūt- 'to put rawhide line through boat skin to lash it to boat frame'<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: tūt-<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: tūt-<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 65
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
14<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=a<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
akiruk are opposite (of 2)<br />
M.KARA I 1510<br />
1. İñu. akiruk (= akıruk) "aykırı, zıt, ters, karşı". Bu kelimenin ET. arkuru ile ilgisinin olduğunu<br />
düşünüyoruz. Clauson, arkuçu "aksi, ters" kelimesinden yola çıkarak arkuru kelimesinin arku isminden<br />
yapılmış bir fiil olan arkur-‘ın zarf-fıil şekli olduğunu düşünmekte ve turkuru kelimesiyle birlikte<br />
kullanıldığını belirtmektedir (CLAUSON 1972: 219).<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Metatetik saydığınız akiruk sözünde sondaki -k “türemesi”ni nasıl açıklamayı düşünüyordunuz;<br />
belirtmemişsiniz. Böyle amatörce birleştirme yapılmaz!<br />
Türkçe arquru sözüyle ilgi kurulamaz, çünkü:<br />
1) Türk ve <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilleri gibi iki ayrı k sesini [k velar / q uvular+ ayırt eden dillerde k’yi k ile q’yı q<br />
ile birleştirebilirsiniz.<br />
"are" koyduğuna göre fiildir. Fakat Redhouse'da opposite "karşıki, karşıda olan; zıt, aksi, karşıt, ters;..." sözünde<br />
fiil karşılığı yok. İnyupikçe aki(-) 'cost, price, value, wage; opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side of the point (Point Hope); to<br />
respond, acknowledge or answer her/him with gestures (of one who is far away but visible)' kökünün fiil anlamı farklı.<br />
+ruq / +chuq / +tuq / +suq ‘(indicative) she/he/it’ +rut / + tut /+ sut '(indicative) they (plural)' olduğuna göre -ruk<br />
da '(indicative) they (dual)' olmalı tıpkı avinŋaruk 'theyd are divorced' kasuummiruk 'theyd are joined'<br />
nakuaqqutiruk 'theyd love each other' kasuummiruk 'theyd are in contact, touching each other' naalaġniummiruk<br />
'theyd are listening for news intently' örnekleri gibi<br />
akiruk are opposite (of 2) ZIT<br />
atiruk are identical (of 2) AYNI<br />
atiruq is the same, there is no difference<br />
paaqsaaġutiruk they (2) pass each other<br />
Labrador<br />
Akigannik<br />
Opposing.<br />
Akigattusainatuk tânna uvannik.<br />
He opposes me all the time.<br />
Nuniva<br />
aki opposite side; area across<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 66
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/pubs/i_pubs/North_Slope_Grammar_1986.pdf North Slope Iñupiaq Grammar Second Year<br />
(Preliminary Edition for Student Use Only) by Edna Ahgeak MacLean, Alaska Native Language Center, University of<br />
Alaska Fairbanks, seventh printing 2000<br />
positional<br />
stems<br />
meaning<br />
the ending +mun<br />
"towards the _"<br />
the postbase +muk- "to<br />
go towards the _"<br />
ati area down, below anmun anmukaki<br />
area opposite akiñmun akiñmukavati<br />
surrounding area, periphery avanmun<br />
iḷu area inside iḷunmun<br />
kilu area back from water, or exit kilunmun kilunmukkiŋu<br />
area at the back (with reference to any means of<br />
transport, and time sequence of events)<br />
kiŋunmun kiŋunmuk<br />
qaa area on the surface qanmun ?<br />
quli area above qunmun qunmuksaa<br />
area in front (of torso, of audience) sanmun sanmuksani<br />
area by the side saniñmun saniñmuksivu<br />
area at the front (with reference to any means of<br />
transport, and time sequence of events)<br />
sivunmun sivunmuktunu<br />
back, backside tununmun tununmukuati<br />
area to the west, down the coast uanmun uanmuk-<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
akI(-) cost, price, value, wage; opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side of the point (Point Hope); to respond, acknowledge or answer her/him with gestures (of one who is far away but visible) /<br />
akiptinni igluqaqtut = they have a house across from ours; taamna qanutun akiqaqpa what is the price on that?<br />
akiaġaqtaaq- to take turns using (it); (i) to take turns doing an activity | -aq- 8 nv +aq- 1 vv +taaq- 1 vv<br />
akiaq- (t) to relieve her/him, (as in a task, take over from a watch, games, etc) @ akiaqsI- / akiaġaa iḷaaluni he took over for his partner | -aq- 8 nv || +sI- 3 vv<br />
akigaq- to bear, carry (it) from both sides (of more than one person); to bear, carry (it) on or across one’s shoulders, e.g. with a yoke / aġviġum niaqua akigaqługu nuutkaak theyd moved<br />
the whale’s head by carrying it from both sides | -gaq- 1 vv, nv § rel. kakaaq-, nanmak-, tigumiaq-<br />
akigaun yoke, a frame fitted to a person’s shoulders to carry loads; a stick put through something so that two people can carry the load / akigautaak naviktuq the stick that theyd were<br />
using to carry something broke | -gaq- 1 vv, nv :un 1 vn<br />
akigautik a stretcher; a litter / akigautik aikkik go get the stretcher<br />
akigIIk- (i) to be across from each other; opponents | +[g]IIk- nv § rel. akiḷḷiġIIk(-)<br />
akiġruq- (Ti) to buy (it) on credit | +ġruq- nv § rel. akiiḷaq(-), imuŋaaq(-)<br />
akiġruun (Ti) a debt | +ġruq- nv :un 1 vn § rel. akiiḷaq(-), imuŋaaq(-)<br />
akiiḷaaq something free, without cost | :Iḷaq(-) nv aq 4 vn<br />
akiiḷaq(-) debt; to buy (it) on credit / akiiḷani akiḷiġiaġai he has gone to pay his debts | :Iḷaq(-) nn, nv<br />
akiiḷI- (t) to defeat her/him in a contest / kamanniraaqtuaq akiiḷigaa he defeated the one who was showing off, one who thinks he’s strong | :It- 1 nv -lI- 3 nv<br />
akiit- (i) to lose, be defeated; to be cheap, inexpensive / akisunasugiraġa akiiññiqsuq I thought it was expensive, but found it to be inexpensive; tikitqaurraġmata akiitchuaq he lost when<br />
a race was held | :It- 1 nv<br />
akiitchuk a prostitute, harlot | :It- 1 nv +tuq 5 vn<br />
akiksrait- (i) to be priceless, invaluable / iñuit uqallagaqtut maġlaktuutaa akiksraiññivḷugu maġlaktuutikaamiŋniñ everyone said that his dance gift is far more valuable than their usual<br />
dance gift | +ksraq 1 nn :It- 1 nv<br />
akiksrIq- (t) to assess, appraise its worth, put a price on it | +ksraq 1 nn ‘=Iq- 1 nv<br />
akiksriqsuq- (t) to set a value on, to assess worth of them (for taxation, sale price) @ akiksriqsuI- | +ksraq 1 nn ‘=Iq- 1 nv +tuq- 2 vv || -I- 7 vv<br />
akiḷiaksraq bill; item to be paid for / akiḷiaksratka tikiñmata mikiniġmata quyatchapaluktuŋa when my bills came I was overjoyed when I saw that they were a small amount | -lIq- 1 nv<br />
aq 4 vn +ksraq 1 nn<br />
akiḷiaksrIq- (t) to bill, charge someone an amount | -lIq- 1 nv aq 4 vn +ksraq 1 nn ‘=Iq- 1 nv<br />
akiḷiñaaq area across somewhere; north side of Point Barrow (Nuvuk) / ukiami akiḷiñaami aġvagniqsut during the fall, they caught a whale on the north side of Point Barrow /<br />
akiḷiñaaqsiuqtut qamma kalittuat aġviġmik the boats pulling the whale are remaining on the north side of Point Barrow | +naaq vn<br />
akiḷIq- (t) to pay for it; to pay her/him for something @ akiḷII- / tauqsiġñiaqti akiḷiġaa he paid the storekeeper; akiḷiiruaq aŋunmun he paid the man | -lIq- 1 nv || -I- 7 vv<br />
akiḷirrun payment for services, usually money | +lIt- nv +run vn<br />
akiḷisIq- (t) to pay them each a wage | +lIt- nv ~Iq- 2 nv<br />
akiḷIt- (t) to pay her/him a wage / savaktini akiḷitkai he paid his workers | +lIt- nv<br />
akiḷitchI- (Ti) (i) to pay a debt | +lIt- nv +sI- 3 vv § rel. akiiḷaq(-)<br />
akiḷiusiaq reward, wage, paycheck / akiḷiusiani nuŋupkapasuuġaa he spent his paycheck already | +lIt- nv :un- 1 vn ~Iq- 1 nv aq 4 vn<br />
akiḷḷiġiik duplex house (with one door), entrance on long side; enemiesd, opponentsd | +llIQ nn +[g]IIk(-) nn, nv<br />
akiḷḷiḷIq- to oppose (her/him); (i) to now have an opponent / aapiyani anaktaqtuani akiḷḷiḷiġaa he is competing against his brother in the games | +llIQ nn -lIq- 1 nv<br />
akiḷḷiḷiqsuq- (t) to oppose her/him/it @ akiḷḷiḷiqsui- | +llIQ nn -lIq- 1 nv +tuq- 2 vv || -I- 7 vv<br />
akiḷḷIQ opponent, competitor, opposite / akiḷḷiñi siġmaaliqsitkaa he is forcing his competitor to work harder | +llIQ nn<br />
akiḷḷiqsruq- (t) to oppose her/him @ akiḷḷiqsrui- | +llIQ nn +qsruq- 1 nv || -I- 7 vv<br />
akiḷuk(-) beam of light; (t) for it to be illuminated by a beam of light / akiḷukkaa a beam of light shines on it | perhaps -luk(-) 4 nn, nv § rel. akił<br />
akił glass lantern chimney; snow reflector, i.e. as in a snowhouse / akił utaa nannim navikkaa he broke the glass lantern chimney | -łhun nn<br />
akił - (i) to break (of lantern chimney); (t) to break her/his/its lantern chimney | -łhun nn -rraq- 2 rv<br />
akiḷulIq- (t) to set a reflector | -lIq- 1 nv<br />
akił echo, something flashing on and off | -łuk(-) 1 nn, vn +*ġ+aq 1 vn<br />
akił k(-) echo; to echo | -łuk(-) 1 nn, nv<br />
akił - (i) to echo more than once / atuġman akił when he sang, his voice would echo | -łuk(-) 1 nn +t/raq- 1 vv<br />
akima- to win (it) / akimaruaq tikitqaurraqtuani she won in the race | +ma- 1 vn<br />
akimialik thirty-forty rifle (short shells, held fifteen bullets); forty-four gun (old style) | -lik nn<br />
akimiaq fifteen; akimiaq atausiq sixteen; akimiaq malġuk seventeen; akimiaq piŋasut eighteen; akimiaġutaiḷaq fourteen | :uti- 1 vn :iḷaq nn; akimiakipiaq three hundred / akimiakipiat<br />
iñuit kasimayyaġniqsut three hundred people went to the meeting | +kipiaq nn<br />
akimman victory / akimmatiktiŋ iḷitchuġipqauqamirruŋ, iñuich piallaktut the people became very excited when they learned of their victory | +ma- 1 vv ‘n 1 vn<br />
akiñ pillow, sleeping platform head beam (crossbeam); (Nu) side platform in sod house (one of two platforms opposite each other)<br />
akiññak- (i) to be paid a wage, to get paid | +nnak- nv<br />
akiññaktaaq paycheck, payment received for services given / akiññaktaaŋit naanŋaitkaitsuli they have not finished preparing their paychecks | +nnak- nv +taaq 2 vn<br />
akiññaktit- (t) to pay her/him a wage @ akiññaktitchI- / akiññaktitkaaŋa she paid me a wage | +nnak- nv tit- vv<br />
akiŋŋaI- to criticize ?<br />
akiŋŋaq- (t) to speak boldly to someone; to criticize someone openly; (i) to bounce off repeatedly; to resist impact; to make no impression on someone (of words or scolding) | -ŋŋaq- nv<br />
akiraġaq- (Ti) to echo / nipiga akiraġaqtuq or nipiga akiraġaġaa my voice is echoing | -t/raġaq- vv § see qaiġuatitaq-<br />
akisaq- to fight (her/him) back; take revenge (on her/him); to reciprocate by fighting back | +saq- 1 nv<br />
akisu- (i) to be expensive, valuable; to be of some value, worth | +tu- nv<br />
akisutilaaq(-) price; (t) to inquire about its price | +tu- nv tilaaq(-) vn<br />
akitchaq- to trade, barter, or offer (it) for exchange; (t) to bid for it / akitchaġaluaqtuq iñuich tauqsiġuŋitchut he offered things for sale or barter but people did not want to buy | +tchaq- 1<br />
vv<br />
akiuġuti- (i) to quarrel, disagree, fight | :uq- 1 nv :uti- 2 vv<br />
akiuq- (t) to be opposed to it; to keep responding or answering her/him with gestures (of one who is far away but visible) | +uq- 1 vv<br />
akivIk- (t) to prop something (usually a boat) on its side [is it restricted to boats??] / akivikł they made a wind shelter for themselves by propping the boat on its<br />
side | +vIk- 3 v<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/yupet&text_number=+127&root=config<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 67
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *aki-<br />
Meaning: other, opposite side<br />
Russian meaning: другая, противоположная сторона<br />
Proto-Yupik: *aki-<br />
Meaning: against, on the opposite side<br />
Russian Meaning: напротив, на противополжной стороне<br />
Chaplino: akívaq 'South-West'<br />
Naukan: akíni loc., akíta 'other side'<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: aki 'opposite side', akiqɫiq '(one) opposite'<br />
Koniag (AAY): AP akiliq 'one opposite, opponent'<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: akiqɫɫiq 'one opponent'<br />
Nunivak (Peripheral): akkia* 3sg. 'its other side'<br />
Proto-Inupik: *ạki-<br />
Meaning: against, on the opposite side<br />
Russian meaning: напротив, на противополжной стороне<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: aɣi- 'across from'<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq aɣíni loc.<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: aki-, akiĺĺiq (ʁ) 'oppponent'<br />
NAI Dialects: B akia* 3sg., Qaw akiliq 'the one opposite'<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: aki- 'other side of', akiaq- 'to take someone's place'<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor, M akia* 3sg., Perry River akilliq 'the one opposite'<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: aki- 'other side of', akil(l)iq 'onen on the opposite side'<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: aki- (akia* 3sg.), akiliq 'place on the opposite side of fjord'<br />
GRI Dialects: NG akia 3sg. 'North America'<br />
Comments: Cf. *aki 'price, value'.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 68
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
15<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=a<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=i<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=p<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
aniqatiga my sibling (my brother or my sister)<br />
aniqatigiik sibling pair<br />
aullabmiuq is also departing<br />
aullabniiruq begins<br />
aullaqatigiiksut they depart together<br />
aullaqsivieaqtuq is departing quickly<br />
aullaqsrubniaqtuq picks berries<br />
aullaqtitkaa sends him away<br />
aullaqtitkaa causes it to depart, sends<br />
aullaqtuq goes away<br />
aullaqtuq departs, goes away<br />
aullaquvisigut do you want us to depart?<br />
ieuuqan one who is born on same day<br />
ieuuqatigiik two born on same day (special<br />
friendship)<br />
ixisaqatigiiksut they teach each other<br />
ixisaqtuq tries to learn, practices<br />
ixisaurri teacher (N)<br />
ixisaurriruq teaches (N)<br />
ixisautigaa teaches him<br />
ixisautri teacher (K)<br />
ixisautriruq teaches (K)<br />
piqatigigifma I am your companion (lit. you<br />
have me for a companion)<br />
piqatigiiksut are together<br />
piqatigiiktuk are together (2)<br />
M.KARA I 1515<br />
aniqatiga my sibling (my brother or my sister)<br />
aniqatigiik sibling pair<br />
aullaġmiuq is also departing<br />
aullaġniiruq begins<br />
aullaqatigiiksut they depart together<br />
aullaqsivieaqtuq is departing quickly<br />
aullaqsruġniaqtuq picks berries<br />
aullaqtitkaa sends him away<br />
aullaqtitkaa causes it to depart, sends<br />
aullaqtuq goes away<br />
aullaqtuq departs, goes away<br />
aullaquvisigut do you want us to depart?<br />
iñuuqan one who is born on same day<br />
iñuuqatigiik two born on same day (special<br />
friendship)<br />
iḷisaqatigiiksut they teach each other<br />
iḷisaqtuq tries to learn, practices<br />
iḷisaurri teacher (N)<br />
iḷisaurriruq teaches (N)<br />
iḷisautigaa teaches him<br />
iḷisautri teacher (K)<br />
iḷisautriruq teaches (K)<br />
piqatigigiŋma I am your companion (lit. you<br />
have me for a companion)<br />
piqatigiiksut are together<br />
piqatigiiktuk are together (2)<br />
Yukarıda İñupiaqcada kullanılan bazı kelimelerin baş tarafının başka dile ait olduğunu, ancak<br />
son kısımlarında Türkçe kelimelerin bulunduğunu belirtmiştik. Bu örnekler, fiil kökünden yapılmış<br />
isimler şeklindeydi. İñupiaqcada kullanılan bazı kelimelerin son kısmında ise isimden isim yapma<br />
ekiyle yapılmış isimler bulunmaktadır. Bu isimlerin, "ikisi beraber, ikisi birlikte" anlamına gelen ET.<br />
ikegü (CLAUSON 1972: 105) ile ilişkili olduğunu düşünüyoruz: İñu. aniqatigiik "kardeş çifti, ikiz", İñu.<br />
aullaqatigiiksut "onlar birlikte ölür", İñu. ieuuqatigiik "aynı günde doğmuş iki kişi, gündeş", İñu.<br />
ixisaqatigiiksut "onlar birbirine öğretir", İñu. piqatigiiksut "birlikte, beraber", İñu. piqatigiiktuk "birlikte,<br />
ET. ikegü ise, sayı adı iki ile, sayılara gelen ve birliktelik ifade eden isimden isim yapma eki "-egü<br />
"nün birleşmesinden meydana gelmiştir.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Mehmet Kara’nın Türkçe ikegü ile birleştirmek için -igiik biçiminde kasıtlı olarak ayırdığı örnekler<br />
-giik /-ġiik [< -gi- 'have as' & -ik 'dual marker'] ekinin (mark of mutuality) türevidir. <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerindeki dual<br />
yapıdan haberi olmadığı için birleşik ekte kendini apaçık belli eden dual ekini (-ik) göremiyor: -giik /-ġiik<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 69
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
(dual) –giit /-ġiit (plural) [singular biçimi “teknik” olarak bulunmaz]<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000861/086162E.pdf (1990) Louis-Jacques Dorais, The Canadian Inuit and their<br />
Language<br />
Other examples could be given of such a linguistic expression of binarity. Inuktitut<br />
commonly uses a special affix (-giik or -riik) to translate the relationship between two persons or<br />
objects. This produces words such as:<br />
panigiik (‘a pair including a daughter’) a daughter with one of her parents<br />
ajjigiik (‘a pair of images’) two things that look alike<br />
arnariik (‘a pair including a woman’) a woman with her husband<br />
piqatigiik (‘a pair of friends’) two friends together<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Inupiaq/1st%20postbases.doc<br />
+[g]IIk(-) nn, nv a relationship where one or several has another as her/his/its/their __; (i) to have a relationship where one or several has another as her/his/its/their __<br />
with +gIIk nn<br />
aaka mother aakagiik mother and child<br />
aakagiik- to be mother and child<br />
with +gIIk- vn,vv<br />
aapiyaq older brother aapiyaġiik older brother and sibling<br />
aatauraq older sister aatauraġiik older sister and sibling<br />
akI(-) cost, price, value, wage; opposite side, other side; (Ti) north side of the akigIIk- (i) to be across from each other; opponents<br />
point (Point Hope); to respond, acknowledge or answer her/him with gestures<br />
(of one who is far away but visible)<br />
aniqan sibling aniqatigiit siblings<br />
aniqatigiik- to be siblings<br />
aŋak uncle aŋagiik uncle and nephew or niece<br />
aŋayuqaaq parent aŋayuqaaġiit a family<br />
atchak aunt atchagiik aunt and nephew or niece<br />
avilaitqan friend avilaitqatigiik two friends<br />
iḷa(-) relative by blood, marriage or name; companion, friend, partner; part of<br />
a whole; (i) to get a co-participant, co-member; to become extended, receive<br />
a new addition, e.g. of a house, of a family, of an institution; (t) to add on to it;<br />
to come and be a co-participant with her/him<br />
iḷagiit relatives<br />
iḷagiik- to be related<br />
igḷu(-) the other, the mate, as in a pair of mitten or boots (i) to be provided<br />
with a companion or a partner; (t) to provide her/him/it with a partner,<br />
companion or a complement<br />
igḷugIIk(-) paired items; (i) to be a pair<br />
*iññaq (root) (Nu) appearance, demeanor, condition iññaaġIIk(-) similar items; (i) for two things to be alike<br />
kayyaaq, (Nu) katyaaq intersection, fork, crossroads, junction of two rivers;<br />
branch of a river<br />
kayyaaġiik >two roads or rivers which intersect<br />
kiŋuġaqłIQ one furtherest behind kiŋuġaqłiġIIk(-) the pair with one behind the other; (i) to be in<br />
line, one behind the other<br />
nuka(q) or nukatchiaq or nukaaluk younger sibling nukaġiik siblings; brother and sister<br />
qallIQ(-) outermost part, top part, topmost one; (i) to be now covered; (t) to qalliġIIk(-), (Nu) qalliġIk- two things lying one on top of the<br />
cover, top her/him/it with something<br />
other; (i) to lie one on top of the other<br />
sakiġatchauraq a new relation where one or the other is a brother-in-law or sakiġatchauraġIIk relationship where one or the other is a<br />
a son-in-law<br />
brother-in-law or a son-in-law<br />
saniġaqłiq something to the side, one by one's side saniġaqłiġIIk(-) ones side by side; (i) to be situated side by side<br />
tuvaaqan companion, mate, partner; spouse tuvaaqatigiik man and wife<br />
tuvaaqatigiik- to be man and wife<br />
kapit- (i) to be tight-fitting; (t) to fit an outer piece over inner, e.g.<br />
snowshirt over parka;<br />
kapitak (Ti) outer fur parka<br />
kapitaaġiik- to be inside the other<br />
malik- to follow, accompany (her/him/it) maligIIk- (i) to be close in age (of siblings)<br />
naammak- (i) to be of the right amount or size, to fit right, be adequate,<br />
enough<br />
naammiaġIIk(-) ones of the same size; (i) to be of the same size (of<br />
two or more persons or objects)<br />
surratigiik- (i) to have influence over each other<br />
*uumI (root) anger, hatred, dislike uumigIIk- (Ti) uumigiik- (i) to be in conflict, be enemies, hate each<br />
other<br />
+[g]iiksit- nv (i) to enter into a relationship where one or several has another as her/him/its/their __; (t) to cause them to enter into a relationship where one or several has another as<br />
her/his/its/their __ | +[g]IIk(-) nn, vn +sit- vn<br />
akiḷḷIQ opponent, competitor, opposite akiḷḷiġiiksit- to become opponents now<br />
tuvaaqan companion, mate, partner; spouse tuvaaqatigiiksit- to get married<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 70
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
16<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=t<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
titibaa marks it, draws a line on it<br />
titiq mark, dot, line<br />
titiqtuq draws a line, makes a mark<br />
tittaaliq mudshark, ling-cod, burbot (Lota lota)<br />
tittaq mark, dot, line<br />
M.KARA I 1514<br />
titiġaa marks it, draws a line on it<br />
titiq mark, dot, line<br />
titiqtuq draws a line, makes a mark<br />
tittaaliq mudshark, ling-cod, burbot (Lota lota)<br />
tittaq mark, dot, line<br />
13. İñu. titiq (= tıtık) "çizgi, damga, iz, işaret". ET. çız- "çizmek; çizgi çizmek; resim çizmek"<br />
fiilinin Çağataycada sız- şekli bulunmaktadır, çiz- biçimi ise, sonradan ortaya çıkmıştır<br />
(CLAUSON 1972: 432). İñupiaqçadaki titiq (= tıtık), ET. muhtemel bir *çızıg kelimesinden geliyor<br />
olmalıdır. İñupiaqçadaki tittaq (= tıttaq) "çizgi, damga, iz, işaret", aynı dilde bulunan titiq (=<br />
tıtık)'in, ses değişmesine uğramış bir başka biçimi olsa gerektir.<br />
İñupiaqçadaki titibaa (= tıtıbaa) "çizer, üzerine çizgi çeker, işaret koyar" ve titiqtuq (=<br />
tıtıktuk) "çizer, çizgi çeker, işaret koyar" kelimeleri de Türkçe çiz- fiiliyle ilişkili diğer kelimelerdir.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Utkuhiksalik titi-raq-tuq 'he writes' (literally: 'he makes repeated marks'; from titiq- 'mark')<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
titiq(-) a mark or dot; (i) to be now marked with a dot or a line; (t) to mark it with a dot or a line, to cut a notch in it, to mark it to indicate where one is to cut, carve @ titiqsI-<br />
titiġaq one month of a calendar; mark, scratch mark | +aq 4 nv<br />
titiġniQ a mark or a line | +niQ 1 vn<br />
titiqqat calendar | +aq 4 vn ‘-t (pl mkr)<br />
titiqtuġniQ groove carved in wood | +tuq- 2 +niQ 1 vn<br />
titiqtuq- (t) to carve a notch or groove in it, to put scratch marks on it @ titiqtuI- | +tuq- 2 vv<br />
titiqtuun (Nu) ruler; (Ti) a marker § rel. uuktuun, miŋuaqtuun | +tuq- 2 vv :un 1 vn<br />
titquti- (Itta ) tainna qiruuramik titqutillaavlugu.<br />
tittaq something that has been marked; a dot; a line | ‘- Q 4 vn<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=1115&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *titǝʁ(-)<br />
Meaning: to mark<br />
Russian meaning: метить, отмечать<br />
Proto-Yupik: *cǝtǝʁ(-) ˜ *citǝʁ(-)<br />
Meaning: to mark 1, mark 2<br />
Russian Meaning: отмечать 1, метка, знак 2<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: cǝtǝʁ- 1<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: cǝtǝʁ- 1, cǝtǝq 2<br />
Proto-Inupik: *tǝtǝʁ-<br />
Meaning: to mark 1, mark, dot 2<br />
Russian meaning: отмечать 1, отметка, метина, точка 2<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: titiʁ- 1<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: titɨʁ- 1, titɨq (ʁ) 2<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: titiʁ- 1<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: titiʁ- 'to write', tittaq 2<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: tittaq (ʁ) 'line'<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 71
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
17<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=a<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
afmaaq flint, chert, firestone (N)<br />
akmaaq flint, chert, firestone (K)<br />
M.KARA I 1510<br />
aŋmaaq flint, chert, firestone (N)<br />
akmaaq flint, chert, firestone (K)<br />
Dialect Note: (N) after a word or meaning indicates use in the North<br />
Slope villages, (K) after a word or meaning indicates use in the<br />
Kobuk River villages.<br />
1. İñu. akmaaq (= akmak) “çakmaktaşı”. Bu kelime. ET. Ve OT. çakma:k kelimesiyle ilişkilidir.<br />
Aslına bakıldığında kelime başı ç- ünsüzü düşmüştür. Kelime başındaki ünsüz düşmelerine <strong>Türkçenin</strong><br />
kuzey lehçelerinden biri olan Sahacada da rastlanmaktadır: Sah. arbuz “karpuz” ve Sah. emis “semiz”<br />
örneklerinde olduğu gibi. İñupiaqçada aynı kelimenin afmaaq şekli de bulunmaktadır. çakmak ismi,<br />
Türkçe çak- “ çakmaktaşı ve çeliği birbirine sürterek ateş yakmak; kibrit vb. ile ateş yakmak” fiilinden<br />
gelmektedir.<br />
İñupiaqçada kullanılan akmaaq kelimesini sonunda bulunan fiilden isim yapma eki “-mak”ın<br />
uzun ünlü ile kullanılması bu kelimenin Türkçe olduğunun bir diğer delilidir. Çünkü çakmak kelimesinin<br />
sonunda bulunan “-mak” eki Eski ve Orta Türkçe dönemlerinde uzun ünlülüydü (CLAUSON 1972:<br />
408; DANKOFF-KELLY 1985: 87). yak- fiiliyle çak- fiilinin ilişkisinin bulunup bulunmadığı ayrıca düşünmeye<br />
değer.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
İnyupikçenin en bozuk lehçesi olan Malimiut (= Kobuk) İnyupikçesindeki akmaaq biçimini<br />
görüp alan Mehmet Kara, en temiz lehçesi olan North Slope İnyupikçesindeki aŋmaaq<br />
biçimininin fontsuz görüntüsü olan afmaaq biçimini ikincil sayıyor<br />
Sağır nun (ŋ) ile kaf (q) uyuşmazlığını bir kenara bırakalım, İnuit <strong>Eskimo</strong>cası aŋmaaq (><br />
angmaaq, akmaaq, ammaaq) ‘flint’ ile Orta Türkçe قامق چ çaqmaq ‘flint’ sözünü birleştirmeye engel<br />
olan baştaki ç-‘nin düşümü için Kara’nın verdiği örnekler açıklamaya yetmiyor. Türkçe (Turkic) s-<br />
önsesinin Yakutçada düşmesi kuraldır (sal ~ аал; su ~ уу; süt ~ үүт; söğüt ~ үөт; sinir ~ иңиир; söz ~ өс; sekiz ~ аҕыс; semiz<br />
~ эмис) fakat arbuz örneğindeki sesdüşümünü Yakutçaya mal etmek yanlıştır: Yakut Türkçesi arbuz < Rusça<br />
арбу́з < Kıpçak Türkçesi arbuz < Oğuz Türkçesi karpuz < Farsça ز برخ<br />
Tekrarlanarak yapılan hareketlerden isim oluşturan -maaq ekinin türevi olduğu açıktır (!),<br />
ama kökü belirsizdir: < ? aŋI- 2 (i) to revive, to be revived, to become alive again, be resurrected, come back to life<br />
Diğer <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerindeki veriler: Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi: ᐊᒻᒫᖅ ammaaq, ᐊᖕᒫᖅ angmaaq<br />
‘basalt; flint’; Grönland İnuitçesi: ammaaq (eski imlâ: angmâq) ‘flint’<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
aŋmaaq flint § see agmaaq, (Nu) akmaaq<br />
aŋmaaqtalik flintlock rifle | +taq(-) 7 nn -lik 1 nn<br />
aŋmaaqtuun a device used in softening a tanned caribou hide<br />
agmaaq or (Nu) akmaaq flint, chert / agmaaqsiuġuuruagut Ukkuqsimi we used to search for flint at Ukkuqsiq<br />
agmarriqi- to work with flint | =rriqi- nv<br />
akmaaq (Nu) flint § see agmaaq<br />
akmaaqtalik flintlock rifle (muzzle-loader) | +t/raq 4 vn -lik 1 nn<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 72
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Cesq%5Cinupet&first=101<br />
Proto-Inupik: *ạkmaa-<br />
Meaning: flint<br />
Russian meaning: кремень<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: aɣmāq<br />
NAI Dialects: B aŋmaq*, Ingl an'maq*, Qaw akmāq, Mal, Nu akmāq<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: anmāq<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: ammāq<br />
ECI Dialects: Aiv aŋmāq<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: ammāq (angmâq*)<br />
Comparative <strong>Eskimo</strong> Dictionary: 13<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Inupiaq/2nd%20section%20postbases.doc<br />
+maaq(-) 1 nn, vv (limited) to __ with duration; a longstanding __ § see –umaaq- 2 vv ? § (need more examples)<br />
a g i- 2 (i) to go home, to come home aimaaġvik home<br />
iga(-) place where cooking is done before modern day kitchens; to igamaaqłuk partly dried meat, cooked and stored in seal oil<br />
cook (it=food)<br />
iḷa(-) relative by blood, marriage or name; companion, friend,<br />
iḷamaaq friend, relative, loved one<br />
partner; part of a whole; (i) to get a co-participant, co-member; to<br />
become extended, receive a new addition, e.g. of a house, of a family,<br />
of an institution; (t) to add on to it; to come and be a co-participant<br />
with her/him<br />
kau- (i) to reach into a container or hollow place; (t) to put one’s hand kaumaaq- (Ti) to put one’s hands (into it=pocket(s))<br />
into it<br />
si ġ i- (i) to gather one’s strength for an all-out effort<br />
siġmaaq- (i) to put all one’s effort into winning; to have competitive spirit;<br />
to expend effort, work hard at something; (Nu) (i) to be divided in opinion, in<br />
disagreement<br />
supi- (i) to break up and flow (of river with ice); (t) to blow it out supimaaqtuq the wind is blowing lightly<br />
http://www.theungryfamily.com/about.html<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 73
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
18<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=a<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
ayak post, pillar<br />
ayak spear pole, whaling harpoon<br />
M.KARA<br />
2. İñu. ayak “mızrak direği/kazığı; balina avlama zıpkını”. ayak örneği, ET. tayak “destek,<br />
dayanak, mesnet” ile ilişkilidir ve Türkçe taya- fiilinden yapılmış bir isimdir. Bu örnekte de kelime<br />
başı ünsüzü (t-) düşmüştür. Kelime başında ünsüz düşmesi, akmaaq kelimesinde de vardı. Bu iki kelimede<br />
düşen t- ve ç- sesleri, ortak özellikleri bulunan seslerdir.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Türkçe tayaq sözüyle ilgi kurulamaz, çünkü:<br />
1) Baştaki t- ve ç- seslerinin düşümü o kadar kolay değildir ve açıklanmaya muhtaçtır.<br />
2) Türk ve <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilleri gibi iki ayrı k sesini [k velar / q uvular+ ayırt eden dillerde k’yi k ile q’yı q<br />
ile birleştirebilirsiniz.<br />
3) Türkçe -k/q bitimli yapıntıları <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca -q/k bitimli çekintilerle birleştiremezsiniz.<br />
Türkçe tayaq (> dayak) ile İnyupikçe ayak (sg) ayyak (dual) ‘kazık, direk’ arasında ilgi kurmak<br />
ancak amatörlerin işidir.<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
ayak(-) 1 a pole used to prop up an object; wall post; tent pole; the shaft of a spear or harpoon; old style long-handled spear; (i) to be propped up with a pole (refers only to the moment of<br />
completion); (t) to prop it=a leaning object up to keep it from falling down; to set a trap @ ayaksI- / >ayagmiñik panagaa nanuq he speared the polar bear with his spear | +sI- 3 vv §<br />
rel. naniġirrIq-<br />
ayagutaq post; post for holding up roof; (Nu) stick to prop up trap / iglum ayagutaŋa uvaaŋasiruq the post of the house is leaning out of place | +utaq 1 vn<br />
ayagutchIq- (i) to be propped up (refers only to the moment of completion); (t) to prop it up | +utaq 1 vn ‘=Iq- 1 nv<br />
ayakpak (Nu) large, long spear used by Kobuk people | +qpak(-) nn<br />
ayaksI- (i) to put one’s hands on one’s hips / ayaksiḷġataqłuni saatkaa akiḷḷiñi he faced his opponent with his hands on his hips | perhaps +sI- 5 vv<br />
ayaksraq blubber set on a post above oil lamp so oil drips into the lamp / ayaksraq nuŋuaqsiruq the blubber used to keep the lamp burning is running out | perhaps related to ayak by<br />
extension +ksraq nn § rel. iñġausIq<br />
ayaksriqpIk wooden peg in sod house for holding blubber above stone lamp | +ksraq nn ‘=Iq- 1 nv =qpik vn § perhaps related to ayak by extension<br />
ayaktuq- (i) to pole a boat (t) to pole it=boat | +tuq- 3 nv<br />
ayaktuun a long pole or staff used for poling (hand maneuvering) a boat | +tuq- 3 nv :un 1 vn<br />
ayapiq- (i) to prop oneself up with one’s hands; (t) to lean on her/him/it for support with one’s hands / ayapiqłuni makillagaluaqtuq he can stand up only by propping himself up with his<br />
hands | +piq- vv<br />
ayappak- (i) to support oneself with one’s hand; (t) to place one’s hand on her/him/it and support oneself | +ppak- vv § see ayapIq-<br />
ayappaqhaaq- (i) to suddenly fall and land on hands to break the fall | +ppak- vv -qhaaq- 1 vv<br />
ayapqumiaq- (i) to help oneself along by holding onto something moving, as a sled / ataataga ayapqumiaqłuni uniaqhauramiñik pisuaġuuruq my grandfather can walk outside by holding<br />
on to a small basket sled | -pqumiaq- vv<br />
ayapqun (Nu) sealskin mitt used when breaking bones for making broth | +piq-vv :un 1 vn<br />
ayapqusiḷḷak- (t) to tell another story to hold the first story up, so it can be easy to remember<br />
ayapqutillak or ayapqutiligaak (Nu) two stories told together (it is believed in this way that they will not be forgotten) | ?+p- vv -qun vn -lik nn ‘-k (dual mkr)<br />
ayaqhaaq(-) string game (i) to play a string game, e.g., cat’s cradle; (t) to tell it=story using string figures / ayaqhaaqtuaq qiñiqtuannaraaġaat aġnaq they are enjoying watching the woman<br />
play the string game | +qhaaq(-) 2 n<br />
>ayaġaun piece of wood with which to pull up fishing line; string for telling stories and making string figures | :un 1 vn<br />
ayaqhaakkiiq a spirit that plays string games with its intestines, bringing it out of its mouth (if you play string games too long and don’t do your chores, this spirit will start playing string<br />
games. So it was used to discourage young people to play string games for too long) | -kkiiq vn<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
id<br />
Sayfa 74
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
ayaqhaaġun or ayaqhaun string used in telling stories and making string figures | +qhaaq(-) 2 n :un 1 vn<br />
ayyauq- to push off (it=boat) from the shore with a pole | ‘-k- 2 nv :uq- 2 vv<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=1748&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *aja-ɣ<br />
Meaning: pole, to prop up, to abut against<br />
Russian meaning: шест, подпирать, упираться<br />
Proto-Yupik: *ajá-<br />
Meaning: to recline, to abut against, to push with pole 1, chock, fixture 2, pole, staff 3<br />
Russian Meaning: опираться, упираться 1, подпорка 2, посох 3<br />
Sirenik: ajáxsiẋtǝ ́qǝẋtǝ ́ʁa 'to pole', ajáxsiʁǝ́ta 2, ajǝ́vǝʁáẋ 3<br />
Chaplino: ajáɣaqā 1, ajáqun 2, ájaq* 'harpoon staff', ajávīq (ʁǝt) 3<br />
Naukan: ajáquq 1, ajáʁun 'pole', ajáveq 3<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: ajaɣ- 1, ajaxta, aja[ʁ]uq 3<br />
Chugach (AAY): KP ajaʔun 3<br />
Koniag (AAY): Kod ajaʔun 3<br />
Chugach (<strong>Bir</strong>ket-Smith): ajā ̣ʁun 'pike', 'lance shaft', cf. ajāɣe 'cross piece'<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: ajaɣ- 1, ajaxta 2, 3, ajaʁuq 3<br />
Proto-Inupik: *ạjąɣ(-)<br />
Meaning: pole, support 1, to prop up 2<br />
Russian meaning: подпорка, шест 1, подпирать(ся) 2<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: ajak 1 (of tent)<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq ajáɣ-a 3sg. 'harpoon pole', ajáktoq 'to abut against', W ająq* (āk, ēt) 'house post, tent pole'<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: ajak 'harpoon or spear pole', ajak- 2<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: ajak, ajaq 1<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: ajak- 'to shove'<br />
ECI Dialects: Lab ajak- 'to lean on, to shove'<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: ajaɣ- 2, ajagaq* 1<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 75
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
19<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=i<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
igalaaq skylight (N)<br />
igalauraq window (N)<br />
igalburaq glass (K)<br />
igaliq skylight (K)<br />
igaliq window (K)<br />
M.KARA I 1510-1511<br />
igalaaq skylight (N)<br />
igalauraq window (N)<br />
igalġuraq glass (K)<br />
igaliq skylight (K)<br />
igaliq window (K)<br />
Dialect Note: (N) after a word or meaning indicates use in the<br />
North Slope villages, (K) after a word or meaning indicates use in<br />
the Kobuk River villages.<br />
3. İñu. igalaaq (= ıgalaak) “ çatı penceresi”, igaliq (= ıgalık) “çatı penceresi; pencere”. Bu<br />
kelimeler de ET. kalık ve kalak kelimeleriyle ilişkilidir.<br />
Yakın seslere sahip olan İñu. qaluk (= kaluk) “balık” örneğinde, bu kelimelerde olduğu gibi,<br />
başta bulunan ünsüzün baskın söylenmesinden dolayı bir ünlü türemesi meydana gelmiş ve iqaluk<br />
(= ıkaluk) şekli ortaya çıkmıştır. kalık ve kalak kelimelerinin İñupiaqça şekli olan igalaaq (= ıgalaak)<br />
ve igaliq (= ıgalık) kelimelerinde de benzer bir ses gelişmesi olmuş; kelime başında bulunan “g-“lerin<br />
baskın söylenmesinden dolayı başta bir ünlü türemesi meydana gelmiştir.<br />
Clauson’a göre normalde “have, atmosfer” anlamına gelen kalık, kalı- fiilinden gelir. Bu<br />
kelime, kök kalık şeklinde eş anlamlı ikileme olarak da kullanılır. kök kalık ikilemesinin anlamı ise<br />
“/açık) gök yüzü”dür. kalık, bazı durumlarda “göğe açık herhangi bir yapı” anlamına da gelir. Öte<br />
yandan kalık, tek başına da “gök, gök yüzü” anlamını taşımaktadir. Clauson, kalık’ın “balkon” ve<br />
“pencere” anlamına da geldiğini belirtmiştir. Aynı araştırıcı, kalık ve kalıma örneklerinin her ikisinin<br />
kalı- fiilinden geldiğini ifade etmiş ve bu fiilin anlamını şöyle vermiştir: “Herhangi bir şey göğe yükselmek”.<br />
Tek yerde geçtiği belirtilen kalıma’nın anlamı ise Clauson tarafından “balkon” olarak verilmiş<br />
ve Arapçasının al-ğufra olduğu belirtilmiştir (CLAUSON 1972: 620, 622).<br />
Şinasi Tekin tarafından yayımlanan Maytrısimit adlı Uygurca eserde üzerinde durulan kelime,<br />
iki şekilde geçer: kalık “kule; sema, gök”, kalak “kule; sema, gök” (TEKİN 1976: 400).<br />
Eski Anadolu Türkçesinde bulunan kalakla- “dalgalanmak”, kalaklan- “havalanmak, kendini<br />
yüksek görmek”, kalaklu “yüksek, büyük”, kaklı- “sıçramak, hoplamak, kalkmak”, kalkıt- “sıçratmak,<br />
hoplatmak” (Tarama Sözlüğü IV 1969: 2179, 2191) örnekleriyle Türkiye Türkçesi yazı dilindeki kalk-<br />
fiili ve Anadolu ağızlarında geçen kalak-II “gelin tacı”, kalak-III “burun, burun ucu; boynuz”, kalak-IX<br />
“gurur, kibir”, kalak-XI “büyük”, kalaklı “gururlu” (Derleme Sözlüğü VIII 1975: 2608), galak-I “boynuz”,<br />
galak-III “burun kemiği”, galak-IV “kibir”, galakla- “ayağı takılıp sendelemek” (Derleme Sözlüğü<br />
VI 1972: 1897, 1898) örnekleri de aynı kelimenin (kalık / kalak) benzerleri ve türevleridir.<br />
Bütün bu örnekler dikkate alındığında kalı-/kala- fiillerinin temel anlamı “yükselmek” olmalıdır.<br />
kalık “yüksek, yükselmiş” temel anlamlarıyla birlikte “gök, gök yüzü” anlamına kullanmıştır.<br />
kalk- fiili de kalıkı-‘tan gelmiştir. Nitekim bu fikrimizi EAT.’de geçen kalkı- “sıçramak, hoplamak,<br />
kalkmak” örneği desteklemektedir.<br />
kalık ve kalak örneklerindeki a ~ ı nöbetleşmesi Türkçede seyrek de olsa vardır. İñupiaqçada<br />
igalaaq (= ıgalaak) ve igaliq (= ıgalık) şeklinde “ı”lı ve “a”lı olarak bulunması, Uygur Türkçesindeki<br />
ikili kullanımı (kalık ~ kalak) hatıra getirmektedir.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 76
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Türkçe qalıq ~ qalaq sözüyle ilgi kurulamaz, çünkü: Türkçe -k/q bitimli yapıntıları<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>ca -q/k bitimli çekintilerle birleştiremezsiniz.<br />
Eski Anadolu Türkçesiyle Derleme Sözlüğünü katmış karıştırmışsınız. Bunları<br />
şimdi ayıramam, vaktim yok.<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>caya bir Türk diliymiş gibi yaklaştığınız için İñupiaqçada igalaaq (= ıgalaak) ve igaliq (= ıgalık) şeklin-<br />
de “ı”lı ve “a”lı olarak bulunması, Uygur Türkçesindeki ikili kullanımı (kalık ~ kalak) hatıra getirmektedir diyorsunuz. iga ‘ocak’<br />
sözünün -liq ekinden kurulu olan igaliq *‘baca, tügünük’ > ‘pencere’] türevi ile igaliq sözünün -aq ekinden<br />
kurulu olan igalaaq türevi eş türetümli olmadığı için a ~ ı nöbetleşmesi için örneklenemez<br />
igloo<br />
igalaaq sözünün kaynağında iki ayrı ekin türevi olarak verilmesi bir dalgınlık sonucu olmalı:<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Inupiaq/1st%20postbases.doc<br />
-aq 6 , '-aq, +aq, :aq nn, rn (limited) that related to the __ § see -iyaaq nn<br />
igaliQ skylight, window; seal net placed<br />
?horizontally? under a seal's breathing<br />
hole; (Nu) four (at cards)<br />
igalaaq skylight, window,<br />
four (at cards), sealnet<br />
-laaq 3 nn, vn (limited) one that is partially a __; or has just __ed, or requires __ing ?<br />
igaliQ skylight, window; seal net placed<br />
horizontally under a seal’s breathing hole;<br />
(Nu) four (at cards)<br />
igalaaq skylight; four (at<br />
cards); seal net<br />
http://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/alaska-natives-photos-cat.htm<br />
Ice Window<br />
Alaska. Nome. An <strong>Eskimo</strong> boy looks out the window of an igloo.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 77
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
KÖKLEME / ROOTING<br />
1. iga (kök)<br />
1.1.1. iga [‗ocak‘]<br />
İnyupikçe iga ‘place where cooking is done before modern day kitchens’ Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᐃᒐ iga ‘stove;<br />
fireplace, the Stones on which a cooking utensil is placed’<br />
1.1.2.1. iga [‗ocaklamak‘]<br />
İnyupikçe iga- ‘to cook’ Labrador İnuitçesi igak ‘to cook’ Nunivak Çupikçesi ega- ‘to cook’<br />
1.1.2.1.1. igaji [‗pişirici‘]<br />
İnyupikçe igari ‘cook’ Labrador İnuitçesi igajik ‘a cook’<br />
1.1.2.1.1.<br />
İnyupikçe igavaun ‘earthen cooking pot (Kobuk style)’ Yupikçe, Çupikçe egan ‘pot’<br />
1.1.2.2. iga [‗ocaklama‘]<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi iga ‘cooking pot’<br />
1.2. igaliq (< iga & -liq) § liQ 4 , =lIQ 4 , ~lIQ 4 nn, vn (limited) one that has a __ or __s (needs definition and further analysis)<br />
1.2.1. igaliq [‗ocaklı‘] baca (smoke hole)<br />
Labrador İnuitçesi igalik ‘chimney’ igalinga paujuk ‘the chimney is sooty’<br />
1.2.2. igaliq [‗baca‘] pencere (window; seal gut window)<br />
Siglitun igaliq ‘window’ Yupikçe egaleq (sg) egalek (dual) egalet (plural) ‘window’ Nunivak Çupikçesi egaler<br />
‘window’ egalerruar ‘fake window for earring design’ Doğu Supikçesi galeq, gaaleq (CH, NW, PG, T) ‘window’<br />
1.2.2.1. igalaaq [‗bacamsı‘] (< igaliq & -aq) § aq 6 , ‘ aq, +aq, :aq nn, rn (limited) that related to the __<br />
1.2.2.1.1. igalaaq [‗bacamsı‘] pencere (window)<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᐃᒐᓛᖅ igalaaq ‘window’ᐃᒐᓚᑦᔨᐹ igalatjipaa (igalajjipaa) ‘he puts in a window for’<br />
Labrador İnuitçesi igalâk ‘window’ igalâmmejuk ‘he is at the window’ Grönland İnuitçesi igalaaq (eski yazı:<br />
igalâq) ‘window’ igalasserpaa (eski yazı: igalásserpâ) ‘puts a window into it’ igalassiorpoq (eski yazı:<br />
igalássiorpoq) ‘sews a window (of gutskin)’ igalaaliorpoq (eski yazı: igalâliorpoq) ‘makes glass 78rof7878s’<br />
1.2.2.1.1.1. igalaaksraq [‗pencerelik‘] (< igalaaq & -ksraq) § ksraq( ) 1 nn, vv the potential, future __; to acquire, get a potential, future __ (for<br />
her/him/it); to get a __ (for her/him/it)<br />
İnyupikçe igalaaksraq ‘outer membrane of the intestine of walrus, bearded seal used for making skylight’<br />
material 78rof7878s 78rof7878s is made from the dried membrane of seals<br />
S.K. Hutton, Among the <strong>Eskimo</strong>s of Labrador: a record of five years’ close intercourse with the <strong>Eskimo</strong> tribes Of Labrador, 1912 > Peter<br />
Whitridge, Reimagining the Iglu: Modernity and the Challenge of the Eighteenth Century Labrador Inuit Winter House, 2008 The only<br />
window is a square of membrane, brown and greasy-looking, stretched over a hole in the roof<br />
1.2.2.1.1.2. igalaatsajaq<br />
Labrador İnuitçesi igalâtsajak ‘glass’<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 78
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
1.2.2.1.1.3. igalaangujaq<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᐃᒐᓛᖑᔭᖅ igalaangujaq ‘screen; monitor (computer)’<br />
1.2.2.1.2. igalaaq [‗pencere‘] iskambil dörtlüsü (four at cards)<br />
İnyupikçe igalaaq<br />
1.2.2.2. igalaujaq [‗penceremsi‘] (< igaliq & -ujaq) § -ujaq « qui ressemble à »<br />
1.2.2.2.1. igalaujaq kulak zarı (eardrum, tympanic membrane)<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi : ᐃᒐᓚᐅᔭᖅ igalaujaq ‘ear drum’ ᓯᐅᑎᐅᑉ ᐃᒐᓚᐅᔭᖓ siutiup igalaujanga ‘ear<br />
drum / le tympan’ (i.e. « ce qui ressemble à la fenêtre de l’oreille ») Grönland İnuitçesi igalaasaq,<br />
siutip igalaasaa (eski yazı: igalaussaq, siutip igalaussâ) ‘tympanic membrane’<br />
1.2.2.2.2. igalaujaq lens (medical lens)<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᐃᒐᓚᐅᔭᖅ igalaujaq ‘lens’(medical)<br />
1.2.2.3. igalauraq [‗pencerecik‘] (< igaliq & -uraq) § uraq 1 nn a smaller version of a __; a diminutive __; immediate vicinity of __<br />
İnyupikçe igalġuraq glass (K)<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
iga(-) place where cooking is done before modern kitchens; (t) to cook it=food / igluata igaŋa mikiŋuluktuq the cooking area of her house is very small / tuttu taigña igasaġiñ you should cook<br />
that caribou which is over there / igatqugaa microwave-kun she wants it cooked in the microwave § rel. Kukiu-, igniqauq-, argIq-, siḷakkuaq- § also iggavIk<br />
igaapiaq boiled meat | aq 4 vn –piaq(-) 2 nn, nv<br />
igaaq boiled food, cooked food, food which is being cooked / igaamik ugruŋmik aitchuġaa nukaaluni she gave her younger sibling some cooked bearded seal meat | aq 4 vn<br />
igamaaqłuk partly dried meat, cooked and stored in seal oil | +maaq- nn +qłuk nn<br />
igapiaq- to cook it=meat by boiling / tuttuviñiq igapiaġlugu qitiġusiuġaqsiruq she is going to prepare lunch by boiling a piece of caribou meat | +piaq(-) 2 vv<br />
igaraq- (Ti) to cook always; (t) to cook it=blubber to make oil / igaraqtuq uġrumik (Kuugmiut;Kotzebue) she is cooking blubber to make oil | -raq- 4 vv § see pivsiraaq<br />
igarI cook | +t/rI 3 vn<br />
igarrIq- (i) to put meat in a pot and on a fire to cook; (t) to put meat to cook in it=boiling water | aq 4 vn =rrIq- 2 nv<br />
igauġun or iggan or iggavIk cooking container / igauġun imiġmik imaqaġniqsuaq tautukkaa she saw the cooking pot which was obviously full of water | :uq- 2 vv :un 1 vn or ‘ti 1 vn or ‘+vIk 1<br />
vn<br />
>IgautaġvIk (Ti) last day of whaling festival where various parts of a whale are cooked | perhaps –utaq- 2 vv +vIk 1 vn<br />
igautaq- to cook continuously or for a long time | -utaq- 2 vv ?<br />
igavaun earthen cooking pot (Kobuk style) § see ukkusik<br />
iggavIk place for a cooking fire; cooking container; kitchen / iggavikun argiġaa tuttu she is roasting caribou over the fire at the cooking place | ‘+vIk 1 vn<br />
igaliQ skylight, window; seal net placed horizontally under a seal’s breathing hole; (Nu) four (at cards) | -liq 4 nn § rel. Pigaaqsiun, kuvraq<br />
igalaaq skylight; four (at cards); seal net / igalaaliuġuuŋarut ugruich iŋaluaŋiññiñ they used to make skylights from bearded seal intestines | -laaq 3 nn<br />
igalaaksraq outer membrane of the intestine of walrus, bearded seal used for making skylight<br />
igalauraq glass window; four (at cards); lens of eye; (Nu) eardrum | -liq 5 nn :uraq 1 nn<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=1284&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *ǝ(l)ɣalǝ(Г)<br />
Meaning: smokehole, window, skylight<br />
Russian meaning: дымоход, окно, световой люк<br />
Proto-Yupik: *ǝ(l)ɣalǝ(ɣ)<br />
Meaning: hole in the deck, smokehole<br />
Russian Meaning: отверстие в крыше, дымоход<br />
Naukan: ǝɣálǝk<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: ɣålǝq, xålǝq ‘window, smokehole’<br />
Chugach (<strong>Bir</strong>ket-Smith): ɣåleq<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: ǝɣalǝq (ʁ), HB lǝɣalǝq (ʁ)<br />
Comments: The relation of this root with *ǝɣa(-) ‘to cook, kitchen, meat hole’ seems quite dubious despite CED.<br />
Proto-Inupik: *ǝ̊ɣälǝʁ, *ǝ̊ɣäląa-<br />
Meaning: window 1, skylight 2<br />
Russian meaning: окно 1, световой люк 2<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: ialiq<br />
SPI Dialects: W üǝląq*<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: iɣalɨq (ʁ), iɣalāq 2<br />
NAI Dialects: B iɣalaq 1, iɣilät pl. ‗rafters of house‘, Ingl iɣaliq* 1, Qaw iɣaliq 1, 2<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor, M iɣalaq*, Sig iɣaliq 1, Cop iɣalāq 1, Car EP iɣaliq ‗chimney‘<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: iɣalāq 1<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: iɣalāq (igalâq*) 1, ‗glass‘<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 79
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
20<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=u<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
upkuabaa closes it<br />
upkuaq door (N)<br />
upkuibaa opens it<br />
M.KARA I 1515<br />
upkuaġaa closes it<br />
upkuaq door (N)<br />
upkuiġaa opens it<br />
Dialect Note: (N) after a word or meaning indicates use in the North<br />
Slope villages, (K) after a word or meaning indicates use in the<br />
Kobuk River villages.<br />
16. İñu. upkuaq “kapı”. Ses özellikleri bakımından ET. kapıg “kapı” kelimesinden çok ET.<br />
kapga “büyük giriş kapısı, şehir kapısı” kelimesiyle ilişkili olmalıdır, kapga kelimesi, bu gün Türk lehçelerinden<br />
Çuvaşçada hapha “kapı” (CEYLAN 1996: 122), Kazan Tatarcası ve Kırgızcada kapha, Kazakçada<br />
ise göçüşmeli olarak kakpa biçiminde yaşamaktadır (CLAUSON 1972: 583). Emine Ceylan, Çuv.<br />
hapha’nm Kazan Tatarcasından (kapka) alındığım düşünmektedir.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Türkçe qapqa sözüyle ilgi kurulamaz, çünkü:<br />
1) İnyupikçe upkuaq sözündeki ua diftongunu Türçe söz karşılamıyor.<br />
2) Türkçe q seslerini İnyupikçe sözdeki k sesiyle birleştiremezsiniz.<br />
3) İnyupikçede q/k- önsesinin düşmesi sandığınız kadar kolay ve basit değildir.<br />
Batı Kanada İnuitçesi ᐅᑉᑯᐊᖅ upkuaq ‘door’ Labrador İnuitçesi ukkuak ‘close the door’ ukkuigutik<br />
‘doorknob’ Grönland İnuitçesi ukkuaq (eski yazı: uvkuaq) ‘skin hung as a door before the entrance to the house; also the<br />
skin used by an angakoq to hang up in the house while conjuring’ ukkaq (eski yazı: uvkaq) ‘front wall (of a house); outer side of an<br />
island (the side facing the open sea) ; the space in front of the platform, in front of the door (within the house)’<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
*upku (root) barrier ???<br />
upkuaq(-) or >ukkuaq(-) door; (i) be now closed (of door); (t) to close it=door<br />
upkuIq-, (Ti) upkIIq-or ukkuIq- (i) to be now opened (of door); (t) to open it=door | =Iq- 2 nv<br />
upkuit- or ukkuit- (i) to be open (of door); to have the door open (of house, car, plane or owner of house) / upkuiñŋuraaġuuruq amauga anaqamman my great-grandparent leaves her door<br />
open when it becomes early evening; igluksi upkuitchuq the door of your house is open | =It- 1 nv<br />
upkulik- (i) to break (of runner part of the sled causing sled to collapse)<br />
>upkutaq (Nu) convolution of small intestine ?<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=1225&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *umku<br />
Meaning: door<br />
Russian meaning: дверь<br />
Proto-Yupik: *umk(u), *umku-ʁa-<br />
Meaning: stronghold 1, door 2<br />
Russian Meaning: крепость 1, временная дверь 2<br />
Chaplino: //umkuʁaq 2<br />
Naukan: úmkǝ, úmku 1, ‘shelter, cover’, //2 (temporary) [Em.], ‘lobby of men’s house’ [Av.]<br />
Comparative <strong>Eskimo</strong> Dictionary: 370<br />
Proto-Inupik: *upku (-a-)<br />
Meaning: door<br />
Russian meaning: дверь<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq úpkut pl. ‘entrance of house’, upkáɣuraq ‘small door’, W upkuaq, ukkuaq ‘curtain over doorway’ [Jen.]<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: upkuaq, ukkuaq<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: upkuaq ‘door’, upkakɫiq ‘part of wall nearest door’, ulkani ‘towards the door’ [Met.]<br />
WCI Dialects: Net ukkuaq ‘snow door block’, ukkaq ‘front wall’ [Ras.], Car upka ‘fireplace’ (near the door?) [Ras.]<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: ukkuaq ‘door’, ukkaq ‘front entry’<br />
ECI Dialects: Lab ukkuk ‘division wall between rooms’<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 80
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: ukkuaq ‘skin hung as door before entrance, or by shaman to curtain self during seance’, ukkaq (uvkaq*) ‘front wall of house, outer side of island, space in front of<br />
door or sleeping platform’<br />
Comparative <strong>Eskimo</strong> Dictionary: 370, 377<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 81
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
21<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=a<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=i<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=q<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
aqalugniaqtuq is fishing (kiv, n)<br />
aqaluk fish (kiv, n)<br />
aqalukpik trout, lake trout, arctic char (n, kiv)<br />
aqaluksiubayuk osprey (Pandion haliaetus) (lit.<br />
Goes for fish) (n)<br />
aqaluktuq catches a fish (kiv, n)<br />
iqalugniabusiptiktun like you have caught fish<br />
iqalugniaqtuq is fishing (N, q)<br />
iqalugruaq salmon, chum, humpback salmon (N)<br />
iqaluk fish (N, q)<br />
iqalukpik trout, lake trout, arctic char (N, q)<br />
iqaluktuq catches a fish (N, q)<br />
iqalusaaq whitefish (smallest) (N)<br />
qaliuqtuq cooks fish (K)<br />
qalu dip net<br />
qalufniaqtuq is fishing (K)<br />
qalugaa is dip netting<br />
qalugruaq salmon, chum, humpback salmon (K)<br />
qaluk fish (K)<br />
qalukisaq butterfly (K)<br />
qalukpik trout, lake trout, arctic char (K)<br />
qaluksiubayuk osprey (Pandion haliaetus) (lit.<br />
Goes for fish) (K)<br />
qaluktuq catches a fish (K)<br />
qalupiat whitefish (Coregonidae) (K)<br />
qaluruq is dip netting<br />
qalusraaq whitefish (smallest) (K)<br />
qaluuqtuq is dip netting<br />
M.KARA II 291, 294 / I 1509, 1510, 1511<br />
7. İñu. qaluk < ET. balık, OT. Baluk<br />
8. İñu. aqaluk < ET. balık, OT. Baluk<br />
9. İñu. iqaluk < ET. balık, OT. Baluk<br />
aqalugniaqtuq is fishing (kiv, n)<br />
aqaluk fish (kiv, n)<br />
aqalukpik trout, lake trout, arctic char (n, kiv)<br />
aqaluksiuġayuk osprey (Pandion haliaetus) (lit.<br />
Goes for fish) (n)<br />
aqaluktuq catches a fish (kiv, n)<br />
iqalugniaġusiptiktun like you have caught fish<br />
iqalugniaqtuq is fishing (N, q)<br />
iqalugruaq salmon, chum, humpback salmon (N)<br />
iqaluk fish (N, q)<br />
iqalukpik trout, lake trout, arctic char (N, q)<br />
iqaluktuq catches a fish (N, q)<br />
iqalusaaq whitefish (smallest) (N)<br />
qaliuqtuq cooks fish (K)<br />
qalu dip net<br />
qaluŋniaqtuq is fishing (K)<br />
qalugaa is dip netting<br />
qalugruaq salmon, chum, humpback salmon (K)<br />
qaluk fish (K)<br />
qalukisaq butterfly (K)<br />
qalukpik trout, lake trout, arctic char (K)<br />
qaluksiuġayuk osprey (Pandion haliaetus) (lit.<br />
Goes for fish) (K)<br />
qaluktuq catches a fish (K)<br />
qalupiat whitefish (Coregonidae) (K)<br />
qaluruq is dip netting<br />
qalusraaq whitefish (smallest) (K)<br />
qaluuqtuq is dip netting<br />
Dialect Note: (N) after a word or meaning indicates use in the North<br />
Slope villages, (K) after a word or meaning indicates use in the<br />
Kobuk River villages. (q) after a word indicates it is used in<br />
Kotzebue, (no) after a word indicates it is used in Noatak, (ki) after<br />
a word indicates it is used in Kivalina<br />
İñupiaqça Eski/Orta Türkçe İngilizcesi<br />
qaluk “balık” < balık/baluk “balık” fish<br />
aqaluk “balık” < balık/baluk “balık” fish<br />
iqaluk “balık” < balık/baluk “balık” fish<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 82
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
qalufniaqtuq “balık avlama, balıkçılık” fishing<br />
qalugaa “uzun saplı balık ağı örme” dip netting<br />
qalugruaq “som balığı” salmon<br />
qalukpik “alabalık” trout<br />
qaluksiubayuk “balık kartalı” osprey (Pandion<br />
haliaetus)<br />
qaluktuq “bir balık tutar” … catches a fish<br />
qaliuqtuq “balığı pişirir” … cooks fish<br />
qalusraaq “akbalık” whitefish<br />
aqalugniaqtuq “balık avlama, balıkçılık” fishing<br />
aqalukpik “alabalık” trout<br />
aqaluksiubayuk “balık kartalı” osprey (Pandion<br />
haliaetus)<br />
aqalukluq “bir balık tutar” … catches a fish<br />
iqalugniabusiptiktun “senin balık tuttu-<br />
like you have caught fish<br />
ğun gibi”<br />
iqalugniaqtuq “balık avlama, balıkçılık” fishing<br />
iqalugruaq “som balığı” salmon<br />
iqalukpik “alabalık” trout<br />
iqaluktuq “bir balık tutar” … catches a fish<br />
iqalusaaq “akbalık” whitefish<br />
balık kelimesinin Eski Türkçede balık yanında balak şekli de kullanılmıştır. Kuman lehçesinde<br />
baluk şekli tespit edilmiştir (CLAUSON 1972: 335).<br />
baluk ~ qaluk örneklerinde görülen kelime başı b- ~ k- (q-) nöbetleşmesine bir Türk lehçesi<br />
olan Çuvaşçada da rastlanmıştır: GT. bu ~ Çuv. ku. Gürer Gülsevin, bu zamirin yalnızca Çuvaşçada<br />
bulunduğunu belirtir (GÜLSEVİN 1994:60).<br />
qaluk örneğinin başında bulunan “q-“nun baskın söylenmesinden dolayı bir ünlü türemesi<br />
meydana gelmiş ve iqaluk* “balık”, aqaluk “balık” şekilleri ortaya çıkmıştır.<br />
1800’lü yılların ortalarında Alaska’da yaşayan Ingalik Kızılderililerinin yaz aylarındaki balık<br />
avlama yeri olan Chuathbaluk kelimesinde ise, baluk kelimesinin orijinal şekliyle korunduğunu düşünüyoruz.<br />
İñu. qaluk (= kaluk) “balık” örneğinde, OT.’deki yuvarlak ünlülü biçim olan baluk (CLAUSON<br />
1972: 335) aynen korunmuştur. <strong>Bir</strong> yer adı olan Chuathbaluk’ta ise OT. Baluk daha açık bir şekilde<br />
yer almıştır. İñu. qablik (= kablık) “su geçirmez <strong>Eskimo</strong> çizmesi, botu; kürklü pantolon” örneğinde ise,<br />
“-lig” ekinin son sesi olan “-g”, sedasızlaşarak “-k” olmuştur. Bu sedasızlaşma da OT.’de gerçekleşmiş<br />
olmalıdır.<br />
Yakın seslere sahip olan İñu. qaluk (= kaluk) “balık” örneğinde, bu kelimelerde olduğu gibi,<br />
başta bulunan ünsüzün baskın söylenmesinden dolayı bir ünlü türemesi meydana gelmiş ve iqaluk (=<br />
ıkaluk) şekli ortaya çıkmıştır, kalık ve kalak kelimelerinin İñupiaqça şekli olan igalaaq (= ıgalaak) ve<br />
igaliq (= ıgalık) kelimelerinde de benzer bir ses gelişmesi olmuş; kelime başında bulunan “g-“lerin<br />
baskın söylenmesinden dolayı başta bir ünlü türemesi meydana gelmiştir.<br />
II 294<br />
ikiruq kelimesindeki “k-“nin baskın söylenmesinden dolayı başta bir ünlü türemesi 83rof83na<br />
gelmiştir. İqaluq “balık”, aqaluq örneklerinde de başta, kalın k (q)’den önce, benzer bir şekilde ünlü<br />
türemesi olduğunu daha önce belirtmiştik. Son iki kelimenin aslı qaluk şeklindedir.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 83
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
*İngilizce ve İñupiaqçada “ı” ünlüleri bulunmadığı için, İñupiaqça-İngilizce olarak hazırlanan Iñupiat <strong>Eskimo</strong> Dictionary (Fairbanks-Alaska,<br />
1970) adlı eserde ve bundan faydalanılarak hazırlanan Interactive Iñupiaq Dictionary adlı internet sözlüğünde İñupiaqçaya geçen Türkçe<br />
kelimelerdeki “ı”lar “i” şeklinde gösterilmiş olabilir<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Türkçe balıq sözüyle ilgi kurulamaz, çünkü:<br />
1) İnyupikçenin en bozuk lehçesi olan Malimiut (= Kobuk) İnyupikçesindeki qaluk biçimini asıl<br />
kabul eden Mehmet Kara, en temiz lehçesi olan North Slope İnyupikçesindeki iqaluk biçimini ikincil<br />
sayıyor. Malimiut lehçesindeki qaluk biçiminin qalu ‘dipnet’ sözünün analojik baskısıyla oluştuğu söylenebilir.<br />
2) “kelime başı b- ~ k- (q-) nöbetleşmesine bir Türk lehçesi olan Çuvaşçada da rastlanmıştır” diyerek destek aldığınız<br />
“GT. bu ~ Çuv. ku” örneğini yabancı bir dil için KANIT (84rof of “prof.”) olarak sunmanız amatörlüğün<br />
daniskasıdır.<br />
3) Türkçe –k/q bitimli yapıntıları <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca –q/k bitimli çekintilerle birleştiremezsiniz.<br />
Yıldız (*)’lı dipnotunuz akademik değil; çocukça!<br />
BALIK = FISH singular dual plural REL. ABS.<br />
Aleutça qax̂ qax qan qam<br />
Sirenik Yupikçesi iqǝ́ɫǝx<br />
Sibirya Yupikçesi iqalluk<br />
Naukan Yupikçesi iqáɫuk<br />
Yupikçe<br />
Çupikçe<br />
iqalluk<br />
Nunivak çupikçesi iqallug<br />
Batı Supikçesi iqalluk iqallut iqallum<br />
Doğu Supikçesi iqalluk iqalut<br />
İnyupikçe (Bering & Qawiaraq) iġaluk<br />
iqaluk (Kotzebue)<br />
İnyupikçe (Malimiut)<br />
aqaluk (Noatak, Kivalina)<br />
İnyupikçe (Kuzey Alaska)<br />
qaluk (Kobuk)<br />
iqaluk (North Slope)<br />
aqaluk (Point Hope)<br />
iqaluit<br />
İnyupikçe (Uummarmiut) qaluk qalluk qaluit<br />
Siglit İnuitçesi iqaluk iqalluk iqaluit<br />
Kangiryuarmiut İnuitçesi ekaluk<br />
Utkuhiksalik İnuitçesi ᐃᖃᓗᒃ iqaluk<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᐃᖃᓗᒃ iqaluk<br />
Nunatsiavut İnuitçesi iKaluk<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi (Kuzey) iqaluk<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi (Batı) eqaluk<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi (Doğu) iqalik<br />
ᐃᖃᓘᒃ<br />
iqaluuk<br />
ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ<br />
iqaluit<br />
ᐃᖃᓘᑉ<br />
iqaluup<br />
qaa (sg)<br />
qangis (pl)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 84
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
KÖKLEME / ROOTING<br />
1. ??? (kök)<br />
1.1. iqaluk<br />
İnyupikçe iqaluk (N, q) aqaluk (n, kiv, Ti) qaluk (K, Nu) İnyupikçe (King Island) iġaluk salmon, fish Doğu Kanada<br />
İnuitçesi ᐃᖃᓗᒃ iqaluk (sg) ᐃᖃᓘᒃ iqaluuk (dual) ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ iqaluit (pl) fish Nunatsiavut İnuitçesi iKaluk<br />
trout, Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) Grönland İnuitçesi eqaluk salmon; sea trout Yupikçe iqalluk chum salmon Nunivak<br />
Çupikçesi iqallug fish Batı Supikçesi iqalluk salmon Sibirya Yupikçesi iqalluk salmon<br />
Iqaluit (< pl. of iqaluk) place name<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓂ Iqalunni in Iqaluit<br />
1.1.1. iqalupiaq *‘gerçek balık’+ (< iqaluk & -piaq)<br />
İnyupikçe iqalupiaq (Noatak, Kotzebue) qalupiaq (sg) qalupiat (pl) (Selawik, Noorvik, Shungnak, Kobuk) whitefish (Coregonidae)<br />
aqalukpiaq (Ti) trout (Salvelinus malma)<br />
1.1.2. iqalugruaq / iqalugjuaq *‘büyük balık’+ (< iqaluk & -Gruaq / juaq / suaq)<br />
1.1.2.1.<br />
İnyupikçe iqalugruaq (N) aqalugruaq (Ti) qalugruaq (K) salmon, chum, humpback salmon qalugruaq (Nu) dog salmon,<br />
chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)<br />
1.1.2.2.<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᐃᖃᓗᒡᔪᐊᖅ iqalugjuaq shark (esp. Somniosus microcephalus) Grönland İnuitçesi eqalussuaq (eski<br />
yazı: eqalugssuaq) Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus)<br />
1.1.3. iqalukpaq *‘büyük balık’+ (< iqaluk & -Qpaq)<br />
İnyupikçe aqalukpak (Ti) trout (Salvelinus namaycush)<br />
1.1.4. iqaluaq *‘küçük balık, balıkçık’+ (< iqaluk & -aq)<br />
İnyupikçe aqaluaq (Ti) tomcod qaluaq (Ti) tomcod İnyupikçe (King Island) iġałuaq tomcod Grönland İnuitçesi<br />
eqaluaq (eski yazı: eqaluvaq) Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) Yupikçe iqalluaq (pl) iqalluat (pl) smelt Nunivak Çupikçesi<br />
iqalluar saffron (tom) cod Batı Supikçesi iqalluak little fish<br />
1.1.4.1. iqaluaqpaq *‘büyük iqaluaq’] (< iqaluaq & -Qpaq)<br />
İnyupikçe iqaluaqpak , qaluaqpak (Nu) lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) İnyupikçe (Uummarmiut) qaluaqpak (sg)<br />
qaluaqpaak (dual) qaluaqpait (pl) saltwater trout Siglit İnuitçesi iqaluaqpak (sg) iqaluaqpaak (dual) iqaluaqpait<br />
(pl) saltwater trout Yupikçe iqalluarpak Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) Nunivak Çupikçesi iqalluarpag (sg) iqalluarpit (pl)<br />
herring Batı Supikçesi iqalluarpak (sg) iqalluarpat (pl) herring<br />
1.1.4.2. iqaluaraq *‘büyük iqaluaq’] (< iqaluaq & -raq)<br />
İnyupikçe (Uummarmiut) qaluaraq (sg) qaluarak (dual) qaluarat (pl) smelt Siglit İnuitçesi iqaluaraq (sg)<br />
iqaluarak (dual) iqaluarat (pl) smelt<br />
1.1.5. iqalukpiq (< iqaluk & -piq)<br />
İnyupikçe iqalukpik (N, q) aqalukpik (n, kiv, Ti) qalukpik (K, Nu) trout, lake trout, arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), Dolly Varden<br />
İnyupikçe (Uummarmiut) qalukpik (sg) qalukpiik (dual) qalukpiit (pl) Salvelinus alpinus Siglit İnuitçesi iqalukpik (sg)<br />
iqalukpiik (dual) iqalukpiit (pl) Salvelinus alpinus Kangiryuarmiut İnuitçesi eqalukpik Salvelinus alpinus Doğu Kanada<br />
İnuitçesi ᐃᖃᓗᒃᐱᒃ iqalukpik arctic char Yupikçe iqallugpik Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma)<br />
1.1.6. iqaluapik *‘küçük balık, balıkçık’+ (< iqaluk & -apik)<br />
Nunatsiavut İnuitçesi iKaluapik canned sardines<br />
1.1.7. iqalugaq (< iqaluk & -Gaq)<br />
İnyupikçe iqalugaq tomcod, codfish Grönland İnuitçesi eqalugaq, eqaloraq Polar cod (Gadus saida)<br />
Sibirya Yupikçesi ighallugaq Polar cod (Boreogadus saida)<br />
1.1.7.1. iqalugauraq *‘küçük iqalugaq’] (< iqalugaq & -uraq)<br />
İnyupikçe iqalugauraq small fish<br />
1.1.8. iqaluuraq *‘balıksı’] (< iqaluk & -uraq)<br />
Utkuhiksalingmiut iqaluutaq ᐃᖃᓘᖬᖅ fishing lure<br />
1.1.8.1. iqaluuraqtuq- (< iqaluuraq & -tuq-)<br />
Utkuhiksalingmiut iqaluutaqtuqtuq ᐃᖃᓘᖬᖅᑐᖅᑐᖅhe's jigging with a fishing lure; he's using a fishing lure<br />
1.1.9. ???<br />
Nunivak Çupikçesi iqalluyagar (sg) iqalluyagag (dual) iqalluyagat (pl) Dolly Vardens<br />
1.1.10. iqaluayaaq *‘genç balık’] (< iqaluk & -ayaaq)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 85
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
İnyupikçe aqaluayaaq (Ti) sardine<br />
1.1.11. iqalugruiññaq (< iqaluk & -Gruiññaq)<br />
İnyupikçe iqalugruiññaq just a fish<br />
1.1.12. iqalulik *‘balıklı’] (< iqaluk & -liq)<br />
Nunivak Çupikçesi Iqalluleg crater hill in the southeast interior of Nunivak Island, meaning one with fish<br />
1.1.13. iqaluluqłuk<br />
İnyupikçe qalluqłuk (Nu) big fish told of in stories; size of kayak said to be found at Narvaqvak lake<br />
1.1.14. iqaluġuaq (< iqaluk & -ġuaq)<br />
Nunivak Çupikçesi iqallugguar patterned snowdrift<br />
1.1.15. iqalusaaq[-] (< iqaluk & -saaq[-])<br />
1.1.15.1. iqalusaaq<br />
İnyupikçe iqalusaaq (N, Noatak, Kotzebue) qalusaaq (Nu) qalusraaq (K = Noorvik, Shungnak, Kobuk) least cisco, small dark<br />
whitefish (Coregonus sardinella) İnyupikçe (Uummarmiut) qalusaaq (sg) qalusaak (dual) qalusaak (pl) Coregonus sardinella Siglit<br />
İnuitçesi iqalusaaq (sg) iqalusaak (dual) iqalusaak (pl) Coregonus sardinella<br />
1.1.15.1.1. iqalusarriqi- (< iqalusaaq & -lIqi-[rrIqi])<br />
İnyupikçe iqalusarriqi to fish for least cisco<br />
1.1.15.2. iqalusaaq-<br />
İnyupikçe iqalusaaq- to catch a least cisco<br />
1.1.16. iqalutchiaq (< iqaluk & -tchiaq)<br />
İnyupikçe iqalutchiaq (Noatak, Kotzebue) qalutchiaq (Selawik) Coregonus<br />
1.1.17. iqalugnaq (< iqaluk & -Gnaq)<br />
Nunivak Çupikçesi iqallugnar shark<br />
1.1.18. iqaluktaaq (< iqaluk & -taaq)<br />
1.1.18.1. iqaluktaarvik (< iqaluktaaq & -vik)<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᐃᖃᓗᒃᑖᕐᕕᒃ iqaluktaarvik fish store<br />
1.1.19. iqaluktuuq (< iqaluk & -tuuq) balıklava<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᐃᖃᓗᒃᑑᑦᑎᐊᖅ Iqaluktuuttiaq Cambridge Bay<br />
1.1.20. iqaluliqi- (< iqaluk & -lIqi-)<br />
İnyupikçe iqaluliqirut they are working on the fish iqalliqirut they are fishing<br />
Nunivak Çupikçesi iqallii- to fish<br />
1.1.21. iqalliaq- (< iqaluk & -liaq-)<br />
Utkuhiksalingmiut iqalliaqtugut ᐃᖃᓪᓕᐊᖅᑐᒍᑦ we go fishing Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᐃᖃᓪᓕᐊᖅᑐᖅ iqalliaqtuq<br />
s/he goes fishing Grönland İnuitçesi eqalliarpoq (eski yazı: eqatdliarpoq) goes salmon fishing<br />
1.1.21.1. iqalliaġvik (< iqalliaq- & -vik)<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᐃᖃᓪᓕᐊᕐᕕᒃ iqalliarvik good place for fishing<br />
1.1.22. iqaluit- *‘balıksızlanmak’] (< iqaluk & -it-)<br />
İnyupikçe iqaluit- to not have fish<br />
1.1.23. iqaluksiuq- (< iqaluk & -siuq-)<br />
İnyupikçe iqaluksiuqtutsuli they are still out fishing Utkuhiksalingmiut iqalukhiuqtuq ᐃᖃᓗᒃᓯᐅᖅᑐᖅ he's fishing<br />
Natsilingmiut iqalukhiuqtuq ᐃᖃᓗᒃᕼᐃᐅᖅ-ᑐᖅ s/he goes fishing<br />
1.1.23.1. iqaluksiu[ġa]yuk (< iqaluksiuq- & -yuk)<br />
İnyupikçe aqaluksiuġayuk (n) qaluksiuġayuk (K, Nu) qaluksiuyuk (Nu) osprey, fish hawk (Pandion haliaetus)<br />
1.1.24. iqalusima- (< iqaluk & -sima-)<br />
Nunatsiavut İnuitçesi iKalusimajuk He has caught some char<br />
1.1.25. iqaluksugnit- (< iqaluk & -sugnit-)<br />
İnyupikçe iqaluksugnitchut they smell of fish<br />
1.1.26. iqaluksrit- (< iqaluk & -ksrit-)<br />
İnyupikçe Aaŋam iqaluksritchaŋa Aaŋa gave her some fish<br />
1.1.27. iqaluqauq- (< iqaluk & -qauq-)<br />
Nunatsiavut İnuitçesi iKaluKautik container to hold fish<br />
1.1.28. iqaluqannuaq- (< iqaluk-qaq- & -nnuaq-)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 86
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Utkuhiksalingmiut iqaluqannuaqtuq ᐃᖃᓗᖃᓐᓄᐊᖅᑐᖅ there are a few fish (not many)<br />
1.1.29. iqalukhiriaqturuuq (
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
iqaluk(-) (Nu) qaluk(-) fish; (i) to catch a fish / aŋun iqaluktuq kuugmiñ sulukpaugamik the man caught a grayling from the river | +t- nv<br />
iqalliqi- (i) to fish / iḷatka iqalliqirut imma sumi taimma my friends are out fishing, but I’m not sure where | ‘=Iqi- 1 nv<br />
iqaluaqpak (Nu) qaluaqpak lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) | -luk 5 n -aq 6 nn +qpak(-) nn<br />
iqalugaq tomcod; codfish | +gaq 4 nn<br />
iqalugauraq small fish | +gaq 4 nn :urasq(-) 1 nn<br />
iqalugniaq- (i) to be out fishing / aapaga iqalugniaqtuq kuugmi akkupak my father is out fishing in the river right now | +niaq- 2 vv<br />
iqalugruaq (Nu) qalugruaq chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) | +ġruaq 1 nn § rel. taġyaqpak<br />
iqalukpik arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) | -pIk 2 nn § rel. aŋayuqaksraq<br />
iqaluŋniutit (Nu) qaluŋniutit fishing gear; (Nu) fish trap | +niun nn -t (pl mkr)<br />
iqalusaaq(-) least cisco, small dark whitefish (Coregonus sardinella); (i) to catch a least cisco | -saaq(-) 3 nn § rel. aanaakłIq<br />
iqalusarriqi- (i) to fish for least cisco, small dark whitefish ?<br />
aqaluk (Ti) fish § see iqaluk, qaluk<br />
aqaluaq (Ti) tomcod | -aq 6 nn<br />
aqaluayaaq (Ti) sardine | -ayaaq nn<br />
aqalugruaq (Ti) salmon | +ġruaq nn<br />
aqalukpak or aqalukpiaq or aqalukpik (Ti) trout | +qpak nn<br />
qaluk (Nu) fish § see iqaluk<br />
qalluqłuk (Nu) big fish told of in stories; size of kayak said to be found at Narvaqvak lake |<br />
qaluaq (Ti) tom cod<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 88
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
qaluaqpak (Nu) lake trout<br />
qalugruaq (Nu) dog salmon<br />
qalukpIk (Nu) arctic char; dolly varden § rel. paiqł<br />
qaluŋniutit (Nu) fish trap<br />
qalusaaq (Nu) herring | -saaq(-) 3 nn, vn<br />
qaluksiuġayuk or qaluksiuyuk (Nu) American osprey (Pandion haliaetus)<br />
qalu(-) dipnet; (i) to get something using a dipnet; (t) to bail water out of it=boat<br />
qallugauraq cup | ‘-n 1 vn -gauraq nn<br />
qallugauraqaġvIk food shelf; dish shelf; kitchen cabinet; grub box | ‘-n 1 vn -gauraq nn =Iqi- nv<br />
qallugauriqi- to wash dishes (for her/him) | ‘-n 1 vn -gauraq- nn =Iqi- nv<br />
qallun cup, dipper, ladle; bailer; water pump | ‘-n 1 vn<br />
qalugauraq (Nu) a rounded muscle like the biceps | -gauraq nn<br />
qaluŋniq (Nu) small “bowl” or cirque in mountains | -k- 4 vv +niQ 1 vn<br />
qaluqsraq (Nu) mountain valley, ditch, large “bowl” or cirque in mountains | +qsraq 2 vn<br />
qalusiġaq (Nu) dipper for bailing | -siġaq- vv rel. qallun<br />
qalutaq- to dip out, bail (it) out | t/raq- 1 vv<br />
qalutuŋnauraq (Nu) small hole, hollow in ground | -tuŋnaq- nv :uraq 1 nn<br />
qaluuq- to bail water out of (it) | -uq- 2 vv<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=+582&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *ǝqaɫuɣ, *i-<br />
Meaning: fish<br />
Russian meaning: рыба<br />
Proto-Yupik: *iqaɫuɣ<br />
Meaning: fish<br />
Russian Meaning: рыба<br />
Sirenik: iqǝ́ɫǝx<br />
Chaplino: iqáɫuk (ɣǝt) 'fish', iqáɫwåq (t) 'smelt, сайка'<br />
Naukan: iqáɫuk 'fish', iqáɫōq 'herring'<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: iqaɫuk 'fish (esp. salmon)'<br />
Koniag (AAY): AP iqaɫuaq 'boreal smelt'<br />
Chugach (<strong>Bir</strong>ket-Smith): iẋåƛux-päk 'king salmon', jikaɫu̮x-pạq 'herring'<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: iqaɫuk 'fish',<br />
CAY Dialects: K iqaɫuk 'dog salmon', BB iqaɫuaq 'boreal smelt'<br />
Egegik (Peripheral): Y iqaɫuaq 'arctic cod'<br />
Chevak (Peripheral): iqaɫuaq 'arctic cod'<br />
Nunivak (Peripheral): iqaɫuaq 'arctic cod'<br />
Proto-Inupik: *ǝ̈qäluɣ, *ï-<br />
Meaning: fish 1, polar cod, tomcod 2<br />
Russian meaning: рыба 1, треска 2<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: iʁaluk 1, iʁaɫuaq 2<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq iʁáluk 1, iʁalōq 'herring', W ẹʁäʎʎuk* (ūk, uit) 1<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: iqaluk 1, iqaluɣaq 2<br />
NAI Dialects: B ẹqäluk* 1, Ingl eqäluk* 1, Mal, Nu qaluk 1, PH aqaluk 1, qaluaq 2<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: iqaluk 1 (esp. salmon, char)<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor, M ẹqäluk* 1, M ẹqäʎʎiaqtoq* 'to go fishing'<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: iqaluk 1, iqaluɣaq 'small fresh-water trout, spinner'<br />
ECI Dialects: Iti iqaluk 'salmon, char'<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: iqaluk (eqaluk*) 1, iqalu(ɣ)aq, iqaluʁaq 2, eqatdliarpoq* 'to go fishing' [Jen.]<br />
Eurasiatic: *dVgV<br />
Meaning: fish<br />
Indo-European: *dhg'hū-<br />
Altaic: *di̯ági ( ˜ -i̯o-)<br />
Mongolian: *ǯiɣa-<br />
Korean: *thi<br />
Japanese: *(d)íwuá<br />
Uralic: *totke<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut: *ǝqaɫuɣ, *i- ?<br />
Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *tujke 'щука'<br />
…<br />
Nostratic etymology :<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 89
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
22<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=k<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
kigiraqtuq is crimping soles (K)<br />
kiiraq crease, corrugation<br />
kiiraqtuq is crimping soles (N)<br />
kiirauraq scallop, clam<br />
M.KARA I 1512<br />
kigiraqtuq is crimping soles (K)<br />
kiiraq crease, corrugation<br />
kiiraqtuq is crimping soles (N)<br />
kiirauraq scallop, clam<br />
Dialect Note: (N) after a word or meaning indicates use in the North<br />
Slope villages, (K) after a word or meaning indicates use in the<br />
Kobuk River villages.<br />
6. İñu. kiiraq (= kıırak) "kıvrık, buruşuk, kırışık, bükülmüş". ET. kıvırgak "kıskanç, cimri" kelimesinin<br />
somut anlamlı biçimiyle ilişkilidir. Clauson, Eski Türkçede kullanılan kıvırgak kelimesinin<br />
muhtemel bir *kıvır- fiilinden geldiğini düşünmektedir (CLAUSON 1972: 587). Ancak varsayım olan<br />
bu kelime (*kıvır-), <strong>Türkçenin</strong> ilk devirlerine ait olmakla birlikte soyut bir anlam taşımaktadır. Söz<br />
konusu kelimenin türevlerinde somut anlam OT.'de belirmiştir: kıvırcuk "kıvırcık", kıvur- "kıvırmak"<br />
(YÜCE 1988: 144).<br />
İñupiaqcada kiiraq (= kıırak) kelimesiyle ilgili iki kelime daha bulunmaktadır: kigiraqtuq /<br />
kiiraqtuq "kıvrılan/bükülen tabanlar".<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Türkçe qıvır[g]aq sözüyle ilgi kurulamaz, çünkü:<br />
1) Türk ve <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilleri gibi iki ayrı k sesini [k velar / q uvular+ ayırt eden dillerde k’yi k ile q’yı q<br />
ile birleştirebilirsiniz.<br />
2) Türkçe -k/q bitimli yapıntıları <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca -q/k bitimli çekintilerle birleştiremezsiniz.<br />
Sıfat sanarak "kıvrılan/bükülen tabanlar" diye çevirdiğiniz kigiraqtuq (Kobuk dialect) kiiraqtuq (North Slope<br />
dialect) ‘is crimping soles’ çekintisini fiil olarak vermeliydiniz: ‘ayakkabının tabanlarını kıvırır’<br />
Nostratic teorisyenlerinin Türkçe birtakım sözlerle birleştirmeleri de kabul edilemez.<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
kI g I- 1 (i) to clench one’s teeth; to bite oneself; (t) to bite her/him/it / kiggiuŋ! bite it!<br />
kigak- or kigaluk- (i) to nibble on food / kigalukpaiḷḷam kaayuitchuq niġiñaqsimman he is never hungry at mealtime because he nibbles on snacks (all day) | -ak- 1 vv -ak- 1 vv -luk- 3 vv<br />
kigaġniq indentation, groove, notch<br />
kiglak(-) (Nu) flint blade, point; (Nu) (i) to be dull, rough (of blade) § rel. kigrak-<br />
kiglI- (Nu) to smooth, sharpen, hone (it=stone blade) | +lI 1 - vv § syn ipiksaq-<br />
kigliñ sharpener for scraper made of brass or yearling caribou antler; hone [Driggs 1905, p94 "a kind of sharpener made from a piece of deer horn, with a small round piece of ivory<br />
overlapping and bound to its upper surface"] | -n 1 vn<br />
kiggiñ clothespin | ‘n 1 vn<br />
kiggIQ something which has been gnawed at, had pieces eaten out of it | ‘-Q 4 vn<br />
kiggisi- (Nu) (i) to bite each other | ‘-ti 2 vv<br />
kiggisik vise | ‘n 1 vn -k (dual mkr)<br />
kigiaq (Nu) beaver | +q 7 vv -aq 4 vn § syn pałuqtaq<br />
kigiaq(-) (Nu) chisel; to chisel (it) @ kigiaqsI- | -aq 4 vn<br />
kigiaqtuq- (Nu) to use a chisel on (it) | -aq 4 vn +tuq 3 nv<br />
kigIq- to tear (her/him/it) apart with one’s teeth / qimmipta kammaka kigiqł k our dog mangled my boots beyond repair by chewing on them | +q- 7 vv<br />
kigmaq- or kiŋmaq- to bite (her/him/it) repeatedly / kigmaqtuq ivaluksramik saakłisaqługu she is biting the sinew to make it pliable enough to make thread | -maq- 1 vv<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 90
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
kigmaliktat pattern trim on parka or boot made of alternate light and dark pieces | +ma 2 vn -liktaq nn -t (pl mkr)<br />
kigmautik or kiŋmautik pliers / kigmautignik piiqsiġaa kigutaa he quickly pulled out her tooth with pliers | -maq- 1 vv :un 1 vn +k (dual mkr)<br />
kigmialIq- or kigmirrIq- (i) to now have something in the mouth; (t) to bridle it=animal; to put something in her/his/its mouth | +miraq(-) vv, vn -lIq- 1 nv or +miaq(-) vn ‘=Iq- 1 nv<br />
kigmiaq or kigmiġaq <strong>Eskimo</strong> drill; bow drill | +miaq(-) vv, vn or +mmI- 6 vv +*ġ+aq 1 vn syn niuqtuun<br />
kigmi r aq(-) to hold, carry (it) in one’s teeth; something carried in the teeth, e.g. animal’s young, bridle | +miaq(-) vv, vn<br />
kigmiġun a strip sewn between the body of the boot and the sole | +miaq(-) vv, vn -ġun nn § rel. killiġuaq<br />
kigmiġutiksraq intermediate strip of animal hide between connecting strip and sole of boot | +miaq(-) vv, vn -ġun nn +ksraq(-) 1 nn<br />
kigun tooth | :un 1 vn<br />
kigusI- (i) to teethe, to grow teeth / kigusivḷuni miqłiqtuuraq iñugiiḷuktaqtuq because he is teething, the young child is having bouts of fussiness | :un 1 vn ~I- 1 nv<br />
kigusiqi- (i) to have a toothache; to have one’s teeth worked on; (t) to work on her/his/its teeth / kigusiqivluŋauvva niġisuvyuaġmiuŋa because I have a toothache, I don’t feel much like<br />
eating | :un 1 vn ~Iqi- 1 nv<br />
kigusiqirI dentist | :un 1 vn ~Iqi- nv +t/rI 3 vn<br />
kigusiqun toothpaste | :un 1 vn ~Iqi- nv ’n vn<br />
kigutaiḷaq one-year-old lamb; anything without teeth [lit “one without teeth”] | :un 1 vn :Iḷaq(-) nn<br />
kigutaIq- (i) to lose a tooth; (t) to pull her/his/its tooth out / kigmautikka kigutaiqł my pliers are slipping constantly now because the grip has worn away | :un 1 vn<br />
:Iq- 2 nv, vv<br />
kigutigiksaq- (i) to brush one’s teeth; (t) to brush her/his/its teeth @ kigutigiksaI- | :un 1 vn +[g]ik- nv +saq 3 - vv || -I- 7 vv<br />
kigutigiksaun toothbrush | :un 1 vn +[g]iksaq- nv :un 1 vn<br />
kigutinŋu- (i) to have a toothache / kigutinŋuvluni niġiruanuŋiḷḷaktuq he did not attend the feast because he had a toothache | :un 1 vn -nŋu- 1 nv<br />
kigutiŋŋuaq false tooth | :un 1 vn ŋŋuaq(-) vv, nn<br />
kigutraq- (Nu) (i) to have good, sharp teeth | :un 1 vn ?~raq nv<br />
kiguttak- (i) to teethe, cut teeth / kiguttaktuulapaluktuq paipiuraġa my baby got his teeth in a hurry | :un 1 vn ‘-k- 2 nv, vv<br />
kiimmI- (i) to have jaws tightly closed; (t) to hold it between one’s teeth / +mmI- 6 vv<br />
kiiñiq a bite (dog bite, etc...) | +niQ 1 vn<br />
kiipkaq- (i) to get one’s fingers or some body part caught in the door, or anything closing / upkuamun kiipkaqtittuaŋa my fingers got caught in the door | +pkaq- 1 vv<br />
kiiraaq a crimped sole / aglipayaaġuvich kiiraligaagnik kammiñiaġikpiñ when you’re a little bigger, I’ll make you a pair of crimped sole boots | +raq- 4 vv aq 4 vn<br />
kiiraq- to crimp (it=boot sole) / aanaga kiiraġuuruaq kigutimiñik my grandmother used to crimp soles with her teeth | +raq- 4 vv<br />
kiiraq crease, corrugation | +raq 1 vn<br />
kiirauraq(-) small and even crimping on boot soles; scallop; clam; (i) to crimp it with small, even crimps / kiirauraqaġuuruk kammak the crimping on her boots are always nicely done<br />
(small and even) | +raq 1 vn :uraq 1 nn<br />
kiisI- (i) to take a bite | +sI- 3 vv<br />
kiŋmiġaq mouthpiece of <strong>Eskimo</strong> fire drill | +mmIq 1 vv +*ġ+aq 1 vn<br />
kiŋŋIQ, (Nu) kikŋIQ gap in a row of teeth where a tooth is missing / kigutiŋi kiŋŋiqaqłutik uviñŋiuqsrauraġuuruq uqaqami he whistles softly when he talks because of the gap in his teeth |<br />
+ŋŋIQ vn<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=++66&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *kǝɣǝ-<br />
Meaning: to bite<br />
Russian meaning: кусать<br />
Proto-Yupik: *kǝɣǝ-<br />
Meaning: to bite<br />
Russian Meaning: кусать<br />
Chaplino: ǝxáqā 'to bend by teeth', cf. xīstaquq 'to clench the teeth'<br />
Naukan: kǝxáqā<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: kǝxǝ-, kǝɣǝ-<br />
Chugach (<strong>Bir</strong>ket-Smith): ? kista 'louse'<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: kǝxǝ-<br />
Nunivak (Peripheral): kkɣa*<br />
Proto-Inupik: *kịɣǝ-, *kiɣɣǝ-q<br />
Meaning: to bite 1, bite, bitten 2<br />
Russian meaning: кусать 1, укус 2<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: kī- 1<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq kirāʁa 1, W kiɣa* 1, KI kiɣiɣa* 'to cut sth.'<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: kī- 1, kiɣɣɨq (ʁ) 2<br />
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl kiɣa* 1, Mal kiɣi- 1<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: ki(ɣ)i- 1<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor, M kiɣa* 1<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: kī- 1, kiɣɣiq 2<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: kī- (kîvâ*) 1, kixxiq (ʁ) 2<br />
New query<br />
Eurasiatic: *kikV<br />
Meaning: to bite<br />
Borean:<br />
Altaic: *kìkú<br />
Meaning: to bite; rub, scrape<br />
Russian meaning: кусать; царапать, тереть<br />
Turkic: *Kik-<br />
Meaning: to rub, grind (at each other)<br />
Russian meaning: тереть, скрести (друг о друга)<br />
Karakhanid: kik- 'to sharpen and whet a knife', kikčür- 'whet a knife' (MK)<br />
Yakut: kikirī- 'to rub with a noise'<br />
Mongolian: *kegǯe-<br />
Tungus-Manchu: *kik-<br />
Japanese: *kùkúm-<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut: *kǝɣǝ-<br />
Nostratic etymology :<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 91
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
23<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=i<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
isiq smoke in a building<br />
isiqsiruq is getting smoke filled<br />
M.KARA<br />
7. İñu. isiq "ev/bina içindeki duman, sis", isiq, ET. isig/ısıg "ısı, sıcaklık" kelimeleriyle ilişkili<br />
olabilir, isig/ısıg kelimelerinin kökü, isi-/ısı- "sıcaklaşmak, sıcak duruma gelmek, ısınmak" fiilleridir<br />
(CLAUSON 1972: 246; DANKOFF-KELLY 1985: 36). Clauson sözlüğünde bulunmayan is ve sis kelimelerinin<br />
<strong>Türkçenin</strong> yeni zamanlarında ortaya çıktığı anlaşılmaktadır ve temelde bu kelimeler yanma veya<br />
ısınmayla ilgili olmalıdırlar.<br />
İñupiaqçada isiq kelimesinden isiqsiruq "iyice dumanla dolmuş olma, dumanla kaplanma"<br />
kelimesi türetilmiştir.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
siniz.<br />
Türkçe isig sözüyle ilgi kurulamaz, çünkü:<br />
1) Eski ve Orta Türkçe isig sözündeki g sesini İnyupikçe isiq çekintisindeki q ile birleştiremez-<br />
2) Eski ve Orta Türkçe isig 'warm, hot' sözüyle İnyupikçe isiq 'smoke, steam' sözünü anlamca örtüştürmek<br />
kolay gibi gözükse de oturup düşünmek gerekir:<br />
Sıcaklık için İnyupikçede *uu- 'heat' kökünün türevleri (uunaġuġaa it's warm uunaqłuktuq (K)<br />
uunautiqaqtuq (N) has a fever uunaqsaun heater uunaqsiivik tea kettle uunaqsiruq is becoming hot uunaqtuq is<br />
hot uunaqtuq is warm) kullanılır.<br />
Mehmet Kara'nın "Cengiz Han'dan kaçan Türklerinin" Alaska'ya "gelmesinden" çok önce<br />
sıcaklık kavramını bilen İnyupiklerin sıcaklık sonrası oluşan duman/buhar kavramını adlandırmak için<br />
niye yabancı bir dile ihtiyaç duysun.<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde smoke : Bering Boğazı İnyupikçesi izeq Qawiaraq İnyupikçesi ichiq Malimiut ve<br />
Kuzey Alaska İnyupikçesi isiq Nunataaġmiut ve Uummarmiut İnyupikçesi ihiq Siglit İnuitçesi isiq<br />
Hafif mastar sanarak "iyice dumanla dolmuş olma, dumanla kaplanma" diye çevirdiğiniz isiqsiruq ‘is getting<br />
smoke filled’ çekintisini ‘dumanla dolar’ biçiminde vermeliydiniz [ < isiqsi- ‘to become filled with smoke’ & -ruq<br />
‘(indicative) she/he/it’]; tıpkı I 1513 qiruksiruq "içeriye odun taşır" gibi.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
id<br />
Sayfa 92
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
isIq(-) 2 smoke, cloud which forms over open water; (i) to smoke, make smoke to form cloud over open water / isiqsuŋniḷiqsimaruat quuqłiġutiqaqłuni puyuuġviŋat they (their house) had begun<br />
to smell of smoke because the damper was on (on the stovepipe) § rel. puyuq<br />
isiġiak- (i) to be hazy, smoky because of fire in the distance (of sky) | +iak- nv<br />
isiġḷuk- (i) to make smoke (of stove not working properly) | +luk- 1 nv § rel. itchiala-<br />
isiqsI- to become filled with smoke | +si- 1 nv<br />
isiqsiaq dried, smoked meat or fish; smoked tanned leather / iġviaq isiqsiaq naiññaraaġuugiga I love the smell of smoked tanned leather | +sI- 1 nv aq 4 vn<br />
IsiqsiḷiġvIk (P.B.) March<br />
isiqsuŋnIt- or isiġnIt- (i) to smell smoky | +sugnIt- nv or +nIt- 2 nv<br />
itchiala- (i) to smoke, burn, smoulder (of stove or heater backfiring to smoke because of closed draft) / itchialaruaq siuġruk anitkaa he took the smoking Coleman stove out | ‘=Iq- 1<br />
nv -ala- vv § rel. isiġluk-<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Cesq%5Cinupet&first=561<br />
Proto-Inupik: *ịcị-<br />
Meaning: smoke 1, steam 2<br />
Russian meaning: дым 1, пар 2<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: iziq 1<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq izı ́ʁatoq 'to smoke out', izíɣlɨq 'evaporation', W iziq* (īk, īt) 1<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: isiq 1, itciala- 'to smoke, to smoulder (e.g. stove)'<br />
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl isiq* 1<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: isiq 1, 2<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor ixíq*, M isiq* 1<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: isiq 1, 2<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: isiq (iseq*) 1, 2 (in house), isiʁ- 'to get out steam or smoke'<br />
Comparative <strong>Eskimo</strong> Dictionary: 98<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/alt/turcet&text_number=+172&root=config<br />
Borean (approx.) : HVCV<br />
Meaning : to burn<br />
Eurasiatic: *HaSe<br />
Indo-European: *Has-<br />
Proto-Altaic: *ase ( ˜ p`-)<br />
Meaning: to catch fire; hot<br />
Russian meaning: загораться; горячий<br />
Proto-Turkic: *ɨsɨg / *isig<br />
Meaning: 1 hot 2 warm<br />
Russian meaning: 1 горячий 2 теплый<br />
Old Turkic: isig 1 (OUygh.)<br />
Karakhanid: isig 1 (MK, KB)<br />
Turkish: sɨǯak 1<br />
Tatar: esse 1<br />
Middle Turkic: isti 2 (Pav. C.), ɨsɨɣ (Бор. Бад., Abush.)<br />
Uighur: issiq 1<br />
Azerbaidzhan: isti 2<br />
Turkmen: ɨssɨ 1<br />
Khakassian: ǝzǝg 1<br />
Oyrat: izü 1<br />
Halaj: hissị̄, hisk 1<br />
Chuvash: ъʷžъʷ 2<br />
Yakut: itī, ičiges ( < *isi-geč) 2<br />
Dolgan: itī, ičiges 2<br />
Tuva: iziɣ 1<br />
Tofalar: i'siɣ 1<br />
Kirghiz: ɨsɨq 1, ɨsɨ 'heat, hot wind'<br />
Kazakh: ɨssɨ 1<br />
Noghai: issi 1<br />
Karaim: issi 1, 2 (HK), sɨǯaq 2 (K), ɨsɨ-t- (K) 'to warm'<br />
Karakalpak: ɨssɨ 1<br />
Salar: hɨssɨ 2<br />
Comments: Derived from *ɨsɨ- / *isi- 'to be hot'. See VEWT 173-4, TMN 2,182, EDT 246, ЭСТЯ 1, 668-671, Лексика 19-20, Stachowski 123, 130.<br />
Uralic: *äsV<br />
Kartvelian: Svan. -V:šw- 'to ignite'<br />
Dravidian: *es-<br />
Chukchee-Kamchatkan: Itelm. *'az- 'bright'<br />
Afroasiatic : *ʔes-<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 93
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
24<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=i<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
sauniq bone<br />
sauniq bone<br />
M.KARA<br />
11. İñu. sauniq (= saunık) "kemik" < ET. süñük "kemik". Clauson, ET. süñük kelimesinin birçok<br />
söylenişi olduğu için aslî biçimini tahmin etmenin güçlüğüne değinir, ancak bazı verilerden yola çıkarak<br />
bunun sünök olabileceğini belirtir (CLAUSON 1972: 838-839). Araştırıcı, bu kelimenin muhtemel<br />
bir *süñ- fiilinden yapılmış isim olduğu görüşündedir, fakat bu muhtemel fiilin anlamını vermemiştir.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Türkçe süŋük sözüyle ilgi kurulamaz, çünkü:<br />
1) İnyupikçe sauniq sözündeki au diftongunu Türçe söz karşılamıyor.<br />
2) Üç ayrı n sesini (n ñ ŋ)* ayırt eden İnyupikçeye <strong>Türkçenin</strong> ŋ sesini n olarak geçirtemezsiniz.<br />
3) Türkçe -k/q bitimli yapıntıları <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca -q/k bitimli çekintilerle birleştiremezsiniz.<br />
İnuit dillerinde kemik [ve çekirdek] (bone [& pit]) : Doğu Kanada inuitçesi ᓴᐅᓂᖅ sauniq (rel:<br />
sauniup pl: ᓴᐅᓃᑦ sauniit ) Labrador İnuitçesi saunik Grönland İnuitçesi (Batı) saaneq (eski yazı:<br />
sauneq) Grönland İnuitçesi (Kuzey) haunıq<br />
Yupik dillerindeki kemik (bone)’ler ile İnuit sauniq’leri arasında ilgi kurulabilir mi bilemiyorum:<br />
Yupikçe eneq Çupikçe neneq Nunivak Çupikçesi nener Batı Supikçesi neneq<br />
Nostratic teorisyenlerinin <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca sauniq ’leri Türkçe *< Farsça+ çene ‘jaw’ ile birleştirmeleri<br />
de kabul edilemez.<br />
Tabii ki Yupikçe kemek Nunivak Çupikçesi kemeg ‘meat’ sözüyle de birleştirilemez.<br />
*NOT: in Iñupiaq alphabet: ñ = ɲ but in Turkic transcription: ñ = ŋ<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
id<br />
Sayfa 94
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Iñupiaq Battlefield http://www.ankn.uaf.edu/Curriculum/Articles/MikeGaffney/CPP/Chap10.html<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
sauniQ bone, pit, seed in fruit | -niQ 4 vn § rel. sa g u-<br />
saunaaŋilaaq (Ti) fig | -aq 6 nn –It 2 -nv -laaq 3 nn § rel. asiaqpak<br />
saunaaq eggshell, pit or seed of fruit, small bone of fish | -aq 6 nn<br />
saunġIk- (i) to be good to work with (of bone); to have a well-proportioned frame (of boat, qayaq); to be well proportioned (of body); to have good bones, no fractures | [g]Ik- nv<br />
saunġIt skeleton, boat frame | :It (pl mkr)<br />
sauniġluk- (i) to have a bulky frame (e.g. of boat); to be big-boned; have a bad posture (of person) | +luk- 1 nv<br />
sauniġlunaaq- (t) to make it=its frame bulky | +luk- 1 nv -naaq- 1 vv<br />
saunikiñaaq- (t) to make it=its frame small, not bulky | -kIt- nv -naaq- vv<br />
sauniku(-) left-over bone; to leave bones behind | -ku nn, nv<br />
saunnak- (i) to harden (of children’s soft bones) / natatquuŋaiqsuq saunnaktuq it is no longer cartilage but it has become bone | ‘-k- nv<br />
saunniqi- (i) to work with bones; (t) to work on his/her/its bones | ‘=Iqi- 1 nv<br />
saunniqirI one who makes things with bone; orthopedist | ‘=Iqi- 1 nv +t/rI 3 vn<br />
saunniqun file, rasp for bone | ‘=Iqi- 1 nv ~un 1 vn<br />
saunnIt- (i) to have a bone stuck in one’s throat | ‘=It- 3 nv<br />
saunniutaq fish bone; bone lodged in the throat | ‘=It- 3 nv -utaq 1 vn<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=+541&root=config<br />
Nostratic etymology :<br />
Indo-European: (cf. *stengh-)<br />
Altaic: *č`i̯aŋu ( ˜ *č`i̯oŋe) (cf. also *si̯únŋi 2079)<br />
Turkic: *čeŋe<br />
Tungus-Manchu: *čoŋkī-<br />
Korean: *čǝ̄ŋ ( ˜ *čjǝ̄ŋ)<br />
Uralic: *säŋkV (cf. also *däŋkV ˜ *śäŋkV break, cut off, *šiŋa 'sharpen, whet')<br />
Dravidian: *čåṇ-<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut: *caHunǝʁ (˜ -ŋ-, -r-)<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *caHunǝʁ (˜ -ŋ-, -r-)<br />
Meaning: bone<br />
Russian meaning: кость<br />
Proto-Inupik: *cạụnǝ̣ʁ (˜ -ąʁ)<br />
Meaning: bone 1, seed 2<br />
Russian meaning: кость 1, семя 2<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: sauniq 1<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq saú̂nɨq 1, W sōniq* (nąk, neʁit) 1<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: saunɨq (ʁ) 1, 2 (in fruit), 'pit', saunʁic pl. 1, 'boat frame', saunåq dim. 'eggshell, pit, seed of fruit, small fishbone'<br />
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl sauniq* 1<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: sauniq 1, 'pit'<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor xáunaq* 1, M sauniq* 1<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: sauniq 1, 'fishbone, eggshell', saunaq 2, 'pit'<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: såniq (ʁ) (sauneq*), såʁni 3pl. 1, 'knuckle, pit (in fruit)'<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 95
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
25<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=t<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
tagluk snowshoes<br />
M.KARA I 1509-1510<br />
2. İñu. tagluk “kar ayakkabısı”. Bu kelimenin, ET. *ta:glık kelimesyle ilişkili olduğunu düşünüyoruz.<br />
Kar, yüksek dağlık bölgelere daha çok yağar. tagluk, karların daha yoğun olarak bulunduğu<br />
dağ kesitlerinde rahat yüyümek ve soğuktan korunmak için yapılmış özel bir kar ayakkabısı olmalıdır.<br />
Ancak bu kelimedeki ünlü yuvarlaklaşmasının açık bir sebebi görülmüyor.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Türkçe *ta:ġlıq sözüyle ilgi kurulamaz, çünkü:<br />
1) <strong>Eskimo</strong> dünyası karlı bir dünyadır ama Himalayalar gibi dağlık değil. <strong>Eskimo</strong>lar, dağ değil,<br />
deniz kıyısı ve tundra halkıdır. Diğer <strong>Eskimo</strong>lar gibi İnyupiklerin de gözde besini balina (whales: aġviq,<br />
aġviġluaq, aaġluq, kilalugak), fok (seals: natchiq, qaiġulik, qasigiaq, ugruk) ve rengeyiği (caribou: tuttu)’dir. Bunların hiç<br />
biri de Mehmet Kara’nın “karların daha yoğun olarak bulunduğu dağ kesitlerinde” yaşamaz.<br />
2) Türkçe sözdeki (*ta:ġlıq) uzun ünlünün İnyupikçede kısalması (tagluk), ünlülerde uzunluk<br />
kısalık farkı gözeten <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilleri için olanaksızdır.<br />
3) Türkçe sözdeki (*ta:ġlıq) kalın g (gayın) sesinin İnyupikçede ince g (gef) sesine (tagluk)<br />
dönüşmesi, iki ayrı g sesini de ayırt eden <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilleri için olanaksızdır. Kaldı ki İnyupikçe örnekteki<br />
ince g sesi eski bir ŋ sesinin kalıntısıdır.<br />
4) Türkçe -k/q bitimli yapıntıları <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca -q/k bitimli çekintilerle birleştiremezsiniz.<br />
İnyupikçe sözlükte yalnızca dual (tagluk) biçimi geçen sözün singular (taglu) ve plural (taglut) biçimleri<br />
de vardır ve bunlar birleştirmeyi olanaksız kılmaktadır<br />
pupsugcet'ar ‘snowshoe’<br />
Bazı <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde bir tür kar ayakkabısı (a kind of snowshoe[s]) : Doğu Kanada<br />
İnuitçesi ᑕᓪᓗ tallu (sg) ᑕᓪᓗᒃ talluk (dual) Nunatsiavut İnuitçesi talluk<br />
‘snowshoes’ talluliujuk ‘He is making a pair of snowshoes’ Yupikçe tangluq (sg) tangluk<br />
(dual) Doğu Supikçesi tangluk (dual)<br />
Bazı <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde diğer kar ayakkabıları (other kinds of snowshoe[s]) : İnyupikçe<br />
puyyugiak Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᐊᓪᓛᑕᐅᑎᒃ allaatautik ‘round Amerindian snow<br />
shoes’ ᐊᒥᑦᑐᑳᖅ amittukaaq ‘long snow shoes’ ᐊᒻᒪᓗᑭᑖᒃ ammalukitaak,<br />
ᐊᖓᒪᓗᑭᑖᒃ angmalukitaak ‘short, rounded, wide snowshoes’ Nunivak Çupikçesi<br />
Samanyolu (Milky Way) için kullanılan Yupikçe, Nunivak çupikçesi Tanglurallret ('raven's<br />
snowshoes') adı tangluq sözünden gelir.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
id<br />
Sayfa 96
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://alaska.si.edu/record.asp?id=235<br />
tagluk ‘pair of snowshoes’ [North Slope Iñupiaq+ Uqpiligaami atuġuugait,<br />
naniġiaqtuqamik ‘They’re used where there are willows, when they’re<br />
trapping / их используют там, где растет ивняк, когда расставляют<br />
капканы ’<br />
There’s another kind called puyyugiak *snowshoes that grip ice+. They’re<br />
short and sort of oval.<br />
http://www.svs.is/Vefsetur%20Vilhjalms%20Stefanssonar/ste/oktober1910.htm<br />
Stefansson-Anderson expedition 1908-1912<br />
pu'yuviak (P.) is the name used by the Killirmiut for snowshoes with a,<br />
sharp toe (Bear Lake style). It is seldom referred to as tagluk which is the<br />
name of the round-toed type. Both types of toe are in use by both sexes<br />
indiscriminately - though more "tagluk" than "puyuviaks" (P.) i-gan (g,<br />
Icelandic saga) is used by the Kaviragmiut for kettle or pot, (ut'kusik,<br />
which is not used).<br />
http://www.americanindian.si.edu/searchcollections/item.aspx?culid=521&irn=54815<br />
Bristol Bay / Native name: tangluk<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesinde anlamları farklı iki sözün zamanla eş sesli olmasında ön planda<br />
benzeşme (assimilation) geri planda ise bir halk etimolojisi ve analojik baskı sözkonusudur :<br />
ᑕᓪᓗ tallu (< tanglu) 'snowshoe'<br />
ᑕᓪᓗ tallu (< tavlu) 'chin'<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
taglu snowshoe<br />
taglukalgusi- (i) to learn how, become able to use snowshoes expertly | -lgu- 1 vv +sI- vv<br />
taglupiaq (Nu) snowshoe with rounded tip | -piaq(-) 2 nn<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=1054&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *taŋlu-<br />
Meaning: snowshoe<br />
Russian meaning: снегоступ, зимняя обувь<br />
Proto-Yupik: *taŋlu-<br />
Meaning: snowshoe<br />
Russian Meaning: снегоступ, зимняя обувь<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: taŋluq<br />
Chugach (<strong>Bir</strong>ket-Smith): taŋlu̮<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: taŋluq<br />
Proto-Inupik: *tąɣlụ<br />
Meaning: snowshoe<br />
Russian meaning: снегоступ, зимняя обувь<br />
SPI Dialects: W tąɣʎu* (ūk, uit)<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: taɣlu<br />
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl tąɣʎu*<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: taɣlu<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: tallu<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 97
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
26<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=i<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
ini place, room<br />
inikitchuq small place, room<br />
inillakkaa is placing it<br />
inillaktuq is placing<br />
iniqpak big place, big room<br />
iniqpak city<br />
M.KARA II 289-290<br />
3. İñu. ini < ET. i:n<br />
İñupiaqça Eski Türkçe İngilizcesi<br />
ini “ev, oda” < i:n “vahşi hayvan ini” place, room<br />
inikitchuq “küçük ev/oda” small place, room<br />
ini kelimesinin son sesi türemiş bir ünlüdür. Sebebi, orijinalindeki “n” ünsüzünün vurgulu söylenmesidir.<br />
Benzer bir ses gelişmesi aşağıda üzerinde duracağımız ipi “sap, kulp, kabza, tutma yeri-kova<br />
vb. için-“ kelimesinde de bulunmaktadır.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Türkçe i:n sözüyle ilgi kurulamaz, çünkü:<br />
1) Ünlülerde uzunluk kısalık farkını gözeten <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerine <strong>Türkçenin</strong> uzun ünlülü i:n [=iin]<br />
sözünü kısaltarak veremezsiniz.<br />
2) Redhouse’daki mavi’leri [room = oda; yer, meydan / place = yer, mevki, mahal, mekân, mevzi;<br />
küçük sokak veya meydan; semt, şehir, kasaba; ev] kurgusunu doğrulatmak için alan Kara, yeşil’leri es geçiyor.<br />
Es geçtiği o anlamlar İnyupikçe sözün gerçek karşılığıdır *= birincildir+ ve aldıkları da mecazî kullanımdır *= ikincildir].<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
ini room, place; by extension one’s presence / nukatpialukput asuamna inituruq our youngest sibling sure leaves a big empty space when he’s not around<br />
inaŋIq- (t) to take her/his/its place @ inaŋiqsI- / sivunmuuliqtuqhuni inaŋiġaa aġnaq aullaqsaqtuaq tiŋŋutikun he stubbornly insisted on going and took the woman’s place in the plane |<br />
+ŋIq- nv || +sI- 3 vv<br />
inaŋiun pronoun | +ŋIq- nv :un 1 vn<br />
inau- (Nu) (i) to camp, stay, abide for a while | -u- 5 nv<br />
inauvIk (Nu) camp, village | -u- 5 nv +vIk 1 vn § rel. init, nunaaqqIq, iniġruat<br />
iniġruit (Nu) ruins of old camp, village, house ruins | +ġruk nn :It (pl mkr)<br />
inillai- (i) to build on an empty spot | +llak- 1 nv -I- 10 vv<br />
inillaisuk- (i) to make a motion, move (in parliamentary procedure) | +llak- 3 nv -I- 10 vv +[s]uk- 1 vv § rel. tappIq-, inillak-<br />
inillak- or (Ti) inillalak- (i) to find a place to stay, to settle in a place; to situate oneself; to become full-grown; to become full (of moon); to be carried (of motion in parliamentary procedure);<br />
(Ti) to be completed, done; for food to be done, cooked; (t) to find a place for her/him/it to stay, to situate, place her/him/it; to appoint her/him; (Ti) to prepare things for whaling;<br />
to complete, finish it / inillagataġupta uvaptinnun siñiktaġiaqsaqtutin when we finally are settled in our own place, come and spend the night with us | +llak- 1 nv | +llak- 1 nv<br />
[neither of these p.b. are correct -4 is what is listed for this word] § see iñiq-<br />
inillaŋa- (i) to be settled, situated; to be certified in a position; (t) to situate her/him/it; to certify her/him/it | +llak- 1 nv ŋa- vv<br />
iniqaġliq place where there used to be houses; an abandoned village | +qaq- 1 nv +liq 4 vn<br />
iniqpak city, big place / iniqpagmuqqaaqami tammaŋaruq when she first went to a big city, she got lost | +qpak(-) nn<br />
init village, town | -t (pl mkr) § rel. nunaaqqIq<br />
initusI- (i) to become spacious (of place); (t) to make it (place) spacious | +tu- nv +sI- 1 vv<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=1331&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *ǝnǝ<br />
Meaning: dwelling place, house<br />
Russian meaning: жилище, дом<br />
Proto-Yupik: *ǝnǝ<br />
Meaning: habitation, house<br />
Russian Meaning: жилище, землянка<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
id<br />
Sayfa 98
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Sirenik: ǝ̆ ná 'village ', ǝ̆ nǝ 'habitation'<br />
Chaplino: na (ǝt) 'place, home', nǝ (t) 'dug-out house', nǝlīqā to inhabit'<br />
Naukan: ǝnǝ́<br />
Chugach (AAY): ǝna 'house'<br />
Koniag (AAY): ǝna 'room, space'<br />
Chugach (<strong>Bir</strong>ket-Smith): e̮ na, nna 'house, log'<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: [ǝ]na<br />
Chevak (Peripheral): ǝna 'house, place'<br />
Nunivak (Peripheral): nna*, ǝna 'house, place'<br />
Proto-Inupik: *ǝ̣nǝ̣<br />
Meaning: place 1, room 2, house 3<br />
Russian meaning: место 1, комната 2, дом 3<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: ini 'house'<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq ɨńɨ 'dwelling place', Di ɨnɨ 'house', W inni* (īk, it) 3<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: ɨnɨ 1, 2, ɨnɨ-t pl. 'village'<br />
NAI Dialects: B inni* 3, Ingl ini* 3<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: ini 1<br />
WCI Dialects: M inni* 3<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: ini 1<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: ini 1, 'nest, lair', ine* 3 [Jen.]<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 99
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
27<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=i<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
ipi handle (of a bucket etc.)<br />
ipibaqtubaa whips him<br />
ipibaqtuq wades, cuts himself<br />
ipibaqtuun dog whip (q)<br />
ipibautaq axe (K)<br />
ipiitaq fish line<br />
ipiktuq is sharp<br />
ipiktusuktuq is sad, despondent<br />
ipiqtusuktuq is despondent, sad (N)<br />
ipiruq suffocates, smothers, drowns<br />
ipitkaa suffocates him, smothers him, drowns him<br />
ipkaq boiled ribs<br />
ipu tool handle<br />
ipuaqtuq rows (N)<br />
ipuktaqtuq see-saw jumping (K)<br />
ipun oar<br />
iputtuq rows (K)<br />
ipuun oar<br />
M.KARA II 290<br />
4. İñu. ipi < ET. yıp/yip<br />
5. İñi. ipu < ET. yıp/yip<br />
ipi handle (of a bucket etc.)<br />
ipiġaqtuġaa whips him<br />
ipiġaqtuq wades, cuts himself<br />
ipiġaqtuun dog whip (q)<br />
ipiġautaq axe (K)<br />
ipiitaq fish line<br />
ipiktuq is sharp<br />
ipiktusuktuq is sad, despondent<br />
ipiqtusuktuq is despondent, sad (N)<br />
ipiruq suffocates, smothers, drowns<br />
ipitkaa suffocates him, smothers him, drowns him<br />
ipkaq boiled ribs<br />
ipu tool handle<br />
ipuaqtuq rows (N)<br />
ipuktaqtuq see-saw jumping (K)<br />
ipun oar<br />
iputtuq rows (K)<br />
ipuun oar<br />
İñupiaqça Eski Türkçe İngilizcesi<br />
ipi "sap, kulp, tutma yeri -kova vb. için-" < yıp/yip "ip, iplik; sicim, bağ" handle (of a bucket etc.)<br />
ipu "tutma aracı, ip, bağ, sap" < yıp/yip "ip, iplik; sicim, bağ" tool handle<br />
ipiitaq "olta ipi, misina" Fish line<br />
ipibaqtubaa "o erkeği kırbaçlar" whips him<br />
ipibaqtuun "köpek kırbacı" dog whip<br />
ipiruq "boğar" suffocates, smothers, drowns<br />
ipitkaa "o erkeği boğar" suffocates him, smothers him, drowns him<br />
Üzerinde durulan son iki kelimenin (ipi/ipu), <strong>Türkçenin</strong> daha önceki dönemlerinde yıp/yip şekli bulunurken, Harezm Türkçesinde<br />
(13. yüzyıl) ip şekline rastlanmıştır (CLAUSON 1972: 870).<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 100
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Görünürde benzeyen <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca örnekler ile Türkçe ip arasında ilgi kurulamaz. Mehmet Kara'nın<br />
kökteş saydığı örnekler uzmanlarınca iki ayrı kökte toplanmaktadır.<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ipiq- tie up ᐃᐱᖅ ipiq foreshaft [Part of a harpoon. A shaft of bone, antler, or ivory, usually<br />
between 10 and 30 cm in length. The base of the foreshaft fits into the foreshaft socket, and a harpoon head is fitted on the tip.]<br />
http://alaska.si.edu/record.asp?id=102<br />
ipu “handle for carrying water bucket”<br />
The wife of an umialik [boat captain] brought water to the whale and sang a greeting song,<br />
welcoming it to the community. This is the handle for a bucket used in the ceremony.<br />
Ron Brower, Sr.: Taimani aġvaŋman—umiaqtuqtuaq aġvaŋman—aġnaq tuvaaqataa<br />
aġvaktuam saavitchuuruq. Aasii tavra aġviq imiqtiłługu fresh water. Tamatkua tavra<br />
tigumiaġutait qattauramik, qattamik, ipu. Taamna qiñiŋavlugu qattauramik.<br />
(Traditionally a whale caught—a crew captain caught a whale—the woman [his wife] goes<br />
out to where whale is caught. And the whale is given fresh water to drink. There are small<br />
water buckets they carry, water containers, [with a] handle for carrying the water bucket.<br />
And I had seen the small water buckets.)<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
ipIq(-) (Nu) small, thin root, dog chain, rope?; (i) to now be tied with a chain; (t) to tie it with a chain [?]<br />
ipiak dual fallopian tubes | -aq 6 nn -k (dual mkr)<br />
ipialik waterproof hip boot with straps from top of boot to be tied to the belt | -aq 6 nn -lik 1 nn<br />
ipiaq(-) mitten string, drawstring, e.g. for tall boots, string attached to knife, etc.; (Ti) handle, as on bucket or suitcase; to draw and tie the drawstrings at the top of (her/his) boots; (t) to<br />
play a line on which one has hooked seal, fish / natchiq ipiaġaa he is pulling the seal in as it exhausts itself | -aq 6 nn<br />
ipiġaqtuq- (t) to whip, spank her/him/it repeatedly; ?(t) to use an axe on it / ipiġaqtuġai qimmiñi ugiaqtuat he whipped his dogs that were fighting | +tuq- 2 vv<br />
ipiġaqtuun whip, spanking tool | +*ġ+aq 3 nn +tuq- 2 vv :un 1 vn<br />
ipiġaqtuun axe; long taproot of plant | +*ġ+aq 3 nn +tuq- 2 vv +un 1 vn § rel. anauttaq<br />
ipiġauttauraq hatchet | +*ġ+aq 3 nn :uttaq vn :uraq 1 nn<br />
ipiun (Ti) fishing line, mitten string, knife string; pot handle, pail handle | -q- 5 nv :un 1 vn § rel. anu<br />
ipiusIq- or ipiutchIq- (i) to now have a tow rope attached; (t) to attach a line to it | :un 1 vn ~Iq- 1 nv @ ipiutchiqsI- | ‘=Iq- 1 nv || +sI- 3 vv<br />
ipiusiun line used to tow whale during hunt | :uti 1 vn ~Iq- 1 nv :un 1 vn<br />
ipiutaq fishing line made from baleen or twine of braided sinew; string for sling, mittens, snare, etc.<br />
ipu(-) long handle; (t) to attach a handle to it / ipiġauttani iputchiaġaa he put a new handle on his axe<br />
ipugaġnaq suppun lever-action rifle | -k- 4 +aq- 1 vv +naq vn<br />
ipugaq- to push or propel (usu a boat or raft) with a long pole and travel; to turn, move a boat with an oar (not row); (i) to use ski poles to gain speed | -k- 4 nv +aq- 1 vv<br />
ipugaun lever, something to pry with; lever (of lever-action rifle) | -k- 4 nv +aq- 1 vv :un 1 vn<br />
ipuk- (t) to lift it with a lever; (t) to cock the lever of it (rifle) / ipukługu qauġaa siku he split loose the ice by using a lever | -k- 4 nv<br />
ipuligalik (Nu) old-style arrowhead | perhaps –lik 1 nn +aq 6 nn –lik 1 nn<br />
ipun long oar | -n 4 vn<br />
ipurvIk oarlock | +t- 3 nv +vIk 1 vn<br />
ipusiġvIk hole to place oarlock | -n 4 vn ~Iq- 1 nv +vIk 1 vn<br />
ipusIq- (i) to now have oars (of a boat); (t) to put oars on it=boat @ ipusiqsI- | -n 4 vn ~Iq- 1 nv || +sI- 3 vv<br />
iput- to row (it) | +t- 3 nv<br />
ipuktaaq- (i) to seesaw / ipuktaaqtuaq iglaqhaurapaluktuq quiññalauraqhuni the one on the seesaw was really giggling because her body would tingle (from the seesaw motion) |<br />
perhaps -k- 3 vv +taaq- 1 vv<br />
ipuktaun or ipuktaaġun seesaw board, a seesaw | -k- 3 v +taaq- 1 vv =un 1 vn<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 101
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Cesq%5Cinupet&first=701<br />
Proto-Inupik: *ipi-ʁ-<br />
Meaning: to tie up 1, rope 2<br />
Russian meaning: завязывать, привязывать 1, веревка 2<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq ivı́taq, W ivīta [Jen.] 'sealine'<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: ipiq- 1 (with chain or rope), ipiq 2, 'dog chain, thin root', ipiaq 'drawstring, mittenstring'<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: ipiq- 1<br />
WCI Dialects: Net ipiq 'trace, line with which sth. is chined up'<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: ipiq- 1 (dog), ipiq 'chain for tying up dog'<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: ipiʁaq, ipaʁaq 'harpoon strap used in hunting seals on ice'<br />
GRI Dialects: NG ipiutaq 'dog trace'<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=1345&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *ǝpu, *ǝpi<br />
Meaning: handle, stem of plant<br />
Russian meaning: ручка, стебель<br />
Proto-Yupik: *ǝpu (-lqu-) (? *ǝpiʁ)<br />
Meaning: handle 1, stem of plant 2<br />
Russian Meaning: ручка 1, стебель 2<br />
Chaplino: pū (t) 1, 2, pīq (pīʁǝt) 'panhandle', pūliʁáquq 'to make a handle'<br />
Naukan: ǝpǝ́ɫquq 2, //ǝpu 1 *Orr+, upu 1 *Av., Em.+, //ipíq 1 *Av.+<br />
Chugach (AAY): puk 'straight handle'<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: ǝpu 1, ǝpuɫquq 2<br />
Proto-Inupik: *ǝ̣ ̊pų, *ǝpI<br />
Meaning: handle 1, stem of plant, stalk 2<br />
Russian meaning: ручка 1, стебель 2<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: ivu 1<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq ɨvú, ɨvɨ́qɫuq 1, ɨvúqɫuq 2, W üvu* (ūk, uit) 1, KI ivu* 1<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: ipu 1<br />
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl ipo* 1, Mal ipi 1<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: ipu 1<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor, M ipo* 1<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: ipu 1<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: ipu (ipo*) 1, ipi 1 (on bucket, kettle or the like)<br />
28<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=k<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
kigiyuk white-fronted goose (Anser<br />
albifrons) (K)<br />
niblivaixuk white-fronted goose (Anser<br />
albifrons) (N)<br />
M.KARA II 290<br />
kigiyuk white-fronted goose (Anser<br />
albifrons) (K)<br />
niġlivaiḷuk white-fronted goose (Anser<br />
albifrons) (N)<br />
Dialect Note: (N) after a word or meaning indicates use in the<br />
North Slope villages, (K) after a word or meaning indicates use<br />
in the Kobuk River villages.<br />
6. İñu. kigiyuk < ET. keyik<br />
İñupiaqça Eski Türkçe İngilizcesi<br />
kigiyuk “ön tarafı beyaz kaz; < keyik “yaban hayvanı” white-fronted goose (Anser<br />
sakarca kazı (Anser<br />
albifrons)”<br />
albifrons)<br />
Eski Türkçedeki keyik kelimesi, Çuvaşçada kayĭk şeklinde (CEYLAN 1996: 132) “yabani kuş”<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 102
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
anlamıyla yaşamaktadır. Söz konusu kelimenin Çuvaşçadaki anlamıyla İñupiaqçadaki anlamı<br />
birbirine yakındır. Aynı kelime, günümüz Türk lehçelerinden Türkiye Türkçesinde geyik, Azerbaycan<br />
Türkçesinde ise keyik şeklinde (ERCİLASUN vd. 1001: 270) anlam daralmasına uğrayarak<br />
sadece bir tür av/yaban hayvanını ifade etmek üzere kullanılmaktadır. Çuvaşça ve İñupiaqçada<br />
anlam bakımından dört ayaklılardan kanatlı türüne bir geçiş söz konusudur.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Çuvaşçadaki anormal anlamı* (Chuvash kayăk ‘bird’ < Old Turkic keyik<br />
‘wild animal *= mammal+’ > Turkish geyik ‘deer’) aradaki uçsuuuz<br />
bucaksııız coğrafyayı hiçe sayarak yer ve zaman kargaşasıyla götürüp<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dilleri içinde yalnızca İnyupikçenin Malimiut (=Kobuk) lehçesinde<br />
geçen kigiyuk sözü ile birleştirmek, açıkça öküzün altında buzağı aramaktır.<br />
Sibirya Yupikçesi qawaak ‘bird’ / ӄауа́к 'птица' ile de birleştirilemez.<br />
Türkçe keyik ile uzaktan yakındın bir ilgisi olmayan Malimiut<br />
İnyupikçesindeki kigiyuk sözü kuşun ötümünden *its voice is a distinctive bark of kla-ha or kla-hah-luk] kaynaklanan<br />
bir yansıma olabilir mi bilemiyorum.<br />
*http://cv.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D0%9A кайăк 1. птйца || птичий; ~ ами, ама ~ птйца-сæмка; ~ аçи, аçа ~ птйца-самец; вăçен~<br />
птйца; çăткăно-хищная птица; шыв ~ĕ водоплавающая птица | ~ йăви птичье гнездо; ~ чĕппи птенец, птенчик; ир таракан ~<br />
тутă пулнă погов. ранняя пташка всегда сыта бывает 2. дичь; дикое животное || дикий (не домашний); ~ вăкăр зубр; ~<br />
кăвакал дйкая утка; ~ хурсем дикие гуси 3. чаще в сонет. со словом тискер зверь || звериный; тискер ~ зверь; тискер ~<br />
йăви звериное логбвище; тискер ~ çури звереныш, зверенок; тискер ~ совхозе звероводческий совхоз 4. диал. чаще в<br />
сочет. со словом шурæ, шур зæяц || заячий 5. насекомое; вĕтĕ ~ насекомое ◊ вут ~ жар-птй-ца; ирĕклĕ~ вольная птица;<br />
пнлеш ~ дрозд; уяр ~ божья коровка; хыт ~ 1) жужелица (илл. т. xxI) 2) жук, жучок; кайăк (xуркайăк) çулĕ млечный путь<br />
29<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=q<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
qirriuqtuq chops fire wood<br />
qiruiqsuq ran out of wood<br />
qiruk dry fire wood<br />
qiruk dry, dead wood<br />
qiruksiruq carries wood inside<br />
qiruktaqtuq obtains fire wood<br />
qiruktaqtuq is going for wood<br />
M.KARA I 1513<br />
10. İñu. qiruk (= kıruk) "yakacak kuru odun; kurumuş ölü ağaç", qiruk örneği, kurı- fiilinden<br />
türemiş bir isim olan ET. kurug/kurıg "kuru, kurumuş" (CLAUSON 1972: 652-653) ile ilişkilidir.<br />
İñupiaqçada qiruk kelimesinden şu kelimeler türetilmiştir: qiruksiruq "içeriye odun taşır",<br />
qiruktaqtuq "yakacak odun sağlar".<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
id<br />
Sayfa 103
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Türkçe qurıġ (> kuru) sözüyle ilgi kurulamaz, çünkü:<br />
1) Türk ve <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilleri gibi iki ayrı k sesini [k velar / q uvular+ ayırt eden dillerde k’yi k ile q’yı q<br />
ile birleştirebilirsiniz.<br />
2) Türkçe -k/q bitimli yapıntıları <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca -q/k bitimli çekintilerle birleştiremezsiniz.<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
qiruk wood<br />
qirrI- (i) to collect wood; to become like wood; (Nu) (i) to chop firewood | ‘=I- 1 nv § rel. qirriuq-<br />
qirriat chopped wood | ‘=I- 1 nv -t (pl mkr)<br />
qirrIq- (t) to put wood into it=stove @ qirriqsI- | ‘=Iq- 1 nv<br />
qirriqirI carpenter, woodworker | ‘=Iqi- 1 nv t/rI 3 vn<br />
qirriqsuq- (t) to put wood into it=stove @ qirriqsui- | ‘=Iq- 1 nv +tuq- 2 vv<br />
qirriuġvIk chopping block for wood | ‘=Iuq- 1 nv +vIk 1 vn<br />
qirriuq- to chop (it) into firewood | ‘=Iuq- 1 nv<br />
qirriuti- (t) to put it into the fire | ‘=Iq- 1 nv :uti- 2 vv<br />
qirugaq (Nu) willow dog chain, long stick for tying dogs | +*ġ+aq 3 nn<br />
qirugautaq (Nu) conjuring rod of shaman | +*ġ+aq 3 nn :utaq 1 nn<br />
qirukpaluk(-) noise of wood; (i) to make noise with wood | +p/valuk(-) nn<br />
qirukpaluktaq- (i) to repeatedly make noise with wood | +p/valuk(-) nn, nv t/raq- 1 vv<br />
qirukpaluu- (i) to make noise with wood | +p/valuk(-) nn, nv -u- 4 vv<br />
qiruksiq- (Ti) (i) to get a wood splinter in one’s flesh | perhaps +siq- 4 nv § rel. qauqi-<br />
qiruktaq- (i) to be out looking for and getting wood | +taq- 5 nv<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᕿᔪᒃ qijuk (sg) wood qijut (pl) wood pieces<br />
qijuk qupijuq the wood splits Nunatsiavut İnuitçesi Kijuk wood<br />
Kijuttagiajuk he has gone to get some wood Kijummik sâlik he has a<br />
wooden table Kijukuluk 1. a twig 2. a stick of wood Kijukulummut<br />
anauniakKat hit him with a stick of wood Kijuttâpait Labrador tea (muskeg<br />
tea, Ledum palustre) Grönland İnuitçesi qissiaq, qisuk (eski yazı:<br />
qissuk) one who is out looking for wood; a piece of driftwood, which has been<br />
found qissiaa (eski yazı: qíssiâ) the driftwood he has found qissiaraa (eski<br />
yazı: qíssiarâ) has found it (a piece of driftwood) qissiarpoq (eski yazı:<br />
qíssiarpoq) is out looking for driftwood or fuel qissivoq (eski yazı: qíssivoq)<br />
finds a piece of driftwood Nunivak Çupikçesi equg wood equgpigar<br />
spruce; pine; construction wood equgtar- to gather driftwood or branches<br />
equgtutuli kenirwig wood-burning stove equirute- to run out of wood<br />
qiruk’uma dokunmayın Turkut!<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=+713&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *(ǝ)qǝruɣ (-iʁ-)<br />
Meaning: wood, to chop wood, to stoke<br />
Russian meaning: дрова, рубить дрова, топить (печь)<br />
Proto-Yupik: *ǝqǝ́ruɣ ˜ *ǝ́qǝrúɣ, *ǝqǝr-iʁ-<br />
Meaning: wood 1, tree 2, to stoke 3, to chop wood 4<br />
Russian Meaning: дрова 1, дерево 2, топить печь 3, рубить дрова 4<br />
Sirenik: qǝcǝẋ 1, 2, qǝcǝɣij pl. 1 [Orr.], //qǝrux 1 [Orr, Vakh.], qǝrúɫqucı́ẋ 'log, timber', //qǝrŋuẋ [Vakh.] 2, qǝrúɣnǝẋ dvn. 3, qǝcǝ́ʁvǝx 'furnace'<br />
Chaplino: qūk (ɣǝt), kóq*, kowk* 1, qīʁaqā, qītaqā 3, qīʁvik (ɣǝt) 'furnace'<br />
Naukan: ǝ́quk 1, ǝqīʁı́vik 'fire-box, furnace'<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: ǝquk 1 (in derivates only)<br />
Koniag (AAY): ǝqiuʁ- 4<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: ǝqiuʁ- 4<br />
Egegik (Peripheral): ǝquk 1 (in derivates), Y ǝquk 1 (in derivates), ǝqiʁ- 3<br />
Nunivak (Peripheral): ǝquk 1 (in derivates)<br />
Proto-Inupik: *qǝ̈rụɣ, *qǝ̈rriųʁ-<br />
Meaning: wood 1, to chop wood 2<br />
Russian meaning: дрова 1, собирать дрова 2<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: qiruk 1, qirriuq- 2<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq qɨruk 1, W qe ̣ʁuk* (ūk, uit) 1<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: qiruk 1, qirriuq- 2<br />
NAI Dialects: B qe ̣ʁuk* 1, qẹʁioqtoq* 2, Ingl qe ̣ʁuk* 1<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 104
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: qijuk 1<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor, M qejuk* ̣ 1, Sig qijjiuq- 2<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: qijuk 1, qijjiu(q)- 2<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: qišuk (qissuk*) 1<br />
30<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=t<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
tikalaak three finger mittens (N)<br />
tikibaq forest<br />
tikilik three finger mitten (K)<br />
tikiq thimble<br />
tikiq pointing finger<br />
M.KARA I 1513-1514<br />
tikalaak three finger mittens (N)<br />
tikiġaq forest<br />
tikilik three finger mitten (K)<br />
tikiq thimble<br />
tikiq pointing finger<br />
Dialect Note: (N) after a word or meaning indicates use in the North<br />
Slope villages, (K) after a word or meaning indicates use in the<br />
Kobuk River villages.<br />
12. İñu. tikiq "yüksük; işaret parmağı". ET. tikig ile ilişkili olmalıdır. Clauson bu kelimenin<br />
manasının tam olarak anlaşılamadığını belirtmiş, ancak rahatsızlık ifade eden "batma, saplama" gibi<br />
anlamlara gelebileceğini ifade etmiştir. Aynı bilim adamı, ET. tikiglig kelimesiyle ilgili yaptığı açıklamada<br />
bu kelimenin "dikili, dikilmiş -elbise vb. için-" anlamına geldiğini belirtir (CLAUSON 1972: 480).<br />
Bu durumda aslında ET. tikig kelimesinin "dikme, dikiş" anlamlarının da bulunması beklenirdi. Çünkü<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 105
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
ET. tik- fiilinin birkaç anlamı vardır: "sokmak, içine yerleştirmek; dik bir şekilde yerleştirmek; dik hâle<br />
getirmek; ağaç dikmek; dikiş dikmek". Bütün bunlara bakarak íñupiaqcada tikiq kelimesinin "yüksük"<br />
ve "İşaret parmağı" anlamlarına gelmesinin çok normal olduğunu düşünüyoruz. Belki eski insanlar da<br />
bir şeye işaret ederken günümüzdeki değişik milletlere ait insanlar gibi işaret parmaklarını kullanıyorlardı.<br />
İşaret parmağının İngilizcesi index finger'dır. Buradaki index, "işaret" anlamına gelmektedir.<br />
Öte yandan bu iki anlam ("yüksük" ve "işaret parmağı"), Iñupiaqlarda ve bu kelimeyi aldıkları Türklerde<br />
yüksüğün işaret parmağına takılarak kullanıldığının da bir göstergesi olabilir. Yüksük takılmış<br />
parmak biraz dik durur. Gösterme esnasında işaret parmağı da dik durumdadır.<br />
İñupiaqcada bulunan ve "üç parmaklı eldiven, üç bölümlü eldiven" anlamına gelen tikilik<br />
kelimesinin de yukarıda yer verdiğimiz ET. tikiglig kelimesiyle ilgili olduğunu düşünüyoruz. Bu kelime,<br />
Eski Türkçede "dikili, dikilmiş" anlamlarına geliyordu. Bu eldivenin, üç bölümü arasında dikişler bulunmalıdır.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>nun parmağı niye herkesin gözüne batar, anlamam.<br />
Nostratic teorisyenleri Türkçe tek ‘single’ sözüyle <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca tikiq ’i birtakım dillerden birtakım<br />
örneklerle eş tutarken, Mehmet Kara da aynı sepetteki tikiq ’i kaldırıp dikerek, tikilik ’i de iplikle dikerek<br />
birleştiriyor.<br />
Kara’nın bu bağlantısı, Güneş-Dil teorisyenlerinin Cumhuriyet dönemi Türkiye Türkçesine ait<br />
tekil ‘singular’ sözünü <strong>Eskimo</strong> parmak’ı ile birlikte kadim Maya şehri Tikal’a bağlamaları kadar “bilime”<br />
uygundur.<br />
Fortescue'nün <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca tikiq 'i Fin-Ugorca tuðka 'tip, point' ile birleştirmesi de yanlıştır<br />
(Michael Fortescue, Language Relations Across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and<br />
Linguistic Evidence, London 1998 )<br />
<strong>Kmoksy</strong><br />
digitus<br />
digiti<br />
digitus I<br />
digitus II<br />
digitus III digitus IV digitus V<br />
Türkçe parmak başparmak işaret parmağı orta parmak yüzük parmağı serçe parmak<br />
İngilizce finger thumb index finger, fore<br />
finger, foremost<br />
finger, pointing<br />
finger<br />
middle finger,<br />
third finger<br />
(Amer.)<br />
ring finger, third<br />
finger (Brit.), fourth<br />
finger (Amer.)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
little finger, pinky,<br />
pinkie<br />
Proto-Eskaleut *q(i)tik<br />
Aleutça atxûx̂ hutax̂ achilix̂<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
Proto-Yupik<br />
*ioura-<br />
Sirenik Yupikçesi nurax kumla tǝ́kǝẋ qequsitax alímajáki iqeɫqux<br />
Chaplino Yupikçesi tǝkǝ́q atxilik aláŋquq, alánquq<br />
Naukan Yupikçesi tǝkǝ́q atqílŋǝ átqitáʁruq<br />
Sibirya Yupikçesi yughaq kumlu tekeq atqilik, atqilngi alangquq eqeɫquq<br />
Batı Supikçesi sua’aq akulimaq<br />
Doğu Supikçesi tiquk (CH) tekhet<br />
(NW, PG)<br />
tekeq akilipaq,<br />
akulepaaq (NW,<br />
PG)<br />
akililiq (NW, PG) iqellqunguaq (NW,<br />
PG)<br />
Nunivak Çupikçesi ipig nangner keniun qaqur ikilipig iqelqur<br />
Çupikçe ǝkiliq, ikilipik<br />
Yupikçe yuaraq kumluq tekeq aquq, aɫqiliq, aliqiliqiaq, atrilnguq iqeɫquq<br />
Proto-İnuit<br />
akulipqaq,<br />
akulipǝq<br />
atẋilŋuq<br />
Alaska İnyupikçesi<br />
(Seward)<br />
inugaq<br />
Alaska İnyupikçesi<br />
(Qawiaraq)<br />
inugaq<br />
Alaska İnyupikçesi<br />
iñugaq kuvlu tikiq qitiqłiq mikilġaq<br />
iqitquuraq,<br />
(North Slope &<br />
iqitquq,<br />
Malimiut)<br />
iqitquluuraq,<br />
Sayfa 106
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Kanada İnyupikçesi<br />
(Uummarmiutun)<br />
Batı Kanada İnuitçesi<br />
(Siglitun)<br />
Batı Kanada İnuitçesi<br />
(İnuinnaqtun)<br />
Batı Kanada İnuitçesi<br />
(Natsilingmiutut/<br />
Utkuhiksalik)<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi<br />
(Aivilik)<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi<br />
(Kivalliq)<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi<br />
(Baffin, Nunavik)<br />
iñugaq<br />
inugaq<br />
inugaq<br />
ᐸᒃᑭ<br />
pakki, inugak<br />
kublu<br />
ᑯᓪᓗ<br />
kullu<br />
ᑎᑭᖅ<br />
tikiq<br />
ᕿᑎᕐᓕᒃ<br />
qitirliq, ᕿᑎᕐᓯᒃ<br />
qitirsiq, qitiqɫiq<br />
ᒥᑭᓕᕋᖅ<br />
mikiliraq<br />
itiqquuraq<br />
ᐃᕿᖅᖁᖅ<br />
iqiqquq<br />
Labrador İnuitçesi inugak kulluK tikiK KitilliK mikiligaK iKikquK, iKiKKuK<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi<br />
(Kuzey)<br />
inugaq<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi (Batı) inuaq kulloq (eski: tikeq qiterleq (eski: mikileraq eqeqqoq (eski:<br />
kuvdloq)<br />
qiterdleq)<br />
eqerqoq)<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi<br />
(Doğu)<br />
iiaq tikkiliq<br />
tikkit qilirsiq avalip tuttia avattiq<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
tikiQ index finger; thimble<br />
tikalaak a pair of three-fingered mittens | -laaq 3 rn -k (dual mkr)<br />
tikala- ?<br />
tikalauraq- (i) to shake one’s index finger sternly; (t) to point a finger at her/him/it sternly | -lauraq- 2 nv<br />
tikiġaq or tikiġauraq point of land | +*ġ+aq 2 nn<br />
Tikiġaq village of Point Hope, Alaska | +*ġ+aq 2 nn<br />
tikiġiḷaq- (i) to not use a thimble when sewing | :Ilaq- nv<br />
tikiġmIk- (i) to do the finger pull with the index finger | +mIk- 1 nv | syn qaqauġmIk-<br />
tikiġun protector for index finger, (used by carvers) | -ġun nn<br />
tikiqtuq- (i) to use a thimble when sewing | +tuq- 3 nv<br />
tikkivIk thimble holder | ‘-vIk nn<br />
tikkuaġaun pointer, rod used to direct attention; a pistol | ‘-k- 3 nv -aq- 1 vv +aq- 1 vv :un 1 vn<br />
tikkuaq- (i) to point, to take aim; (t) to point or take aim at her/him/it @ tikkuaqsI- | ‘-k- 3 nv -aq- 1 vv<br />
tikkuaqtuq- (i) to keep pointing; (t) to keep pointing at her/him/it | ‘-k- 3 nv -aq- 1 vv +tuq- 2 vv<br />
tikkuk- or tikkuutit- (i) to bristle, stand on end, stiffen (of hair) | perhaps ‘-k- 3 nv or ‘-k- 3 nv -u- 4 vv -tit- 2 vv<br />
tikkuun signpost, indication at trail junction | ‘-k- 3 nv :un 1 vn<br />
tikkuusIq- (t) to mark it=trail or road | ‘-k- 3 nv :un 1 vn ~Iq- 1 nv<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/yupet&text_number=1760&root=config<br />
Proto-Yupik: *tǝkǝʁ (-ʁa-)<br />
Meaning: forefinger, index finger 1, thimble 2, foreland 3<br />
Russian Meaning: указательный палец 1, наперсток 2, коса (морская) 3<br />
Sirenik: tǝ́kǝẋ 1, takǝsǝẋ 3, //tǝkajuɣaẋ 2 [Vakh.]<br />
Chaplino: tǝkǝ́q (ẋǝt) 1, 2, tǝkǝ́ʁaq (t) 3<br />
Naukan: tǝkǝ́q 1, tǝkǝ́ʁaq 3<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: tǝkǝq 1, 2<br />
Chugach (<strong>Bir</strong>ket-Smith): tikkqa (3sg.) 'forth finger', tikaq 2<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: tǝkǝq (ʁ) 1, 2<br />
Comparative <strong>Eskimo</strong> Dictionary: 338<br />
http://www.astroset.com/bireysel_gelisim/kadim/k2.htm<br />
Doç. Dr. Haluk BERKMEN: Maya-Mısır-Asya-Anadolu Ortak Kültürü 2 Aztek ve Maya Dilleri<br />
İnyupik coğrafyasına ait Tikiġaq (Point Hope, Tikigaq, Tikiraq,<br />
Tikarakh, Tiagara, Tiekaga) yer adı tikiq sözünden gelir: +*ġ+aq 2<br />
nn (limited) depicts body parts or land designations<br />
Tikal: “Tekil” yani kendine has olan, tekil olan demek olmaktadır. Çünkü “Tik” kök sözcüğü Ön-Türkçe olup “tek” demektir. Tek sözünü Kızılderili dillerde TİK olarak buluyoruz. Yunanca<br />
işaret parmağına ‘Dahtilo’ denir ki bu da TİK =>TEK =>TAH =>DAH dönüşümü ile oluşmuştur. Daktilo dediğimiz alet “parmaklarla çalışan” demektir.<br />
Latince TE (sen) ‘ikinci tekil kişi’ demektir. Burada da işaret parmağı ile gösterilen ikinci şahıs anlamı vardır.<br />
http://www.sonsuz.us/?q=node/1958<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 107
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Doç. Dr. Haluk BERKMEN : Maya Cities and Pyramids<br />
Tikal: “Tik” is one of the earliest root-words originating from the Proto-language, meaning “single, unique” which evolved to mean “finger” and “hand” (4). In all Altaic languages<br />
(Turkish, Uighur, Chuvash, Chagatai) “tek” means single. In the <strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut languages “tik” means the index finger. In Chinese “tiek” means one. In Atapascan languages “tek” and<br />
“tikhi” mean again one. In Amerind languages the Mixe say “tuk” and the Quiche Maya say “tik” for one. Therefore, Tikal means “The single one“, or “Be unique” since the suffix –al<br />
exists in Turkish in the form of –il. Thus Tikal is the equivalent of “tekil” and means “singular” or “one of a kind”.<br />
http://www.nostratic.ru/books/(125)ruhlen07.pdf<br />
23 TIK „finger; one‟<br />
Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Fulup sik ∼ sex „finger,‟ Nalu te; North-Central Niger-Congo: Gur dike „1‟; South-Central Niger-Congo: Gwa dogbo, Fon ¢`okp´a Ewe ¢`ek´a;<br />
Bantu: Tonga tiho „finger,‟ Chopi tsiho, Ki-<strong>Bir</strong>a zika, Ba-Kiokwa zigu. [KS 55, UOL 91, HJ II: 295]<br />
Nilo-Saharan: Fur tòk „1,‟ Maba tëk, Dendje doko „ten,‟ Nera ¢òkk-u „1,‟ Merarit tok „ten,‟ Dinka tok „1,‟ Berta ¢´uk´oni, ?Mangbetu t’è, Kwama seek-o, Bari to, Jur tok,<br />
Twampa ¢`e‚, Komo ¢´e. [NS 103, CN 72, ES 83, KS 55, UOL 91, NSB]<br />
Afro-Asiatic: Proto-Afro-Asiatic *tak „1‟; Semitic: PeripheralWest Gurage tëgu (ëmmat) „only 1‟; Cushitic: Oromo toko „1,‟ takku „palm (of hand),‟ Yaaku tegei „hand,‟ Saho<br />
ti „1,‟ Bilin tu, Tsamai d¯okko; Berber: Nefusa tukod. „finger‟; Chadic: Hausa (d. aya) tak „only 1,‟ Gisiga t¯ekoy „1,‟ Gidder<br />
te-teka, Logone tku „first.‟ [AAD 3: 10]<br />
Indo-European: Proto-Indo-European *deik „to show, point,‟ *dekm‹ „10‟; Italic: Latin dig(-itus) „finger,‟ dic(-¯are) „to say,‟ decem „10‟; Germanic: Proto-Germanic *taihw¯o<br />
„toe,‟ Old English tahe „toe,‟ English toe, Old High German zˆeha „toe, finger.‟ [IE 188, 191, EU]<br />
Uralic: Votyak odik „1,‟ Zyrian ˜otik. [U 138, EU]<br />
Turkic: Chuvash tek „only, just,‟ Uighur tek „only, merely,‟ Chagatai tek „only, single,‟ Turkish tek „only,‟ teken „one by one.‟ [EU]<br />
Korean (t)tayki „1, thing,‟ teki „1, guy, thing,‟ Old Korean t¯ek „10.‟ [EU]<br />
Japanese-Ryukyuan: Japanese te „hand.‟ [UOL 195]<br />
Ainu tek ∼ teke „hand,‟ atiki „five.‟ [UOL 195, EU]<br />
Gilyak ˇrak „once.‟ [EU]<br />
Chukchi-Kamchatkan: Kamchadal itygin „foot, paw.‟ [EU]<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut: Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut *q(ì)tìk „middle finger‟; <strong>Eskimo</strong>: Kuskokwim tik(-iq) „index finger,‟ Greenlandic tik(-iq) „index finger,‟ tikkuagpaa „he points to it‟; Aleut:<br />
Attu tik(-laq) „middle finger,‟ atgu „finger,‟ taγataq „1,‟ Atka atakan. [EU, EA 121] Yeniseian: Proto-Yeniseian *tok „finger.‟ [VT]<br />
Sino-Tibetan: Archaic Chinese *t_i@ek „single, 1‟; Tibeto-Burman: Proto-Tibeto-Burman *tyik „1,‟ Rai tik(-pu), Tibetan (g-)t´sig. [ST 94]<br />
Na-Dene: Haida (s-)tla „with the fingers‟; Tlingit tl’eeq „finger,‟ tlek „1‟; Eyak tikhi; Athabaskan: Sarsi tlik’-(aza), Kutchin (˜ı-)¬ag, Hupa ¬a‚, Navajo ¬`a‚. [ND]<br />
Indo-Pacific: Tasmanian: Southern motook „forefinger,‟ Southeastern togue „hand‟; West New Guinea: Proto-Karonan *dik „1‟; Southwest New Guinea: Boven Mbian tek<br />
„fingernail,‟ Digul tuk. [IP 37, SWNG 39, SNG 42, UOL 195<br />
Austroasiatic: Proto-Austroasiatic *(k-)tig „arm, hand‟; Munda: Kharia ti‚; Mon-Khmer: Riang ti‚, Wa tai‚, Khmer t. ai, Vietnamese tay, Proto-Aslian *tik ∼ *tiÑ. [PB 467,<br />
UOL 195] Miao-Yao: Proto-Miao-Yao *nto‚ „finger‟; Proto-Yao *do‚; Proto-Miao *ntaì „point with the finger.‟ [PB 356] Daic: Proto-Li *dliaÑ „finger,‟ Northern Li tleaÑ ∼<br />
theÑ, Loi thèÑ ∼ ´ciaÑ. [PB 356]<br />
?Austronesian: Proto-Austronesian *(tu-)diÑ „point with the finger.‟ [AN 140, WW 156, PB 356, UOL 195]<br />
Amerind: Almosan-Keresiouan: Nootka takwa „only,‟ Bella Coola ts’i‚xw „five,‟ Kalispel ts’oqw „point with the finger,‟ Kwakwala sokw „five,‟ Nitinat -tsoq- „in hand,‟<br />
Cherokee sakwe „1,‟ Acoma ‚iskaw, Pawnee uska, Mohawk tsi‚er „finger,‟ Hidatsa ˇsaki, Winnebago s¯ak, Quapaw ˇcak, Biloxi iˇcaki „fingers,‟ Yuchi saki „hand‟;<br />
Penutian: Southern Sierra Miwok tsik’a‚ „index finger,‟ Wintun tiq-eles „10,‟ Nisenan tok- „hand,‟ Mixe to‚k ∼ tuk’ „1,‟ Sayula tu‚k, Tzeltal tukal „alone,‟ Quiche tik’ex „carry<br />
in the<br />
hand,‟ Hokan: Proto-Hokan *dìk’i „finger,‟ Karok t¯ık „finger, hand,‟ Achumawi (wa-)t´uˇci „finger,‟ Washo tsek, Yana -ts’gi- „alone,‟ East Pomo b¯ı’yats ¯ukai „finger,‟<br />
Arraarra teeh’k „hand,‟ Pehtsik tiki-vash, Akwa‟ala aˇsitdek „1‟; Central Amerind: Nahua ts¨ıikia‚a, Pima Bajo ˇc¯ıˇc, Tarahumara sika „hand,‟ Mazatec ˇcika‚˜a „alone,‟<br />
Mangue tike „1,‟ Cuicatec diˇci „10‟; Chibchan-Paezan: Chibcha ytiquyn „finger,‟ aˇcik „by ones,‟ Borunca e‘tsik „1,‟ Guatuso dooki, Shiriana ˜ıthak „hand,‟ Ulua tinka-mak<br />
„finger,‟ Paez tèèˇc „1,‟ Allentiac tukum „10,‟ Warrau hisaka „finger, 1‟; Andean: Cahuapana<br />
itekla „finger, hand,‟ Jebero it¨okla, Alakaluf t¯akso „1,‟ Quechua s¯ok; Macro-Tucanoan: Siona tekua, Siona teg-li „5,‟ Canichana eu-tixle „finger,‟ Ticuna suku „hand,‟<br />
Yupua di(x)ka „arm,‟ Uas¨ona dikaga; Equatorial: Upano tsikitik „1,‟ Aguaruna tikiˇj, Murato tsiˇci „hand,‟ Uru ts¯ı „1,‟ Chipaya zek, Itene taka, Guamo dixi „finger,‟ Katembri<br />
tika „toe,‟ Yuracare teˇce „thumb‟; Macro-Carib: Kukura tikua „finger,‟ Accawai tigina „1,‟ Yagua teki; Imihita meux-tsekoa „finger,‟ Trio tinki „1,‟ Ocaina dikabu<br />
„arm‟; Macro-Panoan: Mataco otejji „1,‟ Tagnani etegueno „finger,‟ Sensi (nawiˇs)-tikoe „1 (finger)‟ Cavine˜na eme-toko „hand,‟ Moseten tak „10‟; Macro-Ge: Botocudo (po-<br />
)ˇcik „1 (finger),‟ ˇgik „alone,‟ Proto-Ge *(pì -)tsi „1 (finger).‟ [AM 110, MT 1, DL 56, AMN]<br />
31<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=a<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
argaak gloves<br />
argaaqtuq broken finger<br />
argaibeaq mushroom (lit. don't handle)<br />
argaich hand, fingers<br />
argak finger<br />
argigauraaq broken finger (N)<br />
M.KARA II 289<br />
1. İñu. argak < ET. erŋe:k<br />
argaak gloves<br />
argaaqtuq broken finger<br />
argaiġeaq mushroom (lit. don't handle)<br />
argaich hand, fingers<br />
argak finger<br />
argigauraaq broken finger (N)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 108
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
2. İñu. argaak < ET. erŋe:k<br />
İñupiaqça Eski Türkçe İngilizcesi<br />
argak “parmak” < ET. erŋe:k “parmak” finger<br />
argaak “ eldiven” < ET. erŋe:k “parmak” gloves<br />
argaaqtuq “kırık parmak” broken finger<br />
Eski Türkçe erŋe:k kelimesi, Hakasça ve Tuvaca gibi bazı Kuzey-Doğu Türk lehçelerinde korunmuştur.<br />
Diğer Türk lehçelerinde ise, yerini barmak/parmak kelimesine bırakmıştır (CLAUSON 1972: 234;<br />
EREN 1999: 325). Aynı kelimeyle ilgili olan ve “eldiven” anlamına gelen argaak kelimesiyle “kırık<br />
parmak” anlamına argaaqtuq kelimesinin ikinci ünlüsünün uzun olması dikkat çekicidir. Çünkü Eski<br />
ve Orta Türkçede de erŋe:k kelimesinin ikinci hecesinde uzunluk bulunmaktadır (CLAUSON 1972:<br />
234; DANKOFF-KELLY:1985:26).<br />
erŋe:k’ta bulunan “ŋ” sesi, “g”ye dönebilir. Türk lehçelerinde görülen bu tür bir ses gelişmesini<br />
Saadet Çağatay bir makalesinde genişçe işlemiştir (ÇAĞATAY 1988: 15-30). Türkçe kökenli olduğunu<br />
düşündüğümüz argak’ta da böyle bir gelişme görülmüş olmalıdır.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Türkçe erŋe:k sözündeki uzun ünlüye kanıt olarak “ikinci ünlüsünün uzun olması dikkat çekicidir” diyerek<br />
sunduğu İnyupikçe argaak sözündeki uzun ünlünün açıklaması çok basittir: İnyupikçede singular<br />
[arga-k+ sözün -ak dual ekli [arga-ak+ biçimidir. Sözlükteki –ich plural ekli [arga-ich+ biçimini iddiasına<br />
kanıt oluşturmadığı için es geçmiştir.<br />
Kara’nın yaptığı gibi grammatical numbers içinde işine geldiği sayıyı alan başka bir çalışmada<br />
ise Eski Mısırca khept ‘hand’ sözünün dünya dillerindeki uzantısı olarak Labrador İnuitçesi aggait<br />
plural biçimi alınmış.<br />
Nostratic teorisyenlerinin, Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong> *arɣa sözünü Altaic *gàrá (> Turkic *Kar ‘arm’ ><br />
Turkish karu-ca) ile birlikte Eurasiatic *gara kökünde birleştirmeleri ikna edici değil (http://starling.rinet.ru/cgibin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/nostr/nostret&text_number=1016&root=config<br />
)<br />
Sıfat sanarak argaaqtuq ‘broken finger’ verisini “kırık parmak” olarak vermeniz yanlıştır. El (= hand)<br />
anlamına gelen argak isminin '-aq- 3 nv (limited use with body part names) to injure, damage the __(usually some part of the<br />
body); to injure, damage his/its __ (usually some part of the body); to undo its __ ekiyle yapılmış argaaq- fiilinin -tuq ‘(indicative)<br />
she/he/it’ üçüncü tekil şahıs fiil çekim ekiyle kurulmuş argaaqtuq ‘elini incitir’ çekintisidir.<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
iqquk buttock; heart, at cards; to thrust<br />
one’s buttocks out (at him, her, it)???<br />
iqquaġaa he slapped her derriere<br />
iqsraq cheek iqsraaġaa she slapped his cheek<br />
isagak foot isikkaaŋaruq he has an injured foot<br />
isaġuq wing isaqquaqtuaq it broke a wing<br />
isuma(-) mind, thought, idea; isummaaġaa she is treating him kindly<br />
na r aq(-) part of abdomen narraaqtuq she has abdominal pains<br />
niaquq head niaqquaqtuaq he injured his head<br />
nuluq 2 (-) buttock, back of the thigh nulluaqtuq he broke the fine netting of his<br />
under the buttocks; fine webbing<br />
(usually baleen strips) for snowshoes or<br />
ice scoop<br />
snowshoes<br />
pamiuġayuk tailbone pamiuġayyuaqtuami aquvsalaaqama I<br />
injured my tailbone when I fell backwards and<br />
landed hard on my butt<br />
talIq(-) arm; hand of clock; foreleg, front talliaqtuami skiiġaqłuŋa I broke my arm<br />
leg of four-legged animal<br />
skiing<br />
siun/siuti ear siuttaaqtuaq he injured his ear<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 109
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Eldiven (= glove) anlamına gelen argaaq (sg) argaak (dual) sözünün uzmanlarınca argak- ‘to dig<br />
(in it) with hands or paws; to use an ice scratcher in seal hunting’ fiilinin aq 7 , +aq(-) vn (limited) instrument for __ing or for the __ ekli<br />
türevi olarak verilmesini (http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc & http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Inupiaq/1st%20postbases.doc) doğru bulmuyorum. Bana<br />
göre argak ‘hand’ isminin aq 6 , '-aq, +aq, :aq nn, rn (limited) that related to the __ ekli türevidir [: argaaq ‘elimsi’]; tıpkı<br />
aġvaraq *‘balinamsı’+ 'baby whale; whale calf' < aġviq 'bowhead whale' ; iŋaluaq *‘seniz memelisi bağırsağımsı’+ 'intestine' < iŋaluk 'sea<br />
mammal intestine' ; nauyyaaq *‘martımsı’+ 'young gull' < nauyaq 'seagull' ; saunaaq *‘çekirdeğimsi’+ 'eggshell' < sauniq 'bone, pit, seed in fruit' ;<br />
siksraaq *‘gelengimsi’+ 'young ground squirrel' < siksrik 'arctic ground squirrel' örneklerinde olduğu gibi.<br />
EL = HAND<br />
singular<br />
(one hand)<br />
dual<br />
(two hands)<br />
plural<br />
(three or more<br />
hands)<br />
ELDİVEN<br />
= GLOVE<br />
Proto-Eskaleut<br />
Aleutça chax̂<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong> *aðga(r), aðgag<br />
Proto-Yupik *árɣa<br />
Sirenik Yupikçesi ácxǝẋ Ø<br />
Chaplino Yupikçesi īxa īxat<br />
Naukan Yupikçesi aj_xaq<br />
Sibirya Yupikçesi aykaq<br />
Supikçe aiggaq, aigaq aiggat aritaq<br />
Nunivak Çupikçesi* asgar<br />
Çupikçe<br />
Yupikçe<br />
agyaaq<br />
Proto-İnuit *ạrɣąɣ aɣrāq<br />
Alaska İnyupikçesi (Seward) agrak<br />
Alaska İnyupikçesi (Qawiaraq) agraq<br />
Alaska İnyupikçesi (North Slope & Malimiut) argak argaak argaich argaaq (sg) argaak (dual)<br />
Kanada İnyupikçesi (Uummarmiutun) argak<br />
Batı Kanada İnuitçesi (Siglitun) adjgak *aygak<br />
Batı Kanada İnuitçesi (İnuinnaqtun) algak<br />
Batı Kanada İnuitçesi (Natsilingmiutut/<br />
Utkuhiksalik)<br />
ařgak<br />
Batı Kanada İnuitçesi (Natsilingmiutut/<br />
Natsilik)<br />
ažgak<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi (Aivilik) aggak<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi (Kivalliq) adjgak<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi (Baffin, Nunavik) ᐊᒡᒐᒃ aggak ᐊᒡᒑᒃ aggaak ᐊᒡᒐᐃᑦ aggait ᐊᒡᒑᒃ aggaak<br />
Labrador İnuitçesi aggak aggait aggajâk<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi (Kuzey) aghak<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi (Batı assak (eski yazı:<br />
agssak)<br />
Ø<br />
assaat (eski yazı:<br />
agssait)<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi (Doğu) attak<br />
*Nunivak aaggi- ‘to wash hands’ aaggacungar- ‘to shake hands’ Aaggalzngur ‘personal name, meaning one with no hand’<br />
aaqqat (eski yazı: ârqat)<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
>argak(-) hand; to dig (in it) with hands or paws; to use an ice scratcher in seal hunting | perhaps +[g]ak nn § rel. argaq<br />
argaaq glove | -aq 7 vn<br />
>argagmIk- (i) to compete in the finger-pull; to make a fist [what about to finger-pull him or to make a fist at him] ?? | +mIk- 1 nv<br />
argagniQ a measurement of hand breadth | +niQ 1 vn<br />
argaiġñaQ mushroom [lit. that which takes your hand off] | :Iq- 2 nv +naQ 2 vn<br />
argaIq- (i) to have a severe infection on one’s hand | :Iq- 2 nv<br />
argaIt hands or entire hand<br />
argaiyaq- to have cold hands | :Iyaq- nv<br />
argalaq club (suit in cards) | -laq nn<br />
argaugaatchiaq(-) game in which a jumping rope is turned by two people; to play the game in which a jumping rope is turned by two people | :uq- 2 vv -gaq- 1 vv -atchiaq(-) 3 vn<br />
argaun wrist; ice scratcher used by seal hunters | :un 1 vn § rel. tayaġniq<br />
argaunmIk- (i) to compete in the wrist-pull | :un 1 vn +mIk- 1 nv<br />
argaurraaq- (i) to break, injure one’s hand; (t) to break, injure her/his hand | -urraaq- nv<br />
argautaiḷisaq wristlet worn during cold weather | :un 1 vn -iḷisaq nn<br />
argautit bones of the hand, metacarpals; ice scratcher (traditionally made of seal claws mounted on a wooden handle) used by hunters to attract seals | :un 1 vn -t (pl mkr) § rel. Argaun<br />
algak (Ti) finger § see argak<br />
algagruat (Ti) a large hook, gaff used to get meat out of water, pull meat from whale bones | +ġruaq nn -t (pl mkr)<br />
algaich (Ti) hand | :It (pl mkr)<br />
>argaq- (t) to dig a hole in snow or earth<br />
>argaġniQ a small ditch or hole in the ground (used often for storing meat); a grave | +niQ 1 vn<br />
argauti- (t) to bury her/him/it in the ground @ argaurrI- | :uti- 2 vv<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=%5Cdata%5Calt%5Cturcet&text_recno=254&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *arɣa<br />
Proto-Yupik: *árɣa<br />
Meaning: hand 1, glove 2, starfish 3<br />
Russian Meaning: рука, кисть руки 1, перчатка 2, морская звезда 3<br />
Sirenik: ácxǝẋ 1, cf. ǝćẋa 'shoulder'<br />
Chaplino: īxa 1, īxat pl. 2, ijǝ́ksaɣǝt pl. 3, ásxɨq* 'fist' < Sir<br />
Naukan: aj_xaq 1, 2, aj_xáʁoq 3<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: aixaq 1<br />
Chugach (AAY): axsiq 3<br />
Koniag (AAY): aiɣzåq 2, Kod axsiq 3<br />
Chugach (<strong>Bir</strong>ket-Smith): aiɣạq 1, aixạʁuät pl. 2<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: aixaq 1, åzɣåq, aizɣåq 2, åxsak/q 3<br />
Nunivak (Peripheral): åxaẋ 'hand, sea flipper'<br />
Norton Sound (Peripheral): aixa (aixǝ-) 1<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 110
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Comparative <strong>Eskimo</strong> Dictionary: 4<br />
Proto-Inupik: *ạrɣąɣ (˜ -lɣ-)<br />
Meaning: hand 1, glove 2, starfish 3, wrist 4<br />
Russian meaning: рука, кисть руки 1, перчатка 2, морская звезда 3, запястье 4<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: aɣrak, aɣraq 1, aɣråq 2, aɣraun 4<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq áɣraq 1, 2, áɣrat pl. 2, W aʒɣąq* (åk, ít) 1, KI aɣʁąq* (aɣʁait) 1<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: arɣak 1, arɣåq 2, arɣaun 4<br />
NAI Dialects: B aɣíɣaq* 1, Ingl aɣíɣaq* 'finger', aɣíɣat* pl. 'hand', Qaw arɣauri- 'to shake hands'<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor aʒɣaq* 1, M aʒiɣaq* 1, Cop alɣak 1, alɣaujaq 3, Sig ajɣak 1, ajɣåq 2, Net arɣak 1, alɣaɣiaq 3 [Pryde], aɣɣauti 4, 'radius'<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: aɣɣak 1, aɣɣajåk du. 2, aɣɣåjaq 3, aššåt 'lower arm'<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: aššak (agssak*) 1, aššåššat pl. 3<br />
Comparative <strong>Eskimo</strong> Dictionary: 4<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Cesq%5Cinupet&first=221<br />
Proto-Inupik: *arɣa-ɣ-<br />
Meaning: to dig 1, to scratch ice when seal hunting 2<br />
Russian meaning: копать 1, царапать лед при охоте на тюленя 2<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: aɣraq- 2<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: arɣak- 1 (with hands or paws), 2, arɣautɨ- 'to bury'<br />
WCI Dialects: Cop alɣak-, Sig ajɣak- 1 (with hands), Net arɣak- 2, 'to paw ground, to burrow' [Pryde]<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: aɣɣak- 1 (with hands), aɣɣå(q)- 2<br />
ECI Dialects: aššaɣ- 1, aššåt(i)- 'to bury'<br />
Comparative <strong>Eskimo</strong> Dictionary: 4<br />
http://www.masseiana.org/bbbk4.htm A Book of the Beginnings: Section 4 : Egyptian Origins in Words<br />
The hand or fist is found as khept and kep, and khept has a worn down form in it, to figure, paint, portray, with the hand of the artist for determinative. This it corresponds to the<br />
Hebrew יד (yod), the Akkadian it, and the Assyrian idu. Now the yod stands for no. 10, that is, for two hands, and khept the fist, is the sign of the hand doubled ∩, therefore, of two<br />
hands. Thus khept or khepti is the dual form of kep, and khept wears down to yod for number 10. Kabti (Eg.) is two arms or hands.<br />
The following list of words contains the name of the hand ranging from khept to it, and the same process of modification from the one to the other which took place in Egyptian may be<br />
seen in universal language under all the changes of phonetic law:<br />
khept, Egyptian. hat, Acam. it, Akkadian.<br />
kepiten, Micmac. hat, Ruinga. it, Egyptian.<br />
gavat, St. Matheo. hato, Uriya. t, Egyptian.<br />
got, Vayu. hat, Durahi. gap, Akkadian.<br />
kutt, Chepang. hat-kela, Pakhya. kaph, Hebrew.<br />
kut, Kapwi. hat-tho, Pali. kep, Egyptian.<br />
khut, Khoibu. yod, Hebrew. cab, Mexican.<br />
ccuta, Mokobi. jad, Syriac. chopa, Movina.<br />
khuit, Tshetsh. jad, Arabic. gaupen, English, a double handful.<br />
kit, Tsheremis. jayathin, Thaksya. kopo (fingers), Lutuami.<br />
ket, Ostiak. jatheng, Garo. chu, Tibetan, no. 10.<br />
ket, Lap. atth, Lughman. tcapai, Pujuni.<br />
kat, Assyrian. atha, Kashmir. nucapi, Isauna.<br />
kat, Vogul. ata, Singhalese. nucabi, Barree.<br />
ta-khat, Tengua. aitila, Maldive. wacavi, Toma.<br />
ta-khet, Khari. atheng, Borro. erikiapi, Usenambeu.<br />
aggait, Labrador. otun, Chutia. in-kabe, Guinau.<br />
chetara, Bororo. otoho, Gunnungtellu. chaben, Koreng.<br />
kutanga, (handful), Maori. yutu, Tawgi. cipan, Kusund.<br />
secut, Adaihe. ude, Upper Obi. tshopre, Coroato.<br />
hut, Maring. uto, Tschulim. isip, Vilela.<br />
hath, Shina. uda, Baika. woipo, Mundrucu.<br />
hatha, Bowri. uda, Karyas. yop, Mijhu.<br />
hath, Gohuri. uda, Yurak. ipoha, S. Pedro.<br />
hath, Siraiki. ude, Samoyed. ipap (hands), Walla-walla.<br />
hath, Hindustani. eutijle, Canichana. epip, Cayus, also fingers.<br />
hath, Gujerati. eed, Tigre. apka, Shasti.<br />
hath, Kuswar. eed-gekind, Amharic. ipshus (hands), Sahaptin.<br />
hath, Kooch. ida, Gusto. ubiju, Angami.<br />
hath, Hindi. id, Gindzhar. afa, Enganho.<br />
hat, Mahratta. idu, Assyrian.<br />
[p.139] Other modifications might be followed, as in the Kamkatka, sythi; Gafat, tsatan; Chinese, sheu; and Gyami syu. Kheft (Eg.), the doubled hand, permutes with khemt (Eg.), the<br />
number 10, and in the Philippine and other languages we find both gavat and camat for the hand:<br />
gavat, St. Matheo camay, Tagala tsemut, fingers, Upper Sacramento<br />
gumut, St. Miguel camot, Bissayan shumi, Zulu, 10<br />
cumot, Umiray camat, Pampango quipu, Peruvian, knot of 10<br />
kamot, Sulu yamutti, Maiongkong<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 111
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
32<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=q<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
quabaa splits, separates, loosens it (of things frozen or<br />
otherwise fused together)<br />
quabaq sourdock, wild spinach (Rumex arcticus)<br />
quaq raw frozen meat or fish<br />
quaqtuq splits loose (e.g. the sole from a shoe), eats quaq<br />
(frozen food)<br />
M.KARA II 292-293<br />
10. İñu. quaq < ET. kak/ka:k<br />
quaġaa splits, separates, loosens it (of things frozen or otherwise<br />
fused together)<br />
quaġaq sourdock, wild spinach (Rumex arcticus)<br />
quaq raw frozen meat or fish<br />
quaqtuq splits loose (e.g. the sole from a shoe), eats quaq<br />
(frozen food)<br />
İñupiaqça Eski Türkçe İngilizcesi<br />
quaq “donmuş çiğ et veya<br />
balık”<br />
< kak/ka:k “kurutulmuş şey” raw frozen meat or fish<br />
quaqtuq “donmuş çiğ et veya<br />
balığı yer”<br />
… eats quaq - frozen food -<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> kelimesinin yaygın anlamının da “kurutulmuş et yiyenler” olması, düşündürücüdür:<br />
(http://alt-usage-english.org/excerpts/fxeskimo.html - 25.05.2006).<br />
Kurutulmuş olan şeylere kak diyen Eski Türkler, kurutulmuş ete ise kak et diyorlardı (ÖGEL 2000:<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 112
295).<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Anadolu ağızlarında kak (kaḫ) ‘kurutulmuş meyve = dried fruit’ olarak geçen söz Orta Türkçede<br />
*Kara’nın “Eski Türkçe” dediği+ ق ق qaq ‘kurutulmuş meyve = dried fruit *esp. plume, pear, apple+’<br />
> تا ق ق qaq et ‘kurutulmuş et = dried meat’ olarak bulunur. Farsçaya* da (قا ق) geçen söz, öncelikle<br />
meyveler için kullanılır. Et için kullanımı ikincil olup mecazîdir.<br />
* http://www.durna.eu/edebiyyat/1000turki.pdf يس را پ رد ي كر ت لي ص ا هژاو رازهک ي (‗1000<br />
Turkish Words in Persian‘) يب ئا ن قداص دمحم<br />
قا ق .713<br />
ي ب = ند نام قا ق ، هدش كش خ يهام و تش و ك = قاخا ق ؛ يل س ا ري غ و فرحن م ،ش ده كش خ ةوي م = خا ق =<br />
، نم راد نام ك خوش : (27) ر غلا و في ح ن مادآ ؛ (1،3،19) بس ا ند نام بق ع = ندش قا ق ، ندن م يص ن<br />
فرش ا دمحم /دش ققق اض ا ق ري ت ش يزاد ن ردا ق ا زا × دش قا فآ ةرهش<br />
Mutfak terimi olarak <strong>Eskimo</strong>cadan İngilizceye (quaq, kuak, kwak, koowahk) de geçen quaq<br />
‘frozen raw ~ raw frozen meat *esp. Caribou or whale+ or fish = çiğ olarak dondurulmuş et ya da balık’ sözü ile ‘kurutulmuş meyve ><br />
kurutulmuş et’ anlamındakı Türkçe qaq sözünü birleştirmek insanın kanını dondurup kurutuyor!<br />
Diğer bazı <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde çiğ olarak dondurulmuş et ya da balık :<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi (= Nunavut Inuktitut & Nunavik Inuttitut) : ᖁᐊᖅ quaq 'frozen meat'<br />
Kingarmiut İnuitçesi xuaq 'frozen meat'<br />
Labrador İnuitçesi (= Inuttut) : Kuak 'anything frozen'<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi (= Kalaallisut) : quaq 'frozen meat' quartorpoq ‘eats frozen meat’<br />
Nunivak Çupikçesi (= Nunivak Cup’ig) : kumlacir 'frozen fish or meat'<br />
Çupikçe (= Chevak & Hooper Bay Cup’ik) :<br />
Yupikçe (= Central Yup’ik) : qagret 'freeze them a little after boiling them [fish]' qassarluki [or<br />
uksuartat] 'aged raw frozen fish' tepngayaaq 'fermented a little frozen fish'<br />
Supikçe (= Alutiiq) :<br />
Aleutça (= Unangan) :<br />
Diğer bazı <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde kurutulmuş et ya da balık:<br />
İnyupikçe (= Iñupiaq) : uiḷaq ‘raw meat’<br />
Utkuhiksalik pipsit ‘dried fish’<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi (= Nunavut Inuktitut & Nunavik Inuttitut) : ᓂᒃᑯ nikku, ᓂᑉᑯ nipku 'dried<br />
meat'<br />
Labrador İnuitçesi (= Inuttut) : nikkuk 'dried meat' pitsik 'dried fish'<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi (= Kalaallisut) :<br />
Nunivak Çupikçesi (= Nunivak Cup’ig) : nevku 'dried meat; jerky' neqaalug 'dried fish' teggmall'ug<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 113
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
'dried fish'<br />
Çupikçe (= Chevak & Hooper Bay Cup’ik) :<br />
Yupikçe (= Central Yup’ik) : makengqulluk 'cut and dried but not smoked fish' ulliggluku 'cut and<br />
dried fish' egamaarrluk 'half-dried [= partially] dried and then boiled fish not smoked' [< ega- 'to<br />
boil' plus the nominalizing suffix -maarrluk] neqerrluk ‘dry fish’<br />
Supikçe (= Alutiiq) : kinertaaluq 'dried meat, jerky' tamuq 'dried salmon'<br />
Aleutça (= Unangan) :<br />
Diğer bazı <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde meyve kurusu :<br />
Supikçe (= Alutiiq) : cutruat ‘dried apples’<br />
İnyupikçe quaġaq ‘sourdock, wild spinach (Rumex arcticus)’ [ve Yupikçe quagciq pl: quagcit] ile quaq arasında<br />
bir ilgi olup olmadığını bilemiyorum. Rumex arcticus (Kutup kuzukulağı = Arctic sourdock, Arctic dock, sourdock, wild<br />
rhubarb, rhubarb) yaprakları <strong>Eskimo</strong> ice cream (Alaska ice cream, Alutiiq ice cream, native ice cream, agutuk, agutak, akutaq,<br />
achutuk < akutaq agutak ᐊᑯᑕᖅ ) terkibine girer. İşte Alaska’dan iki “kuzukulaklı dondurma” tarifi:<br />
http://arcticrose.wordpress.com/category/foods-and-recipes/<br />
Crowberry Agutuk with Sourdock<br />
1 1/4 cups (300 mL) beef or caribou tallow<br />
1 cup (240 mL) seal oil<br />
1 cup (240 mL) sugar<br />
1/2 cup (120 mL) water<br />
5 cups (1.2 L) sourdock, (plant) cooked<br />
6 cups (1.45 L) crowberries<br />
1 cup (240 mL) raisins, softened<br />
1/2 pound (228 g) dried apples, cooked<br />
(recipe directions follow below).<br />
http://www.hss.state.ak.us/dpa/programs/nutri/wic/Recipes/desserts/dessert_05.htm<br />
Lite quagciq akutaq (lite rhubarb mixture)<br />
Rhubarb, raw 5 cups<br />
Raspberry, raw 2 cups<br />
Blackberry, raw 1 cup<br />
Plain yogurt, low fat 16 oz<br />
Sugar substitute 6 pkgs<br />
Blend and cream together yogurt and sugar substitute. Add rhubarb, cream then add raspberries and<br />
blackberries.<br />
İnyupikçe quaġaq Yupikçe quagciq ‘Rumex arcticus’ ile Grönland İnuitçesi kuanneq (eski yazı:<br />
kuáneq) ‘Angelica officinalis’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz zira kuanneq sözü İskandinav kökenli alıntıdır (melekotu<br />
= Angelica archangelica Danca kvan Norveççe (bokmål & nynorsk) kvann İsveççe kvanne<br />
İzlandaca hvönn Förce hvonn; İngilizce quan [yalnızca www.oqaasileriffik.gl sitesinde geçiyor]). Yeri gelmişken, bu<br />
kvan’ların Türkçe keven (Astragalus) sözü ile uzaktan yakından bir ilgisi yoktur :<br />
http://sumut.clickasite.dk/6storage/471/13/kalaallit_oqaasi2005.pdf Det Grønlandske Sprog, Af forstander,<br />
cand. mag. Svend Kolte, Det Grønlandske Hus i Århus, 2005<br />
Den skandinaviske bosættelse (nordboerne) i det sydvestlige Grønland, som var begyndt omkring çr<br />
1.000, og ophørte i løbet af 1400-tallet, har ikke sat sig nogen spor i det nuværende grønlandske sprog,<br />
bortset fra et par ord, som kan være af nordisk oprindelse: quanneq {kvan, en spiselig plante}, nisai (<strong>Kmoksy</strong><br />
niisa){marsvin, af nordisk hnisa} , og puuluki {svin, af nordisk porrke}.<br />
http://www.tidsskriftetgronland.dk/archive/1954-3-Artikel06.pdf Kvanen - Dens udbredelse og<br />
Anvendelse, Af mag. scient. Johannes Gröntved<br />
Navnet kvan, som er et skandinavisk ord, er tidligt blavet optaget i det grønlandske sprog som kuaneq<br />
(flert. kuanit), og adskillige af de lokaliteter, hvor kvanen fra gammel tid har vokset, har fçet navne, som er<br />
afledet af det eskimoiske navn pç planten<br />
http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic6-1-15.pdf Edible Plants of the Arctic†, A. E. Porsild, 1953<br />
In the southern parts of east and west Greenland the kvan (Angelica archangelica) is common along<br />
brooks, and in sheltered spots in the fiords may grow to a height of 6 feet. The tender, young leaf-stalks and<br />
flowering stems are considered a great delicacy and, when available, are eaten raw in great quantities.<br />
Because the kvan does not grow near the open sea coast, where most Greenland towns and villages are<br />
situated, and because this vegetable is in such great demand, long journeys are regularly undertaken by the<br />
Greenlanders to obtain it. The kvan is I equally relished by the Danish residents who generally eat it cooked<br />
and creamed.<br />
Incidentally, the frequency with which the word kuaneq occurs in <strong>Eskimo</strong> place names antedating the<br />
present colonization of Greenland, shows that the <strong>Eskimo</strong> borrowed the Scandinavian word kvan from the<br />
language of the medieval Norse settlers of Greenland. Sinc the ancestors of the present Greenland <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
arrived in Greenland after he Norse, they could have had no previous knowledge of the kvan, and clea y<br />
adopted both the word and the eating of this plant from the Norse. This is of particular interest because it<br />
shows that some, at any rate, of the early orse-<strong>Eskimo</strong> contacts were not hostile.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 114
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Guaq is frozen whale meat. It has an unusual, but great, flavor. I liked it. I sampled quaq, muktuk,<br />
and native food at the Nalukataq Whaling Festival that coincided with our legislative visit for gas<br />
pipeline hearings.<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
quaġaq sourdock, sourgrass, wild spinach (Rumex arcticus); edible willow leaf<br />
qu r aq(-) raw frozen meat or fish; (i) to eat raw frozen meat or fish; (t) to eat it=meat raw and frozen / qurrak taapkuak qaitkik give those two pieces of frozen meat<br />
qurrI- or qurriuq- (i) to cut up raw frozen meat or fish | ‘=I- 1 nv or ‘=Iuq- 1 nv<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=+977&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *qura-<br />
Meaning: frozen meat or fish to be eaten raw, to be cold<br />
Russian meaning: строганина, холодать<br />
Proto-Yupik: *qu(r)a-<br />
Naukan: //quaq [Orr]<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: quaq<br />
Proto-Inupik: *qu(r)a-, *qurri-<br />
Meaning: raw frozen meat or fish 1, to make frozen meat or fish 2<br />
Russian meaning: строганина 1, делать строганину 2<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: quaq 1, qurri- 2<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq qokåraq, qpqɫak 1, W qoaq* (qoåk, qoʁat) 1, KI quaq* (quʁąt) 'meat-cache'<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: qu[r]aq 1<br />
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl qoaq* 1<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: quaq 1 [Lowe]<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor, M qoaq* 1, ˜ Car quaʁnaq 'hard wood' [Ras.]<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: quaq 1, quaq- 'to freeze (also weather)', quʁʁaq 'frostbite'<br />
ECI Dialects: ˜ Lab quannatuk 'sub-zero weather'<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: quaq (quaq*) 1, quåsi- (quaisi-*) 'to store meat', ? que* 'meat-cache'<br />
Comparative <strong>Eskimo</strong> Dictionary: 311<br />
Proto-Yupik: *quvǝɣci<br />
Meaning: sour plant sp.<br />
Russian Meaning: кислое растение<br />
Sirenik: //quvǝxsǝlǝŋ '(I) going for plants' *Vakh. from Rub.+<br />
Chaplino: quvǝ́xsi 'dish with meat and sour plants', //'Polygonum tripterocarpum'<br />
Chugach (AAY): qauxcåɣuaq 'skunk cabbage'<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: quaxciq 'sourdock'<br />
Comparative <strong>Eskimo</strong> Dictionary: 321<br />
* http://alt-usage-english.org/excerpts/fxeskimo.html “<strong>Eskimo</strong>” by Mark Israel<br />
It now seems unlikely that "<strong>Eskimo</strong>" means "eater of raw meat". Merriam-Webster changed its etymology when it brought out MWCD10, and referred me to an article by Ives Goddard<br />
in Handbook of North American Indians (Smithsonian, 1984), vol. 5, p. 5-7.<br />
Goddard cites the following Amerindian words:<br />
Montagnais ayassimew="Micmac"<br />
Plains Cree ayaskimew="<strong>Eskimo</strong>"<br />
Attikamek Cree ashkimew="<strong>Eskimo</strong>"<br />
North Shore Montagnais kachikushu or kachekweshu="<strong>Eskimo</strong>"<br />
"not analysable but explained by speakers as meaning 'eater of raw meat'"<br />
Ojibwa eshkipot="<strong>Eskimo</strong>" (literally "one who who eats raw")<br />
Algonquin Eastern Ojibwa ashkipok="<strong>Eskimo</strong>" (literally "raw eaters")<br />
Goddard writes: "In spite of the tenacity of the belief, both among Algonquian speakers and in the anthropological and general literature [...] that <strong>Eskimo</strong> means 'raw-meat eaters',<br />
this explanation fits only the cited Ojibwa forms (containing Proto-Algonquian *ashk- 'raw' and *po- 'eat') and cannot be correct for the presumed Montagnais source of the word<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> itself. [...] The Montagnais word awassimew (of which ay- is a reduplication) and its unreduplicated Attikamek cognate exactly match Montagnais assimew, Ojibwa ashkime 'she<br />
nets a snowshoe', and an origin from a form meaning 'snowshoe-netter' could be considered if the<br />
original Montagnais application (presumably before Montagnais contact with <strong>Eskimo</strong>s) were to Algonquians."<br />
A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language by Bishop Frederic Baraga (Beauchemin & Valois, 1878) gives ashkime="I lace or fill snowshoes"; the phrase agim nind ashkima with the same<br />
meaning (agim is the noun for "snowshoe"); askimaneiab="babiche, strings of leather for lacing snowshoes"; and ashkimewin="art or occupation of lacing snowshoes". But there are<br />
no other obvious cognates: the words for "snowshoe", "lace", "leather", "net", and "string" are all unrelated. In all other words beginning with "ashk-" or "oshk-", the prefix signifies<br />
"raw, fresh, new".<br />
http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/langs/papers/WhoAreTheAlutiiq.pdf Who’s Who in Southwestern Alaska<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> – This word comes from Montagnais, a Canadian Indian language. It means “snowshoe netter”, and not , as many think, “eaters of raw meat.”<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 115
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
33<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=t<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
tarra that's right! Then (conj.) that's all (at end<br />
of story) (K)<br />
tarvauvva at once, immediately<br />
tavra that's right! Then (conj.) that's all (at end<br />
of story) (N, q)<br />
tavrauvvaa at once, immediately (N, q)<br />
M.KARA II 293<br />
tarra that's right! Then (conj.) that's all (at end of<br />
story) (K)<br />
tarvauvva at once, immediately<br />
tavra that's right! Then (conj.) that's all (at end of<br />
story) (N, q)<br />
tavrauvvaa at once, immediately (N, q)<br />
Dialect Note: (N) after a word or meaning indicates use in the North<br />
Slope villages, (K) after a word or meaning indicates use in the<br />
Kobuk River villages. (q) after a word indicates it is used in Kotzebue<br />
12. İñu. tarra < ET. toguru<br />
13. íñu. tavra < ET. toguru<br />
İñupiaqça Orta Türkçe İngilizcesi<br />
tara "doğru" < ET. toguru “doğru” that's right<br />
tavra "doğru" < ET. toguru “doğru” that's right<br />
ET. toguru kelimesi (CLAUSON 1972: 473), çağdaş Türk lehçelerinde şu şekillere girmiştir: TT.<br />
ve Az. doğru, Tkm. doğrı, Çuv. türĭ, Tat. tun, Bask. tura, Kaz. tuvra, Kırg. tuura, Özb. toğri, YUyg. toğra<br />
(ERCİLASUN vd. 1991: 180, 181).<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 116
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Veri saklamak iyi bir huy değil. Kara, that's right! Then (conj.) that's all (at end of story) tanımlamasından<br />
right’ı alıp diğerlerini de saklayarak kurgusunu doğru’luyor. Almadıklarını da dikkate alsaydı kurgusunun<br />
doğru olmadığını görebilirdi.<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᑕᕝᕙ tavva! right here, Here it is! (stationary and expected) [avva! There it is over there! (mobile<br />
and unexpected) ] ᑕᕝᕙᓃᖏᑦᑐᖅ tavvaniingittuq she/he is not here ᑕᕝᕙᓃᑉᐸ? tavvaniippa? is she/he there?<br />
ᑕᕝᕙᓃᑦᑐᖅ tavvaniittuq it/she/he is here ᑕᕝᕙᐅᕗᑎᑦ tavvauvutit good-bye tavvani at this (expected) spot<br />
Yupikçe tauna (abs. sing) taum (rel.sing) taukuk (abs/rel dual) taukut (abs/rel plural) that Çupikçe tawa that's<br />
enough; no more; okay tawaam however; that is all tauna that one Nunivak Çupikçesi tawatarri right there<br />
tawani there tawaten like that tawatna to be like that tauna that<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
tarva or tavra (dem adv as excl) yes, I know; that’s right; that is all; that’s enough, stop it § see Appendix § rel. aaŋ, aaglukiaq, aiḷḷukiaq, iaqi, ñiaq, aŋŋuu(ŋ)<br />
tarvaŋŋatchiaq or tavraŋŋatchiaq (excl) all of a sudden, suddenly | -aŋŋa (dem abl) -tchiaq 4 (encl)<br />
tarvauvvaa or tavrauvvaa (excl) at once, immediately; right then and there | uvva<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=+707&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *tar(u)-, *tam-ani<br />
Meaning: this, right here<br />
Russian meaning: этот, рядом<br />
Proto-Yupik: *tar(u)-na (*ta-rumǝ, *taru-ani, *tam-ani)<br />
Meaning: this right here 1, well, that's all, all right 2<br />
Russian Meaning: этот, рядом 1, ну, вот!, ну, всё!, готово! 2<br />
Sirenik: tå-ná (tavǝ-kǝra pl. ?, //ta-cǝma rel. [Vakh.], tam-ǝńi loc.) 1, táva 2<br />
Chaplino: tå-na (tå-kut pl., taw-áni loc.) 1, tam-åni (loc.) 'till the such moment', tåwa 2<br />
Naukan: tǻ-na (taw-áni loc., tam-ávǝk all., tam-åkǝn abl.) 1, táwa 2<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: taɣʷ-na (taɣʷɣʷum rel., taw-ani loc.)<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: tau-na (tuani, tåm-ani loc.)<br />
Chevak (Peripheral): taw-ani loc.<br />
Norton Sound (Peripheral): tåm-na (tåm-ani, taw-ani loc.)<br />
Proto-Inupik: *tạ(ạ)m-na, (*tav-ruma, *täv-rạ-ni, *tam-ani)<br />
Meaning: this, right here 1, finished 2<br />
Russian meaning: этот, рядом 1, всё, конец 2<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: tåm-na (tarani loc.) 1<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq tám-na, tå-na (ta-ɣō pl., tam-áni loc.) 1, távra 2, W tåm-na* (tåv-ʁuma* rel., tåv-ʁani* loc.) 1, taɣ́ɣá* 'no, let it be, stop', , KI tåm-na* (tav-rani loc.) 1<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: tåm-na (tåv-ruma, tåf-šuma, tåp-tuma rel., tav-rani loc.) 1<br />
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl tåm-na* 1, tävʁa* 2<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: tåm-na (tåffuma rel., talvani loc.) 1<br />
WCI Dialects: M tåm-na*, täʒva* 2, Cor täʒva*, talva* 2, Sig tåv-ʒuma rel. 1<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: tå-na (tåtsuma rel., taɣɣani loc.) 1<br />
ECI Dialects: NBI tavvani loc. 1<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: tån-na (taššuma rel., taššani loc.) 1, tássa* 'there it is' [Jen.]<br />
GRI Dialects: NG taun-na 1<br />
Eurasiatic: *ṭV<br />
Meaning: demonstr. pronoun<br />
Borean:<br />
Indo-European: *to-<br />
Proto-Altaic: *t`à (*t`è)<br />
Meaning: that<br />
Russian meaning: тот<br />
Proto-Turkic: *ti-(kü)<br />
Meaning: that<br />
Russian meaning: тот<br />
Tatar: tege<br />
Middle Turkic: (OKypch.) tigi (Bulgat), tik (Ettuhf.)<br />
Turkmen: (dial.) šü-tki,šütüki, bitiki 'вот этот' (Akhaltek.)<br />
Khakassian: tege; ĭ-di 'so, thus'<br />
Yakut: i-ti 'this'<br />
Dolgan: i-ti 'this'<br />
Tuva: dȫ<br />
Tofalar: tē<br />
Kirghiz: tigi<br />
Kazakh: tigi (dial.)<br />
Bashkir: tege<br />
Gagauz: te bu 'this here', te o 'that there'<br />
Salar: düɣü, tǖ<br />
Mongolian: *te-re<br />
Tungus-Manchu: *ta-<br />
Korean: *tjǝ́<br />
Japanese: *tǝ̀-<br />
Uralic: *tä ( ˜ *te ˜ *ti) (also *ta, *to )<br />
Kartvelian: Megr. te- 'this', ti- 'that'<br />
Dravidian: *tån<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut: *tar(u)-, *tam-ani<br />
Nostratic etymology :<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 117
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *ŋu-t (+ Itelm. *ti-)<br />
34<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=t<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
tuvaq landlocked ice<br />
M.KARA I 1514<br />
15. İñu. tuvaq (= tuvak) "kara ile kuşatılmış buz". Türkçe tugak kelimesiyle ilgili olmalıdır. Eski<br />
Türkçede "kapak, örtü" anlamında tug kelimesine rastlayamadık. Bu anlamla ilgili olarak hem tug<br />
hem de tugak Kaşgarlı'nm sözlüğünde bulunmaktadır (DANKOFF-KELLY 1985: 198). Hasan Eren, duvak<br />
kelimesinin etimolojisi üzerinde dururken bu kelimenin OT. tuğ "örtü, kapak" kökünden geldiğini,<br />
"-(a)k" ekinin de küçültme eki olduğunu belirtmiştir. Eren, söz konusu kelimenin bu gün bazı lehçelerde<br />
kullanılan biçimleriyle birlikte Yeni Uygurcadaki biçimi olan tuvak''ı da vermiştir (EREN 1999:<br />
124). Gerçi bu kelime, <strong>Türkçenin</strong> yeni dönemleriyle ilgilidir. Ancak tuğ kelimesinden yapılmış eski ve<br />
yeni türevlerde "örtmek, kapamak; örtü, kapak" ile ilgili çekirdek anlam, <strong>Türkçenin</strong> her devrinde var<br />
olagelmiştir.<br />
Robert Dankoff ve James Kelly, tug kelimesini, tu- "örtmek, kapamak, kapatmak" kelimesinin<br />
bir türevi olarak değerlendirmişlerdir (DANKOFF-KELLY 1985: 198). Bu durumda tugak aslında iki<br />
yapım eki almış bir kelime sayılmalıdır. İçerisinde önce fiilden isim, daha sonra da isimden isim yapma<br />
eki bulunmaktadır.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 118
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Redhouse’daki “landlocked = kara ile kuşatılmış” tanımlamasını landlocked ice için tanımlayıcı<br />
bulmadığından baktığı “lock = kilitlemek; kapamak; kilitleyip tutturmak; birbirine geçmek; kenetlenmek<br />
(kol); kanal havuzuna sokmak (gemi); kapatmak, bağlamak (para); kilitlenmek, kapanmak;<br />
kanal havuzunda yukarı veya aşağı gitmek” maddesindeki “kapamak, kapanmak, kapatmak” tanımlamalarını<br />
kurgusu için cımbızla çekercesine alan Mehmet Kara, asıl alması gerekenin “birbirine geçmek,<br />
kenetlenmek” olduğunu görememiş ve “denizde serbestçe yüzen aysberglerin aksine karaya<br />
hem karadan hem de su altından bağlanmış deniz buzu” olan <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca tuvaq ‘landlocked ice,<br />
landfast ice’* sözünü duvak’lıyarak Türkçeye vermiştir.<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde landlocked ice : Bering İnyupikçesi tuaq Siglitun tuglu ‘shore ice or landfast ice’<br />
Batı Kanada İnuitçesi ᑐᕙᖅ tuvaq (sg) / ᑐᕙᐃᑦ tuvait (pl) ‘the ice of the frozen sea or lake’ Labrador<br />
İnuitçesi tuvak ‘firm winter ice’ tuvaik ‘ice break in spring’ Nunivak Çupikçesi tuwar ‘shore-fast<br />
ice’<br />
https://gcrc.carleton.ca/confluence/display/ISIUOP/Wales+Inupiaq+Sea+Ice+Dictionary?decorator=printable<br />
Sea Ice Knowledge and Use (SIKU) projesi olarak yayımlanan Kiŋikmi Sigum Qanuq Ilitaavut / Wales<br />
Inupiaq Sea Ice Dictionary: sağ üst köşe tuaq<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dilleri engin buz terminolojisine sahiptir. Fikir edinmek için Batı Kanada İnuitçesine ait buz<br />
terimleri aşağıda sunulmuştur<br />
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_ice Fast ice (land-fast ice, landfast ice) is sea ice that has frozen along coasts ("fastened" to them) along the shoals, or to the sea floor over shallow<br />
parts of the continental shelf, and extends out from land into sea. In Antarctica, fast ice may also extend between grounded icebergs. Unlike drift ice, it does not move with currents<br />
and wind.<br />
http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic36-4-328.pdf (Thomas K. Newbury, Under Landfast Ice, 1983)<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
tuvaQ(-) (Ti) tugaq landlocked ice; to come in to shore (of ice); (Ti) shore ice<br />
tuvaaq pl tuviġġat, (Ti) tugaaq pl tugiġġat hunter; hunter on the ice, land / tuviġġat<br />
qiñiġnaqsirut the hunters are now in sight | -aq 6 nn<br />
tuvaaqan companion, mate, partner; spouse | -qan vn § rel. uI, aŋunnuniq, iḷaqan<br />
Tuvaat or Tuviġġat constellation of three stars which make up the handle of Tuvaatchiaq “Big Dipper” *lit “hunters”] | -t (pl mkr) § rel. TupqIch, Tuttuġruk<br />
Tuvaatchiaq constellation Big Dipper (said to be three hunters on foot returning to their tents)<br />
tuvaiyaq- to break off inside lead (of land locked ice) | :Iyaq- nv<br />
tuvaiyauti- (t) to carry her/him/it away (of ice) as it breaks free; to break free (of ice) to<br />
her/his disadvantage (i.e. one cannot travel on ice now) | :Iyaq- nv :uti- 2 vv<br />
Tuvaurat or Tuviġġat constellation three stars of Orion’s belt | :uraq(-) nn -t (pl mkr)<br />
>tuvaaq- to attract (it=caribou) by shouting; (t) to chase it=caribou in the direction one wants, toward corral or hunters<br />
>tuvaaqtuq- to chase caribou trying to drive them toward one (of hunter) ??? | +tuq- 2 vv<br />
http://www.stickhi.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=1168&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *tuva-<br />
Meaning: shore ice<br />
Russian meaning: припай, старый лед<br />
Proto-Yupik: *tuva-<br />
Meaning: old ice, shore ice<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 119
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Russian Meaning: старый лед, припай<br />
Sirenik: túvǝẋ<br />
Chaplino: tuváq (t)<br />
Naukan: túvaq<br />
Nunivak (Peripheral): tuvaẋ '(stranded) ice-cake one or more years old'<br />
Proto-Inupik: *tuva-ʁ<br />
Meaning: shore ice<br />
Russian meaning: старый лед, припай<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: tuaq<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq tōq 'shore ice, quay'<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: tuvaq (ʁ)<br />
NAI Dialects: PH tuɣaq (ʁ)<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: tuvaq<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: tuvaq 'ice of frozen sea or lake'<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: tuaq (ʁ) 'lump of old ice frozen into new ice'<br />
GRI Dialects: EG tuaq 'sea ice, landfast ice'<br />
http://www.straightupnorth.ca/Sikuliriji/CD-SummReports_files/CD_summary.pdf Project Results Summary for Ice, Through Inuit Eyes characterizing the importance of sea ice<br />
processes, use, and change around Cape Dorset, Gita J. Laidler<br />
Near shore freezing<br />
sikuvaliajuq – when the ice starts freezing in the fall, it is hardening, but not safe to walk on [variations: sikuvalia, ukiuqpaliajuq]<br />
qinnu – early stage of ice formation, a slushy consistency in the water, the ice particles are soft and never really freeze [variations: qinnujuq]<br />
ilaupalia – the process of ice forming at low tide (where it is shallow, along the rocks) and breaking off at high tide (process of ilu formation)<br />
ilu – early ice formation during low tidal stages, freezing from the bottom [variations: ilujuq]<br />
kuiviniq – ice frozen over top of rocks in shallow areas, although it is attached to the rocks it breaks off at high tide [term not used frequently in recent times]<br />
qaikut – early stage of ice formation, the ice is frozen to the ground but will eventually pop up after several tides<br />
sikurtusijuq – ice that has formed a little past the low tide area<br />
sijja – ice that has formed around the edge of land, either along the mainland or island coastlines, also where the ice tends to start thickening outwards to form siku and<br />
then tuvaq<br />
Open water freezing<br />
qaikuin – chunks of ice that form after qinnu in open water or at the floe edge (sinaaq), winds form batches of rough ice and they move with the currents<br />
qalligirtuq – ice forming on top of ice, it thickens because it is being pushed together by currents<br />
sikuliaq – newly formed flat ice in open water<br />
Sea ice thickening<br />
sikuaq – the first layer of frozen ice, it is has just formed so it is thin, shiny, and approximately ¼ inch thick; it is attached to the sijja; it is possible to stand on it but a<br />
harpoon must be used to test its strength (if it takes two harpoon strikes to puncture a hole it is strong enough to stand on)<br />
sikuaqtuq – the process of sikuaq forming, it takes approximately two or three nice cold days, without wind (or three to four days with wind)<br />
qamittu – ice with a little bit of water on it<br />
nigajutaq – a hole in newly formed ice; can be different sizes from small to basketball or barrel size; can be safe to travel on as long as it is tested with a harpoon; seals<br />
and walrus sometimes use these holes to breathe<br />
sallivaliajuq – ice is thinning, could be caused by rainfall, snowfall, or wind, which helps melt the ice; it could apply to either freezing (i.e. snow, wind, or rain affecting<br />
new thin ice) or melting processes; used in the spring time to refer to a period where the ice is thinning and seals start having their pups (around April or May)<br />
[variations: salluvaliajuq]<br />
uqurusirtuqsimajuq – when snow falls on newly formed, or thin ice, at any time of year, it insulates the ice similarly to how a down jacket insulates a person from cold<br />
air, it will usually cause melting or thinning of new ice, and will prevent thicker ice from increasing in thickness<br />
millutsiniq – a patch of ice where it is mushy, usually caused by snowfall over thin ice (e.g. if snow had fallen over where a crack had recently formed); the snow melts<br />
the ice due to ukurusirtuqsimajuq, rendering it more of a slushy consistency; a dangerous condition where people can easily fall through, it cannot be easily seen due to<br />
the snow cover [variations: milutsinilaaq]<br />
qanguti – ice condition in fall or beginning of spring that looks like little snowflakes on the ice even though no snow has fallen; little points or little chunks on top of the<br />
ice that looks almost like plants growing from the ice; an indicator that it will be nice and smooth ice in that area when all the ice has thickened; it may all look the same<br />
but in some areas it is possible to travel and while in others it will be dangerous, so always use a harpoon to test the ice [also a general word for frostlike formations in<br />
tents, cabins, porches, parka hoods, etc.]<br />
qangutaituq – the process of qanguti forming<br />
sikuqaq – ice formed more solidly, closer to land and covering inlets, it is no longer moving; it is possible to walk on the ice and look for seal holes; ice that is a few weeks<br />
old when you start walking on it<br />
sikujuq – ice that has thickened more than a few inches, and can be used for travel [variations: sikugai]<br />
siku – ice that is a week or a month old, it can be used for any kind of travel because it is more solid than sikujuq<br />
tuvaq – solid, landfast ice; older than siku<br />
tuvatuqaq – old, mid-winter ice, after snow has accumulated on thick ice (tuvaq)<br />
kuvvilukajuq – sea ice that will not be breaking off anymore; the ice has solidified and is safe for dog team or snowmobile travel without having to constantly test the ice<br />
with a harpoon<br />
Tidal cracks<br />
nagguti – tidal cracks that form during the winter and re-freeze after opening; they re-occur with the influence of tidal stages [variations: naggut, aniugaq]<br />
qullupiarniq – a crack that opens, freezes, and then cracks open again in the same spot, sometimes leaving a peaked formation<br />
ajuraq – tidal crack that stays open in the spring time; like a nagguti but with open water remaining in the crack; mainly occurs between April and June<br />
Floe edge<br />
sinaaq – floe edge, the edge of the landfast ice (tuvaq) [also used to delineate an edge of anything]<br />
uiguaq – new ice that forms at the sinaaq, meaning an “add on” either as the edge of the tuvaq becomes established or after a piece has broken off (uqaqtuq) and it is<br />
re-freezing; it is usually thin and dangerous, but can sometimes be walked on if it is cold enough<br />
uqaq – when strong winds break off tuvaq at the sinaaq<br />
uqaqtuq – the action of uqaq occurring, the ice is breaking off and floating away; usually happens where a nagguti or ajuraq had formed, often caused by a strong tide<br />
uqakuti – a piece of ice that broke off in the process of uqaqtuq and is now free-floating<br />
Snowmelt<br />
aukaaniq – areas where the ice starts wearing out, melting, earlier than others in the spring time (April or May); these areas quickly b ecome unsafe to travel through;<br />
often located near or around a saqvaq or other areas with stronger currents [variations: aukaan, aukarniq – sometimes referred to as a saqvaq, depending on dialect or<br />
context]<br />
aukajuq – identification of a very early stage of melting [variations: aukasijuq; autsajuq]<br />
aputlariq – when the snow melts the ice; a lot of snow falls in April and May, which insulates the ice and thus helps it to melt (uqurusirtuq)<br />
qinningijuq – condition where the snow is very soft and wet, but the ice is still solid below the layer of snow [variations: qinnirijuq used as well in recent times]<br />
manguqtuq – general process describing the onset of ice melt beginning with snowmelt and influencing the sea ice underneath [variations: manguqtaliqpaliajuq]<br />
sallivaliajuq – ice is thinning, could be caused by rainfall, snowfall, or wind, which helps melt the ice; it could apply to either freezing (i.e. snow, wind, or rain affecting<br />
new thin ice) or melting processes; used in the spring time to refer to a period where the ice is thinning and seals start having their pups (around April or May)<br />
[variations: salluvaliajuq]<br />
uqurusirtuq – around May when everything starts getting warmer and snowfall melts the ice – like insulation on top of the ice [variations: uqurusirtuqsimajuq]<br />
Water accumulation and drainage<br />
immatuqtuq – an early melting process, when water is starting to form on top of the ice [variations: tikpaqtuq, not used frequently in recent times]<br />
quginiit – like little creeks on top of the ice; they show up after the snow or ice has been melting for a few days; the water will start draining into seal holes or cracks [this<br />
word can even be used in the middle of winter if it warms up enough to cause melting]<br />
immatinniit – melt puddles that form on top of the ice, the water remains on the ice until it can drain through or off the ice [variations: tasiaruq]<br />
qalluit – holes formed in the ice by seaweed or something on the ice that sinks downwards; it melts the ice because of faster heat absorption, thus water forms around<br />
the sunken seaweed (or other material)<br />
qillait – holes that form as the ice has melted right through, allowing for the drainage of meltwater<br />
matsaaq – when water starts draining through the ice (e.g. through ajurait or atluan) [term not used frequently in recent times]; drainage also occurs through ajurait<br />
qangitarniq – when the ice is floating on top of the water, it is not broken up, it has just popped up from the bottom and is floating [variations: puggaqtuq]<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 120
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Break-up<br />
pattituq – when there is no more ice along the tidal zone<br />
sijjaviniq – used to be sijja; after the shoreline ice has broken off and is free-floating; characterized by rough ice conditions due to the continual movement of ice near<br />
the shoreline throughout the winter<br />
ajuqpaliajuq – where the cracks are widest the ice starts breaking off<br />
aukaaq – when the ice starts breaking away/up, usually caused by winds; when it starts getting dangerous on the ice<br />
siggia – when the ice is breaking up [variations: siruqtiq]<br />
qullupiaqtuq – when the ice collides and is pushed on top of other ice as it breaks up [term not used frequently in recent times]<br />
sikuviniq – used to be siku; former sea ice that was attached to land, closer to shore; floating, usually smaller and rougher pieces than tuvaviniq<br />
tuvaviniq – used to be tuvaq; former land-locked ice (if it breaks off with no one on it); floating flat ice that is big and thick<br />
Cracks/leads<br />
ikiqtusijuq – a crack that is widening a little<br />
nipittupaliajuq – a crack that is not wider than jumping distance<br />
ikiqtuq – a crack that is widening, that would require a boat to cross it<br />
35<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/Language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=k<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/Language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=m<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/Language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=n<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/Language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=q<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/Language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=s<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
kaviqsaaq redness<br />
kaviqsuq is red<br />
mafaqtaaq light grayness<br />
mafaqtuq is black (N)<br />
nutaaq newness, freshness<br />
nutabaq fresh snow, powder snow<br />
nutaqqat young people<br />
nutauruq is new<br />
qatiqtaaq whiteness<br />
qatiqtuq is white<br />
qibeiqtaaq blackness<br />
qibeiqtuq is black (K)<br />
qirbiaqtaaq grayness<br />
quqsuqtaaq egg yolk (N)<br />
quqsuqtaaq yellowness (N)<br />
satqatiktaaq egg white (N)<br />
sixagiitchuq is bad weather<br />
sixagiksaaq blueness (K)<br />
sixagiksuq is good weather<br />
sufaaqtaaq greenness<br />
sufaaqtuq is gren<br />
sufaqtaaq green<br />
sufauraaqtaaq blueness (N)<br />
kaviqsaaq redness<br />
kaviqsuq is red<br />
maŋaqtaaq light grayness<br />
maŋaqtuq is black (N)<br />
nutaaq newness, freshness<br />
nutaġaq fresh snow, powder snow<br />
nutaqqat young people<br />
nutauruq is new<br />
qatiqtaaq whiteness<br />
qatiqtuq is white<br />
qiġñiqtaaq blackness<br />
qiġñiqtuq is black (K)<br />
qirġiaqtaaq grayness<br />
quqsuqtaaq egg yolk (N)<br />
quqsuqtaaq yellowness (N)<br />
satqatiktaaq egg white (N)<br />
siḷagiitchuq is bad weather<br />
siḷagiksaaq blueness (K)<br />
siḷagiksuq is good weather<br />
suŋaaqtaaq greenness<br />
suŋaaqtuq is gren<br />
suŋaqtaaq green<br />
suŋauraaqtaaq blueness (N)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 121
M.KARA I 1506<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Benzer şekilde başka bir ek olan -taaq, Türkçe isimden isim yapma eki "-lIK"la fonksiyon ve<br />
anlam bakımından büyük benzerlik göstermektedir. Vereceğimiz örneklere dikkat edildiğinde bu durum<br />
daha iyi anlaşılacaktır: mafaqtaaq "açık grilik", nutaaq "yenilik, tazelik", qatiqtaaq "beyazlık"<br />
qibeiqtaaq "siyahlık", qirbiaqtaaq "grilik", quqsuqtaaq "sarılık", sufaaqtaaq "yeşillik", sufauraaqtaaq<br />
"mavilik".<br />
ET. -lIg ekinin Sahacada diğer türevlerinin yanı sıra -taax şeklinde kullanıldığı (KİRİŞÇİOĞLU<br />
Í994: 32) dikkate alındığında, GT. –lIK ekinin Inupiaqçada -taaq şekline girerek kullanılıyor olması<br />
ihtimal dahilindedir.<br />
Yukarıda verilen kelimelerden nutaaq "yenilik, tazelik" örneğinde -taaq ekinin -lIK’ a benzerliği<br />
çok açık bir şekilde görülmektedir. Çünkü kelimenin kökü olan nu, Hint-Avrupa dillerine ait bir<br />
Öğedir. Bu gün Farsçada nev, İngilizcede new olarak geçer.<br />
İñupiaqca nunagluk "kırlık, kırsal" ile Türkçe olduğunu düşündüğümüz qablik (= kablık) "su<br />
geçirmez <strong>Eskimo</strong> çizmesi, botu; kürklü pantolon" ve tagluk "kar ayakkabısı" örneklerinde "-lIK" ekinin<br />
varlığı daha da açıktır.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Redhouse'daki -ness '-lık, -lik anlamına gelen ek' tanımlamasından etkilenerek, İngilizce karşılığı<br />
-ness olarak verilen -taaq ile biten örnekleri Yakutça -taax ekine yamamak için özenle topladığı<br />
anlaşılıyor.<br />
Yakutçadaki -taax eki Türkçe -lik/lık/lük/luk (< lik/lıq/lük/luq ‗-ness‘) ekinin değil, -li/lı/lü/lu (<<br />
lig/lıġ ‗with X, having x‘) ekinin karşılığıdır. Akademik kariyeri olan bir dilci bu iki eki karıştırıyorsa, bilgisizlikten<br />
kaynaklanan bir yanılgı değil, bilerek yapılmış kasıtlı bir eylemdir.<br />
Yakut (Sakha) ending -лаах ‗with X, having X‘<br />
…а/е/и/о/ө/у/ү/ы/э- & л →<br />
...м/н/ҥ →<br />
…к/п/с/т/х/ш →<br />
...й/р →<br />
-лаах -лээх<br />
-лоох -лөөх<br />
-наах -нээх<br />
-ноох -нөөх<br />
-таах -тээх<br />
-тоох -төөх<br />
-даах -дээх<br />
-доох -дөөх<br />
Yakutçadaki bol versiyonlu ekin yalnızca bir versiyonuyla geçmesini düşünmek akıllı bir yaklaşım<br />
değil. Kaldı ki, tamamen ekler üzerine inşa edilen bir dil, yabancı bir dildeki eke niye ihtiyaç duysun.<br />
Dilden dile sözlerin geçimi kolaydır ama ekler kolay kolay geçmez!<br />
Yeri gelmişken, Eski Türkçe -lig/lıġ ‗with X, having x‘ eki ile <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerindeki -lik (İnuitçe) -lek<br />
(Yupikçe) -leg (Nunivak Çupikçesi) ‗with X, having x‘ ekini görünür benzerliğine bakarak denkleştiremeyiz.<br />
Başka bir İnyupiçe kaynakta renk adları İngilizce –ness eki olmaksızın veriliyor:<br />
http://www.nsbsd.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/inupiaq-values-curriculum-knowledge-of-language.pdf<br />
Colors translated: (sa: 18)<br />
pink kavialaaqtaaq<br />
purple tigluuraaqtaaq<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 122
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
orange siqiññaaqpala<br />
green suŋaaqtaaq<br />
black maŋaqtaaq<br />
white qatiqtaaq<br />
brown tiŋukpala<br />
red kaviqsaaq<br />
yellow quqsuqtaaq<br />
gray qirġiaqtaaq<br />
blue suŋauraaqtaaq<br />
light blue suŋauraalaaqtaaq<br />
sa: 53-56 arasında renk adları rengini taşıyan bulutlu kartlarda da geçiyor:<br />
qirġiaqtaaq<br />
kaviqsaaq<br />
tiŋukpala<br />
quqsuqtaaq<br />
kavialaaqtaaq<br />
tigluuraaqtaaq<br />
suŋaaqtaaq<br />
siqiññaaqpala<br />
İnyupikçede taaq( ) darkness; (i) to be dark (of day); (i) to be low in brightness (of light); (i) (Nu) to be black sözü ile<br />
ilgi kurulamaz.<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
kavIq- (i) to be red<br />
kavialliuti- (i) to appear reddish (be seen) (of sun) ?; (t) to appear pinkish of clouds (OBJ) around sunset or sunrise |<br />
perhaps -aq- 5 vv - -lIq- 3 vv ‘uti- 2 vv<br />
kaviaq- (i) to be pink, reddish in color | perhaps -aq- 5 vv<br />
kaviaqtaaq pink; something pink | perhaps -aq- 5 vv +taaq 2 vn<br />
kaviġḷuksI- (i) to blush | -luk- 3 vv +sI- 1 vv<br />
kaviġruaq- (i) to be very red, bright red | +ġruaq 3 vv<br />
kaviġuraq- (i) to be slightly red, reddish | :uraq 2 vv<br />
kaviqhak something red, a usually large and bulky thing | -qhak vn<br />
kaviqsaaq red; something red | +taaq 2 vn<br />
kaviqsI(-) to turn red, redden; to have measles / kaviqsigaa nuna the land is turning reddish / kaviqsiruq nuna the land is<br />
turning reddish / kaviqsiruq iñuum kiiñaŋa qinnaliqpaił̣ł̣uni the person’s face turned red because he was so angry<br />
| +sI- 1 vv<br />
kaviqsuaq saksaŋIq gray-crowned rosy finch (Leucosticte tephrocotis irvingi) | +tuaq (part 3s)<br />
kaviuk! kaviuk! kaviuk! (excl) while making little circles with the index finger in the air or while pointing at someone trying<br />
to make her/him blush (considered bad manners)<br />
kavviaġIk- (i) to be bright red | perhaps -aq 6 nn +[g]Ik- nv<br />
kavviaq red fox | perhaps -aq 6 nn § syn kayuqtuq<br />
kavviġIk- (i) to be very red, bright red | perhaps ‘-Q 4 vn +[g]Ik- nv<br />
qirġIq a gray hair<br />
qirġiaq- (i) to be gray | -aq- 5 nv<br />
qirġiaqtaaq something gray, gray (name of color) | -aq- 5 nv +t/raq 2 vn<br />
quq urine § rel. quI-<br />
quġmiattuala- (i) to uncontrollably urinate in one’s pants<br />
quqsiqi- (i) to collect the drums where the honey buckets had been dumped and throw away | =Iqi- 1 nv<br />
quqsiqun toilet disinfectant, deodorizer | =Iqi- 1 nv, ~un 1 vn<br />
>quqsruaq- (Nu) (i) to be yellowish | ? +sruaq- nv<br />
quqsuq- (i) to be yellow, stained; (Ti) (i) to be brown | ?+suq- 3 nv<br />
quqsuqtaaq something yellow; egg yolk; (Ti) brown color | +suq- 4 nv, +t/raaq 2 vn<br />
quqtaq honey bucket; large commode | perhaps +taq 8 nn<br />
suŋaq gallbladder<br />
>suŋaġniq intestine of caribou, moose or deer | +niQ<br />
suŋaaq- (i) to be green | perhaps -aq- 5 nv<br />
suŋaaqtaaq something green; color green | perhaps -aq- 5 nv +taaq 2 vn<br />
suŋaġnIt- (i) to taste bitter; to taste or smell of bile | +nIt- 2 nv<br />
suŋaqsruq- (i) to vomit a small amount of bile | +qsruq- 1 nv<br />
suŋauraaq- (i) to be blue; (Nu, Ti) (i) to be green | =uraaq- 1 vv<br />
suŋauraaqsI- (i) to become green (of land) | =uraaq- 1 vv +sI- 1 vv<br />
suŋauraaqtaaq something blue; color blue | :uraaq- 1 nv ‘taaq vn<br />
suŋauraq bead | :uraq(-) nn<br />
suŋauraqpak (Nu) large green bead | :uraq(-) nn +qpak(-) nn<br />
suŋauravIk (Nu) blue bead | :uraq(-) nn -vIk 2 nn<br />
>suŋauraviŋñaq (Nu) type of bead, bluish in color | :uraq(-) nn -vIk 2 +naq<br />
suŋaurriqi- (i) to do beadwork | :uraq(-) nn ‘=Iqi- nv<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 123
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
suŋŋiqi- (i) to vomit quantities of bile | ‘=Iqi- nv<br />
suŋaqpaluktuŋiq yellow warbler (Dendroica petechis); myrtle warbler (Phylloscopus borealis) | +p/valuk- 2 vv,nv +tuŋiq vn<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Inupiaq/2nd%20section%20postbases.doc<br />
+t/ra r aq 2 vn (limited) one which is of, has assumed or gotten a certain color, charactistic of being __<br />
Diğer -taaq ekleri:<br />
aqvaluq- (i) to be round aqvaluqtaaq circle<br />
imigluk- (i) to make a distant roaring thundering (e.g. airplane, caribou imigluktaaq toy noise maker of bone or wood and braided sinew, bull<br />
herd) noise; to ring (of ears)<br />
roarer<br />
imiġIk- (i) to have good water imiġiksaaq fresh water<br />
kavIq- (i) to be red kaviqsaagnik kamikłuqaqtuq she has red pants<br />
maŋaq- (i) to be dark, be black maŋaqtaagnik kamiqaqpit do you have black boots<br />
*puk (root) surface depth puktaaq iceberg<br />
qatiq- (i) to be white qatiqtaaq atuqsaġiñ you should use the white one<br />
sa g u- to cover (her/him/it) with snow, sand, or earth; (t) to skirt it=house<br />
with snow<br />
sautaaq anchor for trap or snare<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Inupiaq/2nd%20section%20postbases.doc<br />
+taaq- 1 , -taaq- (limited) vv, nv to assume that position or action in space or interval of time § see -raaq, =raaq-<br />
t/raaq 3 vn (limited) __ acquired<br />
aannagu (excl) wait!; wait a minute!; (adverb) in a moment, shortly,<br />
in a while, in a little while, after a while, later on<br />
aannagutaaqtuq she is procrastinating<br />
akiaq- (t) to relieve or take over for her/him in a task *akiaġaq- akiaġaqtaaġitchi you take turns<br />
anmuk- to go down, descend, drop; (i) to go down a slope, to<br />
descend gradually, to drop; indicator in a therometer, barometer,<br />
etc.; to have been set downward, lowered; (t) to set it lower<br />
anmuktaaqtaa he made it lower<br />
aquvit- (i) to sit up, to sit down; (t) to sit down on it aquptaaġiñ assume a comfortable sitting position<br />
ipuk- (t) to lift it with a lever; (t) to cock the lever of it=rifle ipuktaaqtuk they are seesawing<br />
iqit(-) a fist; (i) to contract, close up (e.g. of worm, fist); to embrace<br />
each other; (t) to embrace her/him/it;<br />
iqittaaqpauŋ did she put her arm around him<br />
*kaŋivaq- ??? kaŋivaqtaaqtuq he is rolling his sleeves up<br />
kiluvaq- (i) to travel inland; to move away from the door in the<br />
house<br />
kiluvaqtaaġiñ move up away from the door<br />
*kisI (root) aloneness kisimġuq kisimġuqtaaqtuq she is excluding others from her activity<br />
*ku (root) downward movement or orientation kutaaqtuq it is dripping steadily<br />
nanuk- to rub something on (her/him/it) nanuktaaġun jam<br />
na g u- (i) to grow (of a plant, wart, seashell); to wax (of moon); to<br />
increase<br />
nauttaaġai he is rationing them<br />
nipi voice, sound nipaisaaq- (i) to play quietly, be engaged in a quiet activity; to be silent<br />
nuut- to move (her/him/it) nuutaaq- to move (her/him/it) a little; (i) to move closer to someone or<br />
something<br />
qunmuk- (i) to ascend; (t) to turn it higher qunmuktaaġuŋ move it a little bit higher<br />
saniñmuk- (i) to move sideways; (t) to move it sideways saniñmuktaaġaa he is moving it on to its side<br />
saqpil - (i) to sit on floor crossing one's legs saqpil<br />
crossed<br />
he is assuming a position of sitting with his legs<br />
sarvaq- to move (her/him/it) forward or oceanward sarvaqtaaġiñ move closer towards the ocean<br />
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to take, grab or arrest<br />
her/him/it<br />
tigutaaqtaat they put him in jail<br />
akiññak- (i) to be paid a wage, to get paid akiññaktaaġa tautuŋaviuŋ have you seen the prize I won<br />
aŋu- (i) to catch a game animal; (t) to catch up with her/him/it; to be<br />
alive and aware of, or to have seen when young when she/he/it lived<br />
or happened; to reach her/his height<br />
aŋuraaq something caught (especially a game animal)<br />
nannuk- (i) to kill a polar bear nannuktaami amia tuniñiaŋiññiraa he said that he is not going to sell<br />
the hide of the polar he killed<br />
natchIQ(-) seal; (i) to kill a seal natchiqsaani qaitchaŋa atchagmiñun he gave the seal he caught to<br />
his aunt<br />
piññak- (i) to acquire, win something piññaktaaqpuk kataivl<br />
one we won<br />
wed dropped and broke the<br />
tuttut- (i) to kill a caribou tuttutaani uniaġaġluni aiñiaġniraa he said that he is going by<br />
dogteam to get the caribou<br />
+t/laaq- 4 vv going so far as to __ ( with conditional, consequential or contemporative I endings)<br />
qamŋuI- (i) to snore sammapta qamŋuil no doubt he will snore again<br />
saglu- (i) to lie, not tell the truth saglulaallaġmi uqaqsimaruaq I found out that he went so far as to<br />
tell a lie<br />
siqunġIq- (i) to close one's eyes; (t) to close it=her/his<br />
eye<br />
siqunġiqsaaqami atuqtuq he is so engrossed in singing that he has<br />
his eyes closed<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 124
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~inuit/UIDP/postbases.html<br />
Utkuhiksalingmiut<br />
-taaq(1) -ᑖᖅ(1)<br />
Meaning:<br />
finish doing X; have already Xed<br />
Examples:<br />
Phonological variants:<br />
V+__ taaq ᑖᖅ<br />
k → ktaaq ᒃᑖᖅ<br />
q → qtaaq ᖅᑖᖅ<br />
1. niritaaqtunga ᓂᕆᑖᖅᑐᖓ<br />
niri-taaq-tunga ᓂᕆ-ᑖᖅ-ᑐᖓ<br />
eat-finish-part.1s<br />
I've finished eating.<br />
2. miqsuqtaaqtunga ᒥᖅᓱᖅᑖᖅᑐᖓ<br />
miqsuq-taaq-tunga ᒥᖅᓱᖅ-ᑖᖅ-ᑐᖓ<br />
sew-finish-part.1s<br />
I've finished sewing.<br />
3. suuliuqtaaqtunga ᓲᓕᐅᖅᑖᖅᑐᖓ<br />
suu-liuq-taaq-tunga ᓲ-ᓕᐅᖅ-ᑖᖅ-ᑐᖓ<br />
soup-make-finish-part.1s<br />
I've finished making soup.<br />
4. niuviqtaaqtara ᓂᐅᕕᖅᑖᖅᑕᕋ<br />
niuviq-taaq-tara ᓂᐅᕕᖅ-ᑖᖅ-ᑕᕋ<br />
buy-finish-part.1s/3s<br />
I have finished buying it; I have bought it.<br />
5. pilaktaaqtara ᐱᓚᒃᑖᖅᑕᕋ<br />
pilak-taaq-tara ᐱᓚᒃ-ᑖᖅ-ᑕᕋ<br />
skin-finish-part.1s/3s<br />
I've finished skinning it.<br />
6. pitaaqtuq ᐱᑖᖅᑐᖅ<br />
pi-taaq-tuq ᐱ-ᑖᖅ-ᑐᖅ<br />
do-finish-part.3s<br />
It's done, finished.<br />
7. qiataahaaqtuq ᕿᐊᑖᓵᖅᑐᖅ<br />
qia-taaq-haaq-tuq ᕿᐊ-ᑖᖅ-ᓵᖅ-ᑐᖅ<br />
cry-finish-just-part.3s<br />
She has just finished crying.<br />
8. manikhaqtaaqtuq ᒪᓂᒃᓴᖅᑖᖅᑐᖅ<br />
manik-haq-taaq-tuq ᒪᓂᒃ-ᓴᖅ-ᑖᖅ-ᑐᖅ<br />
smooth-cause-finish-part.3s<br />
It has been smoothed (i.e. the smoothing has been completed).<br />
9. qalruataaqtara ᖃᓪᕈᐊᑖᖅᑕᕋ<br />
qalrua-taaq-tara ᖃᓪᕈᐊ-ᑖᖅ-ᑕᕋ<br />
walk on ice-already-part.1s/3s<br />
I have already walked on the new ice (without it breaking).<br />
10. i&uaqhaitaaqharaq&itunga ᐃᖢᐊᖅᓴᐃᑖᖅᓴᕋᖅᖠᖪᖓ<br />
i&uaq-haq-i-taaq-haraq&i-tunga ᐃᖢᐊᖅ-ᓴᖅ-ᐃ-ᑖᖅ-ᓴᕋᖅᖠ-ᖪᖓ<br />
in proper order-cause-do-finish-soon-part.1s<br />
I'll soon be finished making preparations (i.e. putting things in order).<br />
11. immiqtaaqtuq ᐃᒻᒥᖅᑖᖅᑐᖅ<br />
immiq-taaq-tuq ᐃᒻᒥᖅ-ᑖᖅ-ᑐᖅ<br />
fill with water-already-part.3s<br />
It (a container) is already filled.<br />
12. kamiktaaqtunga ᑲᒥᒃᑖᖅᑐᖓ<br />
kamik-taaq-tunga ᑲᒥᒃ-ᑖᖅ-ᑐᖓ<br />
boot-finish-part.1s<br />
I've finished sewing/making (the) boots.<br />
13. nutaraqtaaqtuq ᓄᑕᕋᖅᑖᖅᑐᖅ<br />
nutaraq-taaq-tuq ᓄᑕᕋᖅ-ᑖᖅ-ᑐᖅ<br />
child-finish-part.3s<br />
She has given birth (got a child).<br />
General notes:<br />
t → no examples ᓐo exᐊᒻᑉᓪeᔅ<br />
-taaq- attached to verbs is always -taaq-(1) 'finish'; attached to nouns it is usually -taaq-(2) 'get', but there are some cases of nouns followed by -taaq- where the 'finish' and<br />
'get' meanings overlap (as in exs. 12-14).<br />
-taaq- can mean 'finish' when the action is seen as a process taking time, or 'already' if the emphasis is on the fact of the event's having taken place.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 125
-taaq(2) -ᑖᖅ(2)<br />
Meaning:<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
have obtained X; got a (new) X; buy X<br />
Examples:<br />
Phonological variants:<br />
V+__ taaq ᑖᖅ<br />
k → ktaaq ᒃᑖᖅ<br />
q → qtaaq ᖅᑖᖅ<br />
t → ti+taaq ᑎ+ᑖᖅ<br />
1. atigitaaqtuq ᐊᑎᒋᑖᖅᑐᖅ<br />
atigi-taaq-tuq ᐊᑎᒋ-ᑖᖅ-ᑐᖅ<br />
parka-got-part.3s<br />
He has acquired a parka.<br />
2. qituktaaqtunga ᕿᖪᒃᑖᖅᑐᖓ<br />
qituk-taaq-tunga ᕿᖪᒃ-ᑖᖅ-ᑐᖓ<br />
wood-got-part.1s<br />
I found/scavenged/bought wood.<br />
cf. qituktaqtunga 'I am gathering wood'<br />
3. kaplataaqtunga ᑲᑉᓚᑖᖅᑐᖓ<br />
kapla-taaq-tunga ᑲᑉᓚ-ᑖᖅ-ᑐᖓ<br />
berry-got-part.1s<br />
I bought berries.<br />
cf. kaplataqtunga 'I am berry-picking'<br />
4. uqauhiqtaaqtunga ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖅᑖᖅᑐᖓ<br />
uqauhiq-taaq-tunga ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖅ-ᑖᖅ-ᑐᖓ<br />
word-got-part.1s<br />
I've learned (literally: acquired) a word.<br />
5. mitqutitaaqtaanga ᒥᑦᖁᑎᑖᖅᑖᖓ<br />
mitqut(i)-taaq-taanga ᒥᑦᖁᑦ(ᐃ)-ᑖᖅ-ᑖᖓ<br />
needle-got-part.3s/1s<br />
She bought me a needle.<br />
6. niqitaarutiksaq ᓂᕿᑖᕈᑎᒃᓴᖅ<br />
niqi-taaq-ruti-ksaq ᓂᕿ-ᑖᖅ-ᕈᑎ-ᒃᓴᖅ<br />
food-get-means-potential<br />
money to use for buying food (literally: potential means of acquiring food)<br />
General notes:<br />
Note the difference between -taaq-(2) and -taq- 'gather, collect', as in examples 2 and 3. -taaq- is usually understood as a completed action, whereas -taq- is usually an<br />
ongoing action.<br />
Mehmet Kara, nutaaq 'newness, freshness' sözünü alırken, kurgusunu desteklemeyen diğer<br />
eş kökenli örnekleri kasıtlı olarak es geçiyor: nutaġaq 'fresh snow, powder snow' nutaqqat 'young<br />
people' nutauruq 'is new'<br />
İşsiz durmaktansa Kurban Bayramı kasabı olurum diyenlerin eline bıçağı alması gibi, Kara da<br />
yanlış yeri keserek nu-taaq olarak ayırdığı sözün başını Farsça nev 'yeni' sözüne, kalanını da Türkçe -<br />
lık ekinin Yakutça versiyonu olan -taax ekine bölüştürüyor.<br />
İnyupikçe nutaq- 'to repair, renew it' fiilinin -aq ürün yapma ekli türevi olan nuta-aq<br />
'something new, fresh' sözünü Kara’dan çok önce Nostratic teorisyenleri de new'lere bağlamıştı.<br />
İnyupikçe nutaaq sözü Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi -taaq- 'newly acquired' verbalizing suffix’i ile<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi -taaq 'new' ekine de bağlanamaz.<br />
Inuktitut: ᓄᑕᕋᖅ (nutaraq) 'baby'<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 126
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Labrador İnuitçesi New. — nutâk<br />
Yupik nutaraq 'new'<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi nutaaq (eski yazı: nutâq) new; novelty<br />
nutaamik (e.y: nutâmik) afresh.<br />
nutaarsuaq, nutaarluinnaq, nutaaqqinnaaq (e.y: nutârssuaq, nutârdluínaq, nutârqingnâq) brand-new.<br />
nutaavoq (e.y: nutauvoq) is new.<br />
nutaggarippoq (e.y: nutaggarigpoq) is quite new.<br />
nutaggarik (e.y: nutaggarik) brand-new.<br />
nutassivoq (e.y: nutagssivoq) thinks of something new; adds something.<br />
nutaanngorpoq (e.y: nutãngorpoq) is renewed; has be-come new.<br />
nutaanngortippaa (e.y: nutãngortípâ) renews it.<br />
nutarappoq (e.y: nutaragpoq) behaves as new to the world (a child); turns out as someone who has<br />
no great understanding.<br />
nutaratsippoq (S.G.) nutaragtípoq) behaves as a child (an old person); is in his dotage,<br />
nutaraq (e.y: nutaraq) young dog (which has just begun to pull).<br />
nutarneq, nutarmeq (e.y: nutarneq, nutarmeq) new ice.<br />
nutarterpaa (e.y: nutarterpâ) renews it; removes the old from it.<br />
Nunivak Çupikçesi<br />
nutaqerrun soft melting snow; fresh snow<br />
nutarer new thing<br />
nutarqur- to repair; to patch; to make good again<br />
nutarte- to repair; to patch<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
nutaq- (t) to repair, renew it<br />
nutaaq something new, fresh | aq 4<br />
nutaġauraq young male (animal or human) | +[g]aq 3 nn :uraq1nn<br />
nutaġaaluk or (Nu) nutaaġuraq young person | +[g]aq 3 nn -aluk nn<br />
nutaġaq young person; fresh powder snow | +[g]aq 3 nn<br />
nutaġġiñġaq fresh blubber | perhaps ‘=It- 3 nv +*ġ+aq 5 vn § rel. uqsruq<br />
nutaqqat young people | ‘-t (pl mkr)<br />
nutaqsI- (Ti) (t) to shave it=boat paddle or oar down and make it appear new | perhaps +sI- 5 nv<br />
nutau- (i) to be young, new | perhaps -u- 4 vv<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Inupiaq/1st%20postbases.doc<br />
+-aq 4 vn (used with some verb stems which end in a vowel, k, q, or t)<br />
-'Q 4 (used with some verb stems with word form -VCV(C))<br />
=sraq (limited to verb stems qiqit- and kiki-, [so far] )<br />
(limited) that which is being or has been __ed; end product, result of __ing § rel. +t/raq 4 vn<br />
with aq 4 vn<br />
akiil -) debt; to buy (it) on credit<br />
akiiḷaaq something free, without cost or bought on credit<br />
amaq- (t) to put her/him/it on one's back in order to to carry<br />
her/him/it<br />
amaaq something or someone carried on one's back<br />
aŋarraq- (t) to behead it (of an animal); to cross them (of two<br />
poles) near upper end<br />
aŋarraaq a structure of two poles crossed near the upper end<br />
akut- (t) to mix in, stir it in akutaq bread dough<br />
anit- (t) to put, throw her/him/it out; to expel him; to place it<br />
outside; to thrust it outside; to begin it (of speech or song)<br />
anitaq an outcast; one who has been sent away, cast out<br />
aqpat- (i) to run (of a human) aqpataq messenger from another village who has come with an invitation<br />
for those from this village to come and participate in festivities involving<br />
competitive games, dancing and feasting<br />
aqvaluq- (i) to be round aqvaluaq upperarm muscle<br />
iga(-) place where cooking is done before modern day kitchens;<br />
to cook (it=food)<br />
igaaq boiled food, cooked food, food which is being cooked<br />
igliq- or iglau- (i) to be travelling; to be on, running, idling (of a<br />
machine); (t) to travel it=distance<br />
iglaaq traveller, newly arrived guest<br />
iġisaq- or iġitchaq- to pluck (its) feathers; to remove (its) hair<br />
from a spring skin<br />
iġisaaq plucked bird<br />
il -) relative by blood, marriage or name; companion, friend, il -) patch on clothing, paper; addition to a house, tent<br />
partner; part of a whole; (i) to get a co-participant, co-member; to<br />
become extended, receive a new addition, e.g. of a house, of a<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 127
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
family, of an institution; (t) to add on to it; to come and be a<br />
co-participant with her/him /<br />
>iligrak(-) sunburn, a scorch; scaly skin from sun or windburn; iligraaq browned, roasted flour<br />
pimple; (t) to get sunburnt (of skin); to become scaly (of skin from<br />
exposure to sun or wind)<br />
iḷulI- to create a cavity, an interior (for it) iḷuliaq bay<br />
iva- (i) to bear a litter; to whelp; lay eggs and sit on them; (Ti) to ivaaq young of an animal<br />
feed and care for young (of animals); (t) to care for them=young<br />
kaat- (i) to be now split into two layers; (t) to cut, split it=walrus<br />
hide into two layers for boat cover; (Ti) (t) to slice it=layer of<br />
blubber from whale skin, leaving the maktak; to slice blocks of<br />
snow for snow shelter<br />
kammI- to make boots (for her/him); to make it=animal hide into<br />
boots<br />
kaataq maktak which has thick blubber sliced off; block of hard snow for<br />
building a snow house<br />
kammiaq handmade boot<br />
kiiraq- to crimp (it=boot sole) kiiraak pair of crimped soles<br />
kiŋuvaq- (i) to move toward the rear; (t) to miss, be late for kiŋuvaat inheritance, knowledge passed down from ancestors;<br />
her/him/it<br />
kiŋuvaaq >(Nu) descendant<br />
kisIt- (i) to be in the process of being counted; to count; (t) to<br />
count them<br />
kisisaq something included in the count<br />
kurrI- to make a river, a rivulet of running water, as dripping<br />
water makes a stream on (it)<br />
kurriaq drainage ditch<br />
miquq- to sew (it) miquaq something sewn<br />
naliġak- (i) to make a choice, weighing the possibilities; (t) to naliġaaq chosen one<br />
evaluate her/him/it in comparison to others<br />
napit- (i) to become snared, trapped, fastened; (t) to trap, snare napitaq animal caught in trap or snare<br />
it<br />
naqit- (i) to be low; (t) to press her/him/it down naqitaq bread dough<br />
naqsik(-) pug-nose; (i) to wrinkle one's nose; (Ti) (i) to push one's<br />
nose up, e.g. by bumping into a rope; (t) to wrinkle one's nose at<br />
her/him/it; (Ti) (t) to push her/his nose up to show dislike for<br />
her/him<br />
naqsiaq face mask, muffler used for protection against extreme cold,<br />
usually made out of wolf's tail or very thick winter caribou hide<br />
nulIk- to copulate with (her/him); to mate (usually of animals) nuliaq(-) wife; female mate (for animal); to marry (her); (i) to take a wife<br />
nutaq- (t) to repair, renew it nutaaq something new and fresh<br />
qaat- (t) to cut it=sod in thin pieces for house roof [Is this kaat-?] qaataq thin piece of sod for house roof<br />
qiḷak- to knit (it) qiḷaaq knitted item<br />
savak- to work on (it); (i) to be working, operating properly (of a savaaq job, work, employment; piece of work<br />
machine); (t) to prepare it=corpse for burial<br />
savigaq- (i) to work on baleen by stripping them and make them savigaaq cut strip of baleen<br />
thin for lashing; (t) to strip it=baleen (for use in making baskets,<br />
fishline, etc.)<br />
simik- (t) to stop it up with a plug of any kind; (i) to be now<br />
simaaq gun wad (stuffed into shell on top of powder)<br />
plugged<br />
tiglik- to steal (her/him/it) tigliaq stolen item<br />
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to take, grab or arrest<br />
her/him/it<br />
tikIt- (i) to arrive at, reach one's destination or goal; (t) to reach<br />
her/him/it<br />
tiguaq adopted child<br />
tikisani iñuit nalunirai he said that he did not know the people that he<br />
came upon<br />
uglivit- (t)to turn it inside out uglivitaq uglivitaŋa qairruŋ give me the one that he turned inside out<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=+434&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *nu-ta-<br />
Meaning: new, young<br />
Russian meaning: новый, молодой<br />
Proto-Yupik: *nuta-<br />
Meaning: new 1, just now, right now 2<br />
Russian Meaning: новый 1, теперь, вот сейчас 2<br />
Sirenik: nutǝ́ʁǝcǝ́ẋ, nutaʁraẋ [Vakh.] 1<br />
Chaplino: nutáʁaq (t) 1, nutån 2<br />
Naukan: nutáʁinʁaq 1, nután 2<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: nuta[ʁ+aq 1, nutån 2<br />
Chugach (<strong>Bir</strong>ket-Smith): nutåq 1, nuttan 2<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: nutaʁaq 1, nutån 2<br />
Nunivak (Peripheral): nutaʁaq* 1<br />
Proto-Inupik: *nuta-<br />
Meaning: new 1, young person 2<br />
Russian meaning: новый 1, молодой 2<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: nutåq 1, nutaʁaq 2<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq nutáq* 1, W nutåq* (åk, åt) 1<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: nutåq 1, nutaʁaq 2<br />
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl nutåq* 1<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: nutåq 1, nutaʁaq 'infant'<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor, M nutåq* 1<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: nutåq 1<br />
ECI Dialects: Lab nutagak* 'infant', NBI, SB, Iti nutaʁaq 'infant'<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: nutåq (nutâq*) 1, nutaʁaq 2<br />
Comments: Cf. *nuka- 'younger sibling'.<br />
Eurasiatic: *nVwV<br />
Meaning: now; new<br />
Borean:<br />
Indo-European: *nū; + *neu̯o- 'new' 809<br />
Proto-Altaic: *nébì<br />
Meaning: new<br />
Russian meaning: новый<br />
Proto-Turkic: *jub-ga<br />
Meaning: bastard, adopted son<br />
Nostratic etymology :<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 128
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Russian meaning: внебрачный, приемный сын<br />
Karakhanid: juvɣa (MK, KB)<br />
Mongolian: *niɣu-n<br />
Tungus-Manchu: *nebi<br />
Korean: *nǝ̄-<br />
Japanese: *nípí-<br />
Uralic: *nikV (*nükV)<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut: *nu-ta-<br />
Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *ni-ŋ- ˜ *ŋin- 'now; new' ?<br />
http://www.najuqsivik.com/gateway/inuktitut/index.htm<br />
Noun Endings Noun Makers Verb Makers Noun Chunks<br />
-_ basic(zero ending)<br />
-up relative<br />
-mik secondary<br />
-mi locative in<br />
-mit ablative from<br />
-mut allative“to/with”<br />
-kkut transitive“through/by”<br />
-tut simulative “like”<br />
-ji “agent”<br />
-suuq “one who habitually does”<br />
-qati “partner”<br />
-(v)vik “place”<br />
-(r)uti “instrument”<br />
-niq “idea”<br />
-juq “the one that x’s<br />
-siuq- “search for”<br />
-juq- “eat, drink, use”<br />
-liuq- “construct”<br />
-liaq- “motion with”<br />
-lirit- “work with”<br />
-taaq- “newly acquired”<br />
-nnguq- “became”<br />
-qaq- “have”<br />
-gi- “have”<br />
-(ng)u- “is”<br />
-si- “discover, come across<br />
Verb Chunks of Time Verb Chunks of Manner Auxiliary Verb Chunks Double Chunks<br />
-liq “present progressive”<br />
-rattaq- “immediate past”<br />
-qqau- “recent past”<br />
-lauq- “general past”<br />
-niaq- “near future”<br />
-laaq- “far future”<br />
-jumaaq- “distant future”<br />
-qattaq- “habitual action”<br />
-sima- “state of being”<br />
-tsiaq- “fine, good”<br />
-luaq- “excessively, too much”<br />
-nngit- “negative”<br />
-kasak- “almost, incomplete”<br />
-(ra)arjuk- “smallness”<br />
-jjaa- “future negative”<br />
-si- “to begin to”<br />
-guma- “want to”<br />
-gunnaq- “be able to/can”<br />
-riaqaq- “necessity to perform action/much”<br />
-gasua- “try to”<br />
-gasuagi- “think that”<br />
-niraq- “say that”<br />
-qu(ji) “tell to”<br />
-tit(si) “cause to”<br />
-galuaq- “actually” (although)<br />
-jau- “passive”<br />
http://twpl.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/twpl/article/viewFile/6527/3495 Phasal Words and Inverse Morpheme Order in Inuktitut, Richard Compton<br />
Appendix A: Correspondences between West Greenlandic Attributive Adjectives and French Prenominal Adjectives47<br />
INUKTITUT ENGLISH FRENCH PRENOMINAL ADJECTIVE<br />
-(pa)luit ‘a few, group of’ ‘quelques’<br />
-araq ‘small’ ‘petit’<br />
-kanniq ‘almost, more or less’ ‘presque’<br />
-kkajaaq ‘rather big’ ‘plutqt grand’<br />
-kullak ‘rather big, clumsy’ ‘plutqt grand’<br />
-innaq ‘only’ ‘seul’<br />
-kuluuq ‘big’ ‘grand’<br />
-ngaaq ‘considerable, large’ ‘considérable, grand’<br />
-ngajak ‘almost’ ‘presque’<br />
-nnaq/nnaaq ‘main, favourite’ ‘principal’<br />
-nnguaq ‘small, dear’ ‘petit, cher’<br />
-nnguakkuluk ‘poor old’ ‘pauvre vieux’<br />
-nnguujuk ‘little’ ‘petit’<br />
-(r)paat/passuit ‘many’ ‘plusieurs’<br />
-pajuk/piluk ‘bad’ ‘mauvais’<br />
-palaaq ‘bad’ ‘mauvais’<br />
-palaarsuaq ‘damn’ ‘maudit’<br />
-(r)piaq ‘real’ ‘vrai’<br />
-rujuk(suaq) ‘bad, damn’ ‘mauvais, maudit’<br />
-ralak/rajak ‘bad, miserable’ ‘mauvais, misérable’<br />
-ralaannguaq ‘tiny’ ‘minuscule’<br />
-rujuk ‘big, bad’ ‘grand, mauvais’<br />
-rujussuaq ‘enormous’ ‘énorme’<br />
-ssaq ‘future’ ‘futur’<br />
-(r)suaq ‘big, bad’ ‘grand, mauvais’<br />
-(r)suannguaq ‘naughty’ ‘vilain’<br />
-taaq ‘new’ ‘nouveau’<br />
-tsialak ‘good, nice’ ‘bon, gentil’<br />
-tsiannguaq ‘good little, usable’ ‘bon petit’<br />
-tuaq ‘only’ ‘seul’<br />
-tuqaq ‘old’ ‘vieux’<br />
-ugaluaq ‘previous, deceased’ ‘ancien’<br />
-vik ‘real’ ‘vrai’<br />
-vvaarik ‘particularly good’ ‘particulièrement bon’<br />
-(r)juaq “large, big”<br />
-(ra)aluk “largeness, impressiveness”<br />
-llarik “genuineness, certainty, really”<br />
-ksaq “material;something which will become or be<br />
made into something else”<br />
-tuqaq “old”<br />
-kuluk “endearment, smallness:<br />
-(ra)apik “small, sweet, nice”<br />
-nnguaq “resemblance, pretension”<br />
-viniq “denotes a former state”<br />
-lik “possession<br />
-nguarua(-) “fake”<br />
-llarik(-) “real”<br />
-tsiaq(-) “fine, good”<br />
-tuinnaq(-) “just”<br />
-(ng)innaq(-) “always”<br />
İñupiaqca nunagluk "kırlık, kırsal" ile Türkçe olduğunu düşündüğümüz qablik (= kablık) "su geçirmez<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> çizmesi, botu; kürklü pantolon" ve tagluk "kar ayakkabısı" örneklerinde "-lIK" ekinin varlığı daha da açıktır.<br />
Ne verdiğiniz üç örnekte ne de vermeyip es geçtiğiniz diğer örneklerde Türkçe -lik eki bulunu-<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 129
yor.<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Öncelikle, Türk ve <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilleri gibi iki ayrı k sesini [k velar / q uvular+ ayırt eden dillerde k’yi k<br />
ile q’yı q ile birleştirebilirsiniz.<br />
Dual (-k) ekli tagluk örneğinin tekil biçimi taglu ’dur ve Türkçe -lik ekinin türevi değildir.<br />
nunagluk örneği de Türkçe -lik ekiyle kurulmamıştır:<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Inupiaq/1st%20postbases.doc<br />
+[g]luk(-) nn, nv (limited) a rough version of a __ or involving a __ § rel. ‘-qłuk nn<br />
amIq(-) animal hide, pelt, skin covering on boat<br />
or kayak frame; to put a hide covering on it (of a<br />
boat or kayak frame)<br />
amiġl -) chapped skin, scab; (i) to be rough,<br />
chapped (of skin); to be scarred (of skin); to form a<br />
scab; (Nu) an old tree bark<br />
amiġl he has chapped skin<br />
argagluktuq he has unhealthy hands, chapped<br />
hands<br />
imaġluk- (Ti) (i) to be rough, choppy (of body of<br />
water)<br />
argak(-) hand; to dig (in it) with hands or paws;<br />
to use an ice scratcher in seal hunting<br />
imaq(-) water, not for drinking; lake; sea, ocean;<br />
lagoon; (t) to moisten it=animal hide to ready it<br />
for scraping<br />
iñuk(-) person, owner; core of boil; resident spirit; embryo of an iñunniġluk(-) (Nu) huge person, giant; (i) to dislike, reject a person<br />
egg<br />
isigak or isigait foot isigagluktuq he has athletes feet, smelly feet<br />
isu end, e.g. of a word, book, long stick isugluk end of a bone, loaf of bread, etc; (Ti) end of loaf of bread,<br />
etc.<br />
isuŋŋaQ long-tailed jaeger (Stercorarius longicaudus) isuŋŋaġluk or isuŋŋaaluk pomarine jaeger (Stercorarius<br />
pomarinus)<br />
ivalu(-) thread, sinew, dental floss; (t) to thread it ivaluġluk (Ti) whale sinew<br />
kilu 2 seam, stitch kilugluktuq it is sewn unevenly, badly<br />
kiñiq(-) moist eczema, lochia, discharge of water from skin (a (Ti) kiññaġluk residue at bottom of liquid, dregs<br />
disease of dogs); (i) to become dehydrated (of dog due to<br />
disease); to filter through fabric or paper (of a liquid)<br />
nuna land, earth; inland nunagluk(-) rough terrain (i) to be bad land<br />
qakiq- 2 (t) to hit her/him/it on chin with fist qakiġluk(-) jowls<br />
qaliQ(-) top covering; rust; to rust qaliġluk(-) scab; (i) to form a scab<br />
qiŋaq nose; house ventilator; blowhole of whale qiŋaġluk porcupine<br />
İnyupikçe -aluk ‘yaşlı = old’ ekiyle kurulan akrabalık terimlerini (aakaaluk 'grandmother', aapaaluk<br />
'grandfather', aapiyaaluk 'older brother', aŋaaluk 'dear uncle', ayaaluk 'paternal aunt', iḷḷualuk 'cross cousin', iññaaluk 'son', nayaaluk<br />
'younger sister (of boy)', nuaġaaluk 'niece or nephew (of woman)', nukaaluk 'younger sibling', sakialuk 'husband's sister') Türkçedeki<br />
üveylik (step-) belirten -lik / lıq / lük / luq ekli örneklerle (analık 'stepmother', babalık 'stepfather', bacılık 'stepsister',<br />
kardeşlik 'stepbrother', kızlık 'stepdaughter', oğulluk 'stepson') karıştırmamak gerekir; görünüm aldatıcıdır.<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Inupiaq/1st%20postbases.doc<br />
-aluk nn an old __, usually worn out, not in proper form<br />
+aaluk restricted to bases with -VVC final<br />
-gaaluk alternate form for bases with n final<br />
with –aluk<br />
atigi(-) parka, pullover style, traditional fur lined with fur ruff; (i)<br />
to put on a parka; (t) to put a parka on her/him<br />
atigaalugmik qarraaliġuŋ put an old parka under her as a mat<br />
iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to build a structure over it iglualukput taikka that is our old house over there<br />
iñuk(-) person, owner; core of boil; resident spirit; embryo of an iñuaqłuk person who does not conform to norm, mistreats<br />
egg<br />
others and is therefore shunned<br />
iri eye iraalua his misshapen eye<br />
kamik(-) boot, mukluk, esp fur Native-made boot, dog booty,<br />
shoe; (i) to put one's boots on; (t) to put boots on her/him/it<br />
kamaalua qairruŋ give me his old boot<br />
kinnaQ fool, crazy person; “you fool!” kinnaaluk crazy old person<br />
qamun car, truck qamutaaluga tauqsiqsaa he bought my old car<br />
savIk or savik knife; metal savialuga paqisimaraa he found my old knife<br />
suppun rifle; gun supputaaluni tunimaraa he sold his old gun<br />
tupiQ(-), dual tuppak, pl tupqit tent; to raise, set up a tent for<br />
(her/him/it)<br />
tupaalukput igittaqput we threw away our old tent<br />
utuqqaQ something old<br />
utuqqaaluk the real old one<br />
with +aaluk so far restricted to bases with -VVq final, qġ:<br />
pu g uq(-) seal skin poke, container, sac, covering (e.g. young grass puuġaalugmik atuġiñ use an old container<br />
leaf covering stem); top edge of boot where drawstring is<br />
inserted; (i) to be wrapped now; (t) to wrap it; (Ti) to bandage<br />
her/him/it<br />
umi ġ aq(-) a boat; (i) to go hunting in a skin boat for sea mammals; umiaġaalugmik paqittuagut we found an old boat<br />
(Ti) (i) to be out in a whaling boat<br />
uni g aq- to tow, drag, pull (it, esp sled or seal) with rope around uniaġaaluit atukkit use the old sled<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 130
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
one's chest or over one's shoulder<br />
with alternate form -gaaluk for bases with n final:<br />
qamun car, truck qamugaaluga tauqsiqsaa he bought my old car<br />
suppun rifle; gun supputaaluni paqittaa he found his old gun<br />
tiŋŋun airplane tiŋŋugaaluk tautuktaqpuk wed saw the old plane<br />
idiomatic use indicates endearment:<br />
aaka mother aakaaluk grandmother<br />
aapa father aapaaluk grandfather<br />
aapiyaq older brother aapiyaaluga my older brother<br />
aŋak uncle aŋaaluga my dear uncle<br />
ayak (ti) paternal aunt ayaaluk paternal aunt<br />
il or il cross-cousin, joking partner il cross cousin<br />
iñña iññaaluk son<br />
nayak 1 younger sister (of man) nayaaluk younger sister (of boy)<br />
nuaġaaluk niece or nephew (of woman)<br />
nuka(q) or nukatchiaq or nukaaluk younger sibling nukaaluga my younger sibling<br />
*sakiq 1 (root) sibling in-law sakialuk husband's sister<br />
Kara’nın incelediği sözlükte geçmeyen ilginç bir veriyi (suqłuk ‘impurity in water’) ―ilgisi‖ dolayısıyla<br />
verelim ve Türkçe olmadığını da belirtelim:<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Inupiaq/2nd%20section%20postbases.doc<br />
'-qłuk(-) nn, vv (limited) a condition or entity involving or resembling a __ ; to __ detrimentally § cf. -ġluk- vv, +łuk 1 nn, -maqłuk- vv<br />
anaq(-) excrement, feces; to defecate (it, on it); (i) to shoot (of a anaġlu or >(Nu) anaqłuk black sediment on ice which becomes<br />
star)<br />
visible in spring as the ice melts<br />
anuġi wind anuġiqłuk strong wind, storm<br />
auk- to melt, thaw (it) augniqłuk- (t) to feel sleepy, sluggish after having been out in the<br />
cold and coming in to a warm house (of obj)<br />
avaala- (i) to yell avaallaqłuk- (i) to cry out for help frantically when in danger<br />
il spirit, soul; person's being il evil spirit<br />
kanuk- (Ti) (i) to be angry<br />
kannuqłuk- (Nu) (i) to be flushed as with fever<br />
niġI- to eat (it) niġġiqł he has food poisoning<br />
nigiq east wind; (Ti) northwind; north; (Nu) northeast wind,<br />
northeast<br />
nigiqłuk north wd blizzard<br />
nuviya or nuvuya cloud nuviyyaqłuk rainclouds, thunderhead clouds<br />
paniq- (t) for it to become dry; (i) to lose weight, become skinny; panaqłuk- to become dried out<br />
to starve<br />
pannaqłuk- to become thoroughly dry<br />
su(-) a what; (i) to do something; (t) to do something to<br />
suqłuk impurity in water<br />
her/him/it<br />
suaqłuk trash<br />
ta g i- (t) to pronouce, say or utter it=word taggiqł - (t) to mispronounce it<br />
uunnaQ heat, very hot weather uunnaqłuk(-) hot wind; (Nu) (i) to have a fever<br />
qaġlik (sg) qaġliik (dual) sözünde de Türkçe -lik eki bulunmaz. Gramer kitaplarında kök (root) olarak<br />
geçiyor.<br />
Türkçede tek bir ek ve onun büyük ve küçük ünlü uyumuna göre şekillenen biçimleri vardır: -<br />
lik, -lıq, -lük, -luq *<br />
Fakat <strong>Eskimo</strong>cada tek değil ayrı ayrı ekler sözkonusudur:↑↓<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Inupiaq/1st%20postbases.doc<br />
-lik 1 nn the one with a __<br />
aġva r aq baby whale; whale calf aġvaalik female bowhead whale with calf<br />
akimiaq fifteen akimialik .30-.40 rifle (used short shells and held fifteen bullets);<br />
.44 gun (old style)<br />
akmaaq (Nu) flint, chert akmaaqtalik flintlock rifle (muzzle-loader)<br />
aksrak- (i) to roll; to slide down a slope (e.g. of an animal when<br />
shot); (t) to roll, slide i<br />
aksraktuaq or (Nu) aksraliktualik wheeled vehicle<br />
akuqtuaġun (Nu) white skin (often sheep) around bottom of<br />
parka<br />
akuqtuaġutilik (Nu) parka with white skin around bottom<br />
akutuqpak broad leaf; flat piece on top of pipe bowl where<br />
tobacco is inserted<br />
akutuqpalik leaf, any plant with broad leaves<br />
akuuraq (Nu) trim on bottom edge of parka akuuralik (Nu) parka with trim on bottom and fancy back<br />
aŋmaaq flint aŋmaaqtalik flintlock rifle<br />
?any connection to the concept of attaqtaaq (Ti) full length one<br />
piece article of clothing, like one-piece long underwear<br />
attaqtalik or attaqtualik (Nu) thirty-eight-fifty-five rifle<br />
avanmun reciprocal, reciprocity avanmulik double-bladed axe, knife<br />
avu(-) sugar; an ingredient (i) to add sugar to something one is<br />
eating or drinking (t) to add sugar to it; to add an ingredient to it<br />
avulik gas mixed with oil<br />
ayapIq- (i) to prop oneself up with one's hands; (t) to lean on<br />
her/him/it for support with one's hands<br />
?ayapqun something to lean on to support one’s hands when<br />
leaning<br />
ayapqutillak or ayapqutiligaak (Nu) two stories told together (it<br />
is believed in this way that they will not be forgotten)<br />
iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to build a structure over it igluuralik fabric, paper or any other kind of material with a<br />
checkered pattern<br />
igl with both hands igl double-edged knife, double-bladed axe<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 131
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
-lik- 2 , ~lik vv to __ (needs analysis)<br />
igl - to run or operate (it) with only one of a pair, e.g.<br />
with one of two cylinders, because of fouled spark plugs<br />
igl one that has one of a pair, e.g. a one-horned<br />
caribou, one-armed man, single sod house (Nunamiut style sod<br />
houses were sometimes paired sharing one entrance)<br />
igniQ fire ignilik motor vessel, motor driven ship<br />
ikI open wound ikil one with a wound<br />
ikkun fare, payment for travel; stock (in corporation) ikkutilik stockholder (in a corporation)<br />
il (-) 2 interior, inside; abdominal cavity (t) to be surrounded by il container; something with an inner part; great grandchild<br />
them<br />
immIt- (i) to come upon water, e.g. of a traveler; (t) for water to<br />
soak it<br />
immivl watery substance<br />
imnaq high, steep cliff; lower side section of parka imnalik woman's dress parka with hanging sides<br />
iñuktaq murder victim iñuktalik murderer; body of water or a certain place where a<br />
person has died<br />
iñuk(-) person, owner; core of boil; resident spirit; embryo of an iñulik an inhabited place<br />
egg; (t) to scold her/him / sil<br />
outside<br />
there are people<br />
ipiak dual fallopian tubes ipialik waterproof hip boot with straps from top of boot to be<br />
tied to the belt<br />
ipu(-) long handle; (t) to attach a handle to it ipuligalik (Nu) old-style arrowhead<br />
iqirġaq(-) corner iqirġalik square, cube<br />
iqsraq cheek iqsraġutilik Canada goose (Branta canadensis)<br />
iqsraq cheek iqsralik crested auklet (Aethia cristatella)<br />
iqquk(-) buttock; heart, at cards; to thrust one’s buttocks out (at<br />
him, her, it)<br />
iqqulik (Nu) hearts at cards<br />
irgaak, irgak a pair of eyeglasses; goggles irgaalik aŋun tanik isiqtuaq a white man wearing glasses went in<br />
iri eye iriġutilik dog with circles around eyes<br />
isa(-) moulting duck (that cannot fly); (i) to moult isaġulik angel; something with wings<br />
isu end, e.g. of a word, book, long stick<br />
isualik type of bow with straight ends; (Nu) bow with bent ends<br />
*isuaq<br />
which are in line with each other<br />
itchaksrat six itchaksralik canvas tent (12 foot by 14 foot) with six panels<br />
ivl animal fetus ivl pregnant animal<br />
ivruq(-) sod for use on house, in cellar, grave; (i) to now have<br />
sod on it; (t) to put sod on, around it=house, grave<br />
ivrulik sod house<br />
kaŋiġaq(-) blind, hiding place where hunter waits for animal to<br />
pass by, then gives chase; corral (for caribou); (t) to corral<br />
them=caribou, reindeer (traditionally)<br />
kaŋiġallulik square<br />
*kiktuq (root) kiktuqsralik ant<br />
kukIk 1 hoof; fingernail; stone end of scraper kukigralik (Ti) flint arrowhead<br />
malġuk two malġulik two-masted boat; two-panel tent<br />
mamiq membrane scraped from dried animal skin, used in mamilik caribou leg skin boots with fur inside; (Ti) dried,<br />
old days as a bandage<br />
bleached seal skin with hair removed<br />
miŋuk- (t) to color, mark or smear something on her/him/it<br />
using the hands<br />
miŋŋulik enamel utensil<br />
misuq, pl mitchut sap; juice from whale meat being cured;<br />
shoot of plant<br />
misulik sleet, wet snow<br />
nagruk(-) antler; (t) to fight it=caribou with antlers (of another<br />
caribou with antlers); to strike her/him/it with the antlers<br />
nagrulik pallid horned lark (Eremophila alpestris arcticola)<br />
nanġutaq (Nu) jaw of a leg-hold trap nanġutalik (Nu) leg-hold trap; trap with a piece which falls on<br />
trapped animal<br />
narvaq pond, lake; (by extension) eight, at cards narvalik (Nu) eight, at cards<br />
natquq sharp arrowhead or bullet tip natqulik arrow with sharp bone head; (Ti) big bird<br />
niġlaaq gosling (young goose) niġlaalik goose with gosling<br />
niġukkaq rumen (of caribou and other ruminants) niġukkalik ruminant mammal<br />
pamiuq tail (of mammal); (Nu) odd card not part of a pair (in pamiulik [lit. ‘one with a tail’] parka with a tail, as worn by Inuit<br />
card game of “fives”)<br />
in Canada<br />
pil a r aq something braided; braided sinew pil aalik bow wound with braided sinew for extra strength<br />
piŋayuġaq a third piŋayuġalik polar bear with three cubs<br />
piqta point at which a line bends down at an angle (as along the<br />
edge of a cliff, corner of house, etc.); outside siding (of house,<br />
boat); wall; side of cliff, house, etc.<br />
piqtalik large wooden bucket with the wall of the bucket fitted<br />
into a grooved base (often for carrying maktak from ice cellar,<br />
and can be packed on back; rounder and deeper than piŋaluaq)<br />
qaluuġvIk willow frame tent shaped like a dome qaluuġvil ik (Nu) tent, house with willow frame<br />
qaqisaq or qaqasaq brain<br />
qaqisalik caribou brain cooked with melted fat<br />
qaqłuk lips qaqłuqpalik greater scaup (Aythya marila)<br />
qatiqtualik 30-30 rifle<br />
qayuuttaq ladle; large wooden spoon; water dipper qayuuttaksralik ram that has horns just right to make into a ladle<br />
qiġñiq- to be dark, black qiġñiqtulik or (Nu) qiġñiqtuligauraq sheep about three years old<br />
(with black stubs on medium-sized horns)<br />
qiŋaq nose; house ventilator; blowhole of whale qiŋalik or (Ti) qiŋaligaaluk king eider (Somateria spectabilis)<br />
qippun something to wind with; clock or watch winder key;<br />
screw driver??<br />
qipputilik screw<br />
quagruk ridge, angular edge of something quagrulik skin-sewing needle; three-cornered file<br />
>siġmIQ, (Ti) siġmiq(-) patch for sled runners of water and snow<br />
to improve their sliding; (Ti) ice which forms on boat or sled; (t)<br />
for it=boat or sled to get covered with ice; glacier?<br />
siimiun (Nu) first joint of middle finger, made to protrude from<br />
one’s fist, used to grind against someone to hurt her/him<br />
tuttu caribou (Rangifer arcticus)<br />
tuunġaq(-) shaman’s helping spirit; devil; (t) to frighten her/him<br />
by pretending to be a devil<br />
ullun (Nu) horn, antler hollowed out and used to carry small<br />
articles, e.g. hooks<br />
umi ġ aq(-) a boat; (i) to go hunting in a skin boat for sea<br />
mammals; (Ti) (i) to be out in a whaling boat<br />
aksrak- (i) to roll; to slide down a slope (e.g. of an animal when<br />
shot); (t) to roll, slide it<br />
siġmil gich sled with coating applied on runners, sled coated<br />
with snow and water on runners<br />
siimiutiksralik (Nu) bull caribou with new antler stubs (like small<br />
knobs) in springtime<br />
tuttullak paqitkik find his boots with the caribou soles<br />
tuunġaqtalik shaman supplied with a helping spirit, demon, or<br />
evil spirit<br />
ullutiksralik (Nu) medium-sized ram, four years old<br />
umialik whaling captain; rich person; king; boss; foreman [lit ‘the<br />
one with a boat’]<br />
aġlik- (t) to leave behind some part of a load<br />
aksralik- (i) to roll; (t) to cause it to roll<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 132
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
ivsuk- (i) to shake, e.g. in the wind; (Ti) to brush snow off of<br />
oneself; (t) to shake it out to remove dust, snow, etc.; (Ti) to<br />
brush snow off it=one's clothing<br />
mayuq- (i) to climb, ascend; to move to a higher position, of<br />
person, e.g. better job; (t) to climb, ascend it; to set<br />
her/him/it on, in a higher place<br />
*mitik 2 (root) bounce<br />
*nau (root) process of impalement ??<br />
ayalik- (i) to make a noisy yell of celebration (used in plural)<br />
ivalik- or ivałłuaq- (i) to walk swinging one’s arms / ivałłuaqtuq<br />
aŋun pisuaqtuaq sukasaqpaił the man’s arms were<br />
swinging as he was walking fast<br />
ivsulik- for there to have dew<br />
mayualik- (i) to tease a male dog, of female dog in heat<br />
trying to rouse him<br />
mitigligaun bone catapult used for springing pebbles<br />
naulik- (t) to harpoon it=whale, seal, walrus; to spear it=bear<br />
niġI- to eat (it) niġil - (i) to choke on something<br />
paŋak- (i) to paddle kayak swiftly with double-bladed paddle; (t) paŋalik- (i) to run on all fours, gallop; (Nu) (t) to cause it=animal<br />
to paddle it=kayak swiftly with double-bladed paddle<br />
to run, gallop<br />
putu(-) hole, puncture, perforation; (t) to perforate, pierce it,<br />
make a hole through it; (Ti) (i) to get a hole in one’s sole<br />
putulik- (t) to tell it=story in fragments sequentially<br />
qaŋattaq- (i) to take off from the ground, rise above the ground;<br />
(t) to lift it off the floor or ground<br />
qaŋattałik- (i) to bounce when hitting a bump<br />
qivsak- (i) to fly off after impact (as a chip, broken piece) qivsalik- (i) to splatter; (t) to sprinkle with a liquid<br />
saa 2 front of body or garment; area immediately in front of salIk- to travel swiftly, parallel to something; to move swiftly on<br />
something; lap, the front part of the lower trunk and thighs of a<br />
seated person<br />
the face of the hill or mountain<br />
sivu bow of boat; front part (of anything); time prior sivulik- (t) to do before she/he does; to cut in line in front of<br />
her/him<br />
supi- (i) to break up and flow (of river with ice); (t) to blow it out suvlik- (i) to leak through a hole; to gush out through a puncture;<br />
to flow up through a hole in ice (of water)<br />
tapit- (i) to be folded over; to walk abreast of each other, side by<br />
side; (t) to shoot them=two animals or things with one arrow or<br />
bullet; (Ti) (t) to soak her/him (of wet clothing) against her/his<br />
skin<br />
tavlik- (t) to penetrate it<br />
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to take, grab or arrest<br />
her/him/it<br />
tiglik- to steal<br />
tukiq- (i) to hatch (of a bird); to extend one’s legs; (t) to push,<br />
kick her/him/it with bottom of one’s foot<br />
(Ti) tukalik- (i) to kick one’s legs<br />
*upku (root) barrier ???<br />
upkulik- (i) to break (of runner part of the sled causing sled to<br />
collapse)<br />
-liQ 4 , =lIQ 4 , ~lIQ 4 nn, vn (limited) one that has a __ or __s (needs definition and further analysis)<br />
aaġaaq- (i) to make the sound “aa”, the call of the loon aaġaaliq (Ti) , aahaalIq (Nu) oldsquaw duck (Clangula hyemalis)<br />
auma(-) ember, live coal; red gemstone; (i) to be live (of coal or<br />
burning wood)<br />
aumaliq charred wood<br />
iga?? igaliq skylight; seal net placed horizontally under seal's breathing<br />
hole<br />
iniqaq- (i) to have a place iniqaġliq place where there used to be houses; an abandoned<br />
village<br />
itivit- (i) to portage; to travel, fly over a land mass instead of itivliq portage, place to cross [a place to cross over land from the<br />
over the water along the coast (of ducks as they migrate); to<br />
take a shortcut; (t) to jump over, go over, cross over (instead of<br />
going around), and come down the other side of it=e.g. hill,<br />
table, chair<br />
end of a river to the beginning of another rive]]<br />
itqIq louse egg itqil Indian<br />
*maluka (root) inferior<br />
kimaliq small sewing ulu<br />
malukalIq rabid animal, madman<br />
*nali (root) even, in line; (Ti) south side of Point Hope, Alaska;<br />
price nallIq- (t) to grow as big as her/him/it; to move or<br />
travel beside her/him/it; to catch up with her/him/it<br />
nalliġiik two equals in every aspect<br />
niġliQ general term for goose (female) or gander (male)<br />
nuka(q) or nukatchiaq or nukaaluk younger sibling nukaqłIQ youngest sibling<br />
nuliaq(-) wife; female mate (for animal); to marry (her); (i) to<br />
take a wife<br />
nullIq parent of one's son-in-law or daughter-in-law<br />
piġit- to bend (it) piġliġniQ (Nu) inside of a joint (e.g. elbow, knee, finger)<br />
qairaliq (Ti) young seal in spring; young whale which comes north<br />
for first time<br />
qaa 1 top side; surface; cover; limit; dorsal area of fish; ventral<br />
surface of whale under jaw toward "chest" (this share is taken<br />
by the second that helps kill whale); right side of fabric<br />
qaliq(-) rust; to rust<br />
QaŋmalIq Arctic coast dweller (in Canada)<br />
qigliq (Ti) breakable utensil, plate, cup<br />
>quŋulIq (Nu) caribou intestine mixed with liver and niġukkaq<br />
**suġ (root) property suġaliq item of property, wealth, or treasure<br />
>suġliq horned grebe (Podiceps auritus)<br />
tigu- (i) to take hold and hang on; (t) to take, grab or arrest<br />
her/him/it<br />
tiguġlIq doorknob; hole in bow of kayak used as a handle<br />
tittaalIq burbot, mudshark; ling cod (Lota lota)<br />
>uliq ? a plant used for starting fire<br />
+llIQ nn, rv one farthest in any direction, time or position, the optimal __<br />
akI(-) cost, price, value, wage; opposite side, other side; (Ti)<br />
north side of the point (Point Hope); to respond, acknowledge or<br />
answer her/him with gestures (of one who is far away but visible)<br />
akil opponent, competitor, opposite<br />
*aku (root) space inbetween, physical and temporal ? akullIQ middle one, middle door<br />
aŋayuk (Nu) older sibling aŋayukłIQ oldest one<br />
aqu time after; back part; final chapter; stern of a boat;<br />
downriver end of an island<br />
aqullIQ last, hindmost one<br />
arguq- (i) to travel against the wind arguqłIQ part that is exposed to the wind, not sheltered<br />
*ati 1 (root) area below, bottom, underside, down allIQ one on the bottom<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 133
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
auraq (Nu) summer aurallIQ summer skin of caribou or any other land animal<br />
*ava 2 (root) periphery,vicinity, avallIQ one farthest to one side<br />
il -) 2 interior, inside; abdominal cavity (t) to be surrounded by il inner one, innermost one<br />
them<br />
isu end, e.g. of a word, book, long stick isukłIQ farthest extension in any direction<br />
kaŋIq root, source; headwater, source of a river; (Nu) head of a<br />
bay, foot of mountain, place where peninsula joins mainland;<br />
(Nu) tributary river; bone or ivory toggle on harpoon line<br />
kaŋil innermost one of a group, rearmost one<br />
kilu 2 seam, stitch kilullIQ direction toward inland, one farthest toward the back<br />
*kiŋu positional root = behind, back, time past kiŋullIQ one in the back, one previous<br />
*kIv (dem root) in there, or up the coast (restricted and visible) kivallIQ area to one's right while facing the ocean<br />
nuka(q) or nukatchiaq or nukaaluk younger sibling nukaqłIQ youngest one<br />
qaI (Nu) wave (of ocean) qail wave (of the ocean)<br />
quli 1 (root) area above qullIQ topmost one<br />
saa 2 front of body or garment; area immediately in front of<br />
something; lap, the front part of the lower trunk and thighs of a<br />
seated person<br />
sallIQ frontmost one<br />
sivu bow of boat; front part (of anything); time prior sivullIQ(-) foremost one; (i) to lead the way; (t) to lead her/him/it<br />
along; to coax them=sled dogs along (when the dogs have been<br />
travelling for a long time, a person would start earlier and break<br />
trail)<br />
sivuqłIQ sailor<br />
tunu back, rear part of human body; back area tunullIQ farthest one back<br />
-llIq- vv (limited) to be, become, to begin or provide with __ (need more examples)<br />
*ati 1 (root) area below, bottom, underside, down allIq- (i) to be deep<br />
savak- to work on (it); (i) to be working, operating properly<br />
(of a machine); (t) to prepare it=corpse for burial<br />
savallIq- to begin to work<br />
susiat- (i) to walk susialliqsuq she became lame also tusiattipsullIq-<br />
(Nu) or tuvsullIq- (i) to hiccough; to get something stuck in<br />
one’s throat<br />
usIq pl utchIt (Nu) load, something carried in sled or boat usil - (t) to load it=vehicle<br />
Utkuhiksalik<br />
http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~inuit/UIDP/lik.html<br />
-lik -ᓕᒃ<br />
Meaning:<br />
the one with an X, a possessor of X<br />
Examples:<br />
1. ilulik ᐃᓗᓕᒃ<br />
ilu-lik ᐃᓗ-ᓕᒃ<br />
inside-one having<br />
hollow object (i.e. one with an inside)<br />
2. aqna?nalik ᐊᖅᓇ?ᓇᓕᒃ<br />
aqna?naq-lik ᐊᖅᓇ?ᓇᖅ-ᓕᒃ<br />
woman's parka-one having<br />
the one wearing a traditional woman's parka<br />
3. iharutaatgit ᐃᓴᕈᑖᖮᒋᑦ<br />
iharutaaq-tg-it ᐃᓴᕈᑖᖅ-ᖮᒡ-ᐃᑦ<br />
protrusion/deviation from line-one having-pl<br />
men (the ones having a protrusion) (joking reference to penis)<br />
4. natsialik ᓇᑦᓯᐊᓕᒃ<br />
natsiq-aq-lik ᓇᑦᓯᖅ-ᐊᖅ-ᓕᒃ<br />
seal-young-one having<br />
mother seal (i.e. one having young)<br />
5. ipualik ᐃᐳᐊᓕᒃ<br />
ipuaq-lik ᐃᐳᐊᖅ-ᓕᒃ<br />
short straight handle-one having<br />
frying pan<br />
6. qimuutilik ᕿᒨᑎᓕᒃ<br />
qimuk-ut(i)-lik ᕿᒧᒃ-ᐅᑦ(ᐃ)-ᓕᒃ<br />
pull sled-instrument-one having<br />
paired (dog) harness<br />
7. qanatualik ᖃᓇᑐᐊᓕᒃ<br />
qanak-tuaq-lik ᖃᓇᒃ-ᑐᐊᖅ-ᓕᒃ<br />
tent pole-only-one having<br />
a tent with a single upright pole<br />
8. atauhilik ᐊᑕᐅᓯᓕᒃ<br />
Phonological variants:<br />
V+__ lik ᓕᒃ<br />
k → lik ᓕᒃ<br />
q → lik ᓕᒃ<br />
t → ti+lik ᑎ+ᓕᒃ<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 134
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
atauhiq-lik ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ-ᓕᒃ<br />
one-one having<br />
number one (on watch or playing cards); something with only one (e.g. single engine plane)<br />
9. umiliktuaq ᐅᒥᓕᒃᖪᐊᖅ<br />
umik-lik-tuaq ᐅᒥᒃ-ᓕᒃ-ᖪᐊᖅ<br />
beard-one having-big<br />
king (on playing cards)<br />
10. qaitulik ᖃᐃᖪᓕᒃ<br />
qai-tu-lik ᖃᐃ-ᖪ-ᓕᒃ<br />
come-part.-there is<br />
(Yes) there is someone coming. (in response to the question qaituqaqpaa? "is someone coming?")<br />
cf. qaituqaqtuq "there is someone coming"<br />
General notes:<br />
Words ending in -lik- may form their plurals either with the more traditional -řgit (as in ex. 3) or with the more regular -liit.<br />
-lik is often used instead of -qaq- "have X, there is X" in 3rd-person sentences. (as in ex. 10)<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Inupiaq/1st%20postbases.doc<br />
+luk(-) 1 nv, vv to have undesirable, unhealthy or smelly __ § see -luk- vv<br />
amIq(-) animal hide, pelt, skin covering on boat or<br />
kayak frame; to put a hide covering on it (of a boat or<br />
kayak frame)<br />
amiġl he has chapped skin<br />
argak(-) hand; to dig (in it) with hands or paws; to use<br />
an ice scratcher in seal hunting<br />
argagluktuq he has unhealthy hands, chapped hands<br />
iri eye iriluktuq he has sore eyes, poor eyesight<br />
isigak or isigait foot isigagluktuq he has athletes feet, smelly feet<br />
kilu 2 seam, stitch kilugluktuq it is sewn unevenly, badly<br />
kupkaq- (Ti) (i) to be not fully baked (of breadstuffs) kupkaluktuq it is sticky<br />
qaglu deep hole under ice in shallow water; deep place<br />
with slight current in river, good for setting nets under<br />
ice, deepest part of river<br />
qagluluktuaq very deep part of river<br />
qakiq- 2 (t) to hit her/him/it on chin with fist qakiġluk(-) jowls<br />
sauniQ bone, pit, seed in fruit sauniġluktuq she has bad posture<br />
siñik(-) sleep; (i) to sleep; (t) to spend it=day sleeping siññaġluktuq he is sleeping badly, having a bad dream<br />
*suq (root) impurity suqłuk- to become impure, dirty (of water)<br />
uniQ armpit, underarm uniġluktuq he has underarm odor<br />
+luk 2 , +łuk, -luk nn (limited) one resembling a __ § see +aaluk nn (need more examples)<br />
aana grandmother; great-aunt aanaluk old woman<br />
aaquk, aaquaksraq old woman aaquluk little old woman<br />
amau, amaułuk great-grandparent;<br />
amaułuk great-grandparent or great-grandchild<br />
great-grandchild<br />
anuġi wind anuġiqłuk wind storm<br />
aŋirualuk (Ti) a very large whale<br />
>aqqaluk girl's younger brother<br />
iglu(-) house, dwelling, building; (t) to build a structure *igluluk igluluaġruk site (usually a mound) of an<br />
over it<br />
ancient house<br />
isuŋŋaQ long-tailed jaeger (Stercorarius longicaudus) isuŋŋaġluk or isuŋŋaaluk pomarine jaeger<br />
(Stercorarius pomarinus)<br />
ku r uk river<br />
kuugaluk stream<br />
*kuugaq<br />
naqsraq(-) a ridge which divides<br />
naqsralugiaq summit<br />
watersheds of rivers; pass, a valley or<br />
passage in the mountains; low point of<br />
a hill which must be crossed; (i) to go by<br />
way of the lowest point; (t) to go by way<br />
of its lowest point<br />
nuvuġaq point of land or on an open<br />
nuvuġaluk, nuvuġauraq small point of land<br />
lead<br />
sanik(-) speck of dust, lint; caribou hair on clothing or sanikłuk thick layer of dust, lint<br />
floor; to have dust, lint, dirt on it<br />
-luk- 3 , =luk-, +luk- vv to __<br />
annIq- (i) to get hurt; (t) to hurt her/him/it annil - (i) to have a small, sharp pain<br />
avsak- (i) to make a noise by falling avsaluk- (i) to make a loud noise<br />
iggiiq- or iggiagIq- (i) to be hoarse, barely able to talk, to lose<br />
one's voice, develop laryngitis<br />
iggiil he sounds hoarse<br />
imŋaluk- (i) to hum, whimper, mumble, whine<br />
iñugIIt- (i) to be bad-tempered; to be in a bad temper iñugiil he is being uncooperative, having fits of<br />
temper [how about iñugiil ]<br />
iqquk(-) buttock; heart, at cards; to thrust one’s buttocks out<br />
(at him, her, it)<br />
*iqquiqi- ?<br />
iqquiqil she is shaking her butt<br />
itik- to have an attack of diarrhea *itiksraluk- itiksraluaq- (i) to spurt forth<br />
ivu- to form pressure ridges (of ice) ??<br />
>ivuluktuq it is flapping<br />
kaimit- (t) to push it=boat off into water; to shove it in kaivl - (i) to push a heavy sled<br />
kanġaq- (i) to leak of a sack, container (with small non-liquid)<br />
of flour, sand, something which flows; (t) to leak, have<br />
something solid flow on to it<br />
kanġaluk- to drop bits of food; to shed, especially of a<br />
caribou's velvet antlers<br />
kapkaq- (i) to make a noise with one's teeth kapkaluk- (i) to chatter, of teeth<br />
kavIq- (i) to be red kaviġl she is blushing<br />
kiavit- (i) to circle around, to spin kiavaluk- to go around (her/him/it) in circles, to spin<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 135
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
kigak- or kigaluk- (i) to nibble on food kigaluk- (i) to nibble on food<br />
miŋuk- (t) to color, mark or smear something on<br />
her/him/it using the hands<br />
miŋulukkaa he rubbed ointment on her<br />
nanuk- to rub something on (her/him/it) nanuluk- to rub liniment on<br />
nipaIt- (i) to be quiet nipail -<br />
saġvaq(-) water current; (i) to have strong current (of river<br />
or ocean); (t) to drift with, carried away by current<br />
saġvaluktuq it is trickling<br />
savak- to work on (it); (i) to be working, operating properly<br />
(of a machine); (t) to prepare it=corpse for burial<br />
savaluk- to keep busy<br />
suak- (t) to scold her/him/it sualuk-<br />
-luk(-) 4 , +luk(-) vn, vv (limited) one that __ § rel. +luk 2 nn, -luk- 3 vv<br />
iiqhiiq- (i) to moan or groan iiqhiil -) one who moans and groans constantly (i) to moan<br />
iksaq-?<br />
and groan constantly<br />
iksaluk a messy, disorderly person<br />
iksaluk- (i) to be messy, put things anywhere, not in their places<br />
imik- (i) to resound, reverberate well; be stereophonic;<br />
to have a good sound, resound (of drum); to have a rich,<br />
hollow sound, of a drum<br />
imigluktuq it makes a distant roaring noise; it (ear) is ringing<br />
ittuk- (i) to make a continual roaring sound, as a fire, ittugluuraq kerosene lamp which makes a roaring noise; primus<br />
primus stove, engine, etc<br />
stove<br />
kivgaq(-) servant, messenger kivgaluk person who runs errands; muskrat<br />
nivI(-) 1 ???place where animals and insects gather???;<br />
to be attracted (to it=bait or food for game animal); to<br />
flock around, hover over (her/him/it) [of birds,<br />
mosquitoes, bees, etc.]; (t) to cling, adhere to her/him/it<br />
(of dust, feathers, particles, etc.)<br />
qaglu deep hole under ice in shallow<br />
water; deep place with slight current in<br />
river, good for setting nets under ice,<br />
deepest part of river<br />
saqpIk(-) tail of whale; one who has turned-out feet (i)<br />
to turn one's feet outward; to begin a Iñupiaq football<br />
game by putting the soccer ball between the two feet of<br />
opposing members of a team and see which way the<br />
ball is going to go<br />
nivil wet snow<br />
nivil there is wet snow<br />
qagluluktuaq very deep part of river<br />
saqpil ?<br />
sil weather, outside atmosphere, air sil -) rain<br />
tusiat- (i) to limp tusialluk or tusiqhuk lame person or animal<br />
-łuk 1 , +łuk, ~łuk nn, rn (limited) something resembling or having an association with a __ § rel. +qłuk 1 nn -luk 2<br />
akI(-) cost, price, value, wage; opposite side, other side;<br />
(Ti) north side of the point (Point Hope); to respond,<br />
acknowledge or answer her/him with gestures (of one<br />
who is far away but visible)<br />
anaq(-) excrement, feces; to defecate (it, on it); (i) to<br />
shoot (of a star)<br />
atigi(-) parka, pullover style, traditional fur lined with<br />
fur ruff; (i) to put on a parka; (t) to put a parka on<br />
her/him<br />
akił echo<br />
akił something flashing on and of<br />
anaġlu or >(Nu) anaqłuk black sediment on ice which becomes<br />
visible in spring as the ice melts<br />
atikłuk parka cover, snowshirt<br />
atuun song, record atuułłuk shaman's magic song for hunting, healing, etc.<br />
iga(-) place where cooking is done before modern day<br />
kitchens; to cook (it=food)<br />
>igamaaq<br />
igamaaqłuk partly dried meat, cooked and stored in seal oil<br />
ilak- (t) to shove her/him/it aside with a sweeping ilakługi- t) to swipe, shove, throw it, them around and leave it,<br />
motion<br />
*ilakłuk item shoved<br />
them in a mess<br />
kali something being dragged, towed kalikłuit pieces of driftwood<br />
kamik(-) boot, mukluk, esp fur Native-made boot, dog<br />
booty, shoe; (i) to put one's boots on; (t) to put boots on<br />
her/him/it<br />
kamikłuuk a pair of pants<br />
kaŋIq root, source; headwater, source of a river; (Nu) kaŋiqł bay, inlet, indentation in sea ice where whales often<br />
head of a bay, foot of mountain, place where peninsula<br />
joins mainland; (Nu) tributary river; bone or ivory toggle<br />
on harpoon line<br />
surface<br />
miñik(-) mist, moisture, drizzle, splash made by fish<br />
or thrown object; (i) to be misty, to drizzle, rain<br />
lightly; to be damp with mist (of ground, snow)<br />
miñikłuk very light rain<br />
niġrun large animal niġrułłuk a beast; an animal that normally does not exist in the<br />
area, and therefore it is something bad<br />
qapuk foam; (Ti) pumice stone used as cleaner qapukłuk froth; bubbles; foam on seashore<br />
qaugak duck qaugałuk small bird<br />
qaummaq light from a source (e.g. sun or lightbulb),<br />
brightness<br />
qaummałuk or qaummałuuraq crystal<br />
sanik(-) speck of dust, lint; caribou hair on clothing or<br />
floor; to have dust, lint, dirt on it<br />
sanikłuk dust<br />
taktuk(-) fog; (i) to be foggy<br />
taktukłuk dark cloud over open ocean water<br />
uqsruq, (Ti) uġruq seal oil; oil, gasoline, petroleum uqsruqłuk kerosene<br />
uunnaQ heat, very hot weather uunnaqłuk hot wind<br />
+łuk 2 nn (limited) one resembling a __ § see +luk 2 nn<br />
-łuk- 3 vv (limited) § rel. +łuktaq- vv, -luk(-) 4 vn (need more examples)<br />
auk- to melt, thaw (it)<br />
>augniq- to warm up ?<br />
*Çuvaşçadan örnekler:<br />
>augniqłuk- (t) to feel sleepy, sluggish after having been out in<br />
the cold and coming in to a warm house (of obj)<br />
iqqaq- (t) to throw them away iqqałuk- (i) to be sloppy, careless with things, not putting them<br />
away properly<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 136
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://ru.chuvash.org/e/d09fd180d0bed0bfd180d0bed0b7d0b8d182d0b8d0b2d0bdd18bd0b520d0b8d0bcd191d0bd3a20d181d0bbd0bed0b2d0bed0bed0b1d180d0b0d0b7d0bed0b2d0b0d0bdd0b8d0b5<br />
В чувашском словообразовании, как во всех тюркских языках, кроме якутского, высокопродуктивным является<br />
аффикс -лăх (-лëх). Производящей основой служат здесь преимущественно имена существительные, затем имена<br />
прилагательные, глаголы, числительные. Производные, образованные при помощи -лæх (-лëх), выражают<br />
значения: 1) качество, свойство и состояние; 2) назначение и функции; 3) место или местность, выделяющаяся<br />
множеством того, что названо в производящей основе. Старые слова с аффиксом -лæх (-лëх) обозначают как<br />
конкретные предметы (куçлăх «очки» от куç «глаза», питлëх «заслон» от пит «лицо», пуслăх «гнет» от пус<br />
«давить», йÿçлëх «болото» от йÿç «бродить»), так и абстрактные понятия (пуянлăх «богатство» от пуян «богатый»,<br />
çирëплëх «прочность», «устойчивость» от çирëп «крепкий», «прочный», хæрушлæх «опасность» от хæрушæ<br />
«страшный», «жуткий», чухăнлăх «бедность» от чухæн «бедный», ырлăх «благость» от ырæ «добрый»).<br />
С 70-х гг. XIX века с усилением перевода библейской и литургической литературы у аффикса -лæх (-лëх) на<br />
первый план вышло значение абстрактности. Все неологизмы яковлевских переводов вводились в язык с<br />
абстрактным значением, ср., например, аванлăх «доброта», айванлăх «глупость», аскăнлăх «блудливость»,<br />
аслăлăх «власть», ирсëрлëх «гнусность», мăнкăмăнлăх «гордость», пиллëх «дар», тивëçлëх «достоинство»,<br />
чăтăмлăх «терпение», «терпимость», чëрëлëх «воскресенье» и т.д.<br />
В ХХ веке чувашское словообразование с аффиксом -лæх (-лëх) стало втягивать в свою орбиту руссизмы,<br />
содержащие в себе словообразовательные суффиксы с абстрактным значением. В действительности<br />
происходила и сейчас происходит замена русских словообразовательных суффиксов чувашским аффиксом с тем<br />
же абстрактным значением. Некоторые языковеды подобные явления в словообразовании считают<br />
полукальками, особым видом калек. Как известно, термин калька в лингвистическом смысле впервые был<br />
употреблен Ш. Балли. «Кальками мы называем слова и выражения, образованные путем буквального перевода,<br />
по образцу и выражений, взятых из иностранного языка», – писал он *2. С. 69+. Однако вопрос о кальках каждый<br />
автор трактует по-своему. На наш взгляд, из описаний калек более подробное и удачное принадлежит Л.А.<br />
Булаховскому. Именно им была высказана мысль об осуществлении словообразовательного калькирования<br />
посредством поморфемного перевода. «Наряду с заимствованием слов в языках происходит перенимание друг<br />
от друга образов слов или так называемых калек (франц. calque «снятие копии на прозрачном холсте или<br />
бумаге»; «копия») к словам чужих языков. Перенимающий при этом из лексического и формального материала<br />
своего собственного языка формирует новое слово, имея образцом морфологическую структуру чужого», – писал<br />
он *3 С. 21+. Что касается полукалек, то у Булаховского читаем: «Наряду с полными кальками в языках<br />
значительно реже встречаются полукальки к сложным словам (composita) языка-источника. Полукальки<br />
представляют собой наполовину сохранение, наполовину перевод иноязычных слов на заимствующий язык» *3 С.<br />
123+. В «Словаре лингвистических терминов» О.С. Ахмановой полукалька отождествляется с гибридом, а гибрид –<br />
«сокращенное слово, составленное из разноязычных элементов» *1 С. 98+. Американский языковед У. Вайнрайх<br />
калькирование относит к явлению интерференции. По его определению, «понятие интерференции<br />
подразумевает переустройство моделей, являющееся результатом введения иноязычных элементов в те области<br />
языка, которые отличаются более высокой структурной организацией, например, ядро системы фонем, большая<br />
часть морфологии и синтаксиса, некоторые области словаря (обозначения родства, цвета, погоды и др.). Говорить<br />
о таких явлениях, как о заимствовании, т.е. как о простом дополнении к языковому инвентарю, было бы<br />
чрезмерным упрощением», – заключает он *4. С. 22+. Собственно кальками называет такие эквиваленты, которые<br />
воспроизводят иноязычную модель точно, элемент за элементом *4. С. 88+. Говоря о механизме лексической<br />
интерференции, языковед подчеркивает, что «среди гибридных сложных слов можно также выделять единицы, в<br />
которых перенесен корень, а деривативный аффикс замещен» *4 С. 89+.<br />
Рассматриваемая в данном сообщении категория лексем относится к вышеупомянутой группе слов, в которых<br />
производящая основа является иноязычным элементом, а словообразующий аффикс – исконно чувашским.<br />
Однако по словообразовательной структуре они не являются однотипными. Одни воспроизведены из<br />
заимствованных основ по традиционному способу словообразования без какого-либо «переустройства»<br />
устоявшихся в языковом механизме моделей, как, например, герой — геройлăх «геройство», калори —<br />
калорилëх «калорийность», ответ — ответлăх «ответственность». Другие новообразования появились с<br />
отклонением от существующих моделей словообразования. В соответствии с традиционными моделями<br />
словообразования в чувашском языке, как и в других тюркских, аффикс присоединяется к полнозначному слову. В<br />
первой половине ХХ века русские производные имена в результате буквального перевода свои деривационные<br />
суффиксы стали заменять чувашскими аффиксами. В русском языке корень или производящая основа не всегда<br />
является полнозначным словом. Так, например, слова адекватность, актуальность, оперативность, нейтральность<br />
в процессе перевода на чувашский язык преобразовались в адекватлæх, актуаллæх, оперативлæх, нейтраллæх, хотя<br />
в чувашском языке нет слов адекват, актуал, оператив и нейтрал, которые можно было бы принять за<br />
производящие основы. Подобные новообразования, возникшие по словообразовательной модели другого языка<br />
из различных элементов, можно отнести к полукалькам. Образование полукалек путем поморфемного перевода<br />
с чужого языка и образование от заимствованных основ по традиционному способу собственного<br />
словообразования бесспорно стимулировал русский язык, те и другие породились главным образом через<br />
посредство перевода с русского языка в ХХ веке.<br />
До ХХ века образование новых слов от русских заимствований при помощи чувашского аффикса -лæх (-лëх) не<br />
наблюдается. Не встречаются они и в «Орфографическом словаре чувашского языка» Н.И. Ванеркке, изданном в<br />
1926 г. В «Терминологическом русско-чувашском словаре общественно-политических терминов», изданном в<br />
1932 г, мы заметили единственный неологизм агентлæх, созданный по образцу русского агентство. В «Чувашскорусском<br />
словаре» В.Г. Егорова, содержащем около 25 тысяч слов чувашского литературного языка и изданном в<br />
1936 г., неологизмов, образованных от русских основ при помощи -лæх (-лëх), насчитывается 25 единиц. Они<br />
следующие: агентлăх – агентство, агрессивлăх – агрессивность, активлăх – активность, гетманлăх – гетманство,<br />
интенсивлăх – интенсивность, класлăх – классовость, классăрлăх – бесклассовость, культурăлăх – культурность,<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 137
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
культурăсăрлăх – бескультурье, минутлăх – минутка, на минутку, ответлăх – ответственность, ответсăрлăх –<br />
безответственность, партилëх – партийность, перспективсăрлăх – бесперспективность, плансæрлæх –<br />
бесплановость, политикæсæрлæх – аполитичность, принципсæрлæх – беспринципность, радиоактивлæх –<br />
радиоактивность, расналæх – разность, особенность, революцилëх – революционность, регентлăх – регентство,<br />
саккунлăх – законность, саккунсăрлăх – беззаконие, солидарлăх – солидарность, стихийлăх – стихийность *7+.<br />
Второе издание данного словаря, осуществленное в 1954 г., дополнено неологизмами объективлăх<br />
«объективность», оперативлăх «оперативность» и отчетлæх «отчетность» *8+.<br />
В «Чувашско-русском словаре», содержащем 25 тыс. слов и изданном в 1961 г. под редакцией М.Я. Сироткина,<br />
количество неологизмов с иноязычной основой стало 38. В «Русско-чувашском словаре», изданном через десять<br />
лет под редакцией И.А. Андреева и Н.П. Петрова, количество данного разряда слов достигло 70. В «Чувашскорусском<br />
словаре», изданном в 1982 г. под редакцией М.И. Скворцова, их стало уже 120. Заметим: в последних<br />
двух словарях количество словарных статей одинаково – около 40 тысяч.<br />
В 2003 г. Чувашский государственный институт гуманитарных наук выпустил в свет I том «Неологического<br />
словаря чувашского языка» Г.А. Дегтярева *6+. Словарь включает неологизмы от буквы А до буквы Р, появившиеся<br />
в чувашском языке в 1985—2003 гг. Среди неологизмов мы обнаружили 12 слов-гибридов с аффиксом -лæх (-лëх).<br />
Абсолютное большинство гибридных слов образовано от интернациональных корней, не имеющих в чувашском<br />
языке лексико-семантических соответствий.<br />
Как показывает морфемный анализ гибридных слов, чувашский аффикс -лæх (-лëх) вмещает в себя значения<br />
русских словообразовательных суффиксов -ство, -ость, -ность, -изм, -щина, обозначающих состояние, положение,<br />
свойство, деятельность, отрасль общественного производства. Приведем примеры:<br />
Суффикс -ство — аффикс -лæх (-лëх)<br />
Авторство – авторлăх, варварство – варварлăх, гражданство – гражданлăх, гангстерство – гангстерлăх,<br />
дилетантство – дилетантлăх, дикторство – дикторлăх, донжуанство – донжуанлăх, иезуитство – иезуитлăх,<br />
иждивенчество – иждивентлăх, предпринимательство – предпринимателлëх и т.д.<br />
Суффикс –изм – аффикс -лæх (-лëх)<br />
Их немного: анархизм – анархилëх, анахронизм – анахронилëх, патриотизм – патриотлăх, педантизм –<br />
педантлăх, сепаратизм – сепаратлăх, синхронизм – синхронилëх.<br />
Суффикс -ие – аффикс -лæх (-лëх)<br />
Их также немного: беззаконие – законсăрлăх (саккунсăрлăх), бескультурье – культурăсăрлăх, двоевластие –<br />
икë влаçлăх, равноправие – тан правалăх.<br />
Суффиксы -щина, -овщина – аффикс -лæх (-лëх)<br />
Их также немного: браковщина – браклæх, кампанейщина – кампанилëх, партизанщина – партизанлăх,<br />
халтурщина – халтурăлăх.<br />
Суффиксы -ость, -ность и осложненные суффиксы -нность, -онность, -овость, -ональность, -иеность, -ичность –<br />
аффикс -лæх (-лëх).<br />
Этот тип словообразования является самым продуктивным. Путем замены или перевода данных русских<br />
суффиксов чувашским аффиксом -лæх (-лëх) образовано несколько десятков гибридных слов: аварийность –<br />
аварилëх, авторитетность – авторитетлăх, активность – активлăх, анонимность – анонимлăх, априорность –<br />
априорлăх, вариантность – вариантлăх, демократичность – демократилëх, дисциплинированность –<br />
дисциплинăлăх, законность – законлăх, идейность – идейлăх, индивидуальность – индивидуаллăх, калорийность<br />
– калорилëх, классовость – класлăх, коллективность – коллективлăх, конституционность – конституцилëх,<br />
конфликтность – конфликтлăх, либеральность – либераллăх, масштабность – масштаблăх, модальность –<br />
модальлëх, омонимичность – омонимлăх, опытность – опытлăх, организационность – организацилëх,<br />
ответственность – ответлăх, радиоактивность – радиоактивлăх, пропорциональность – пропорцилëх,<br />
реакционность – реакцилëх, революционность – революцилëх и т.д.<br />
Как видим, данная группа слов образована от иноязычных, главным образом, от интернациональных, основ,<br />
представляющих собой самостоятельную лексическую единицу. Наряду с ними в заимствующем, т.е. чувашском,<br />
языке существует другая группа гибридных слов, словообразующая, или мотивирующая основа которых не имеет<br />
лексической самостоятельности. В современном чувашском языке образование их довольно продуктивно.<br />
Приведем примеры: абстрактлăх – абстрактность, автономлăх – автономность, агрессивлăх – агрессивность,<br />
адекватлăх – адекватность, актуаллăх – актуальность, априорлăх – априорность, инертлăх – инертность,<br />
интимлăх – интимность, конкретлăх – конкретность, легальлëх – легальность, лигитимлăх – лигитимность,<br />
нейтраллăх – нейтральность, прогрессивлăх – прогрессивность, продуктивлăх – продуктивность,<br />
сентименталлăх – сентиментальность, стабиллëх – стабильность, эффективлăх – эффективность.<br />
Данные гибриды, построенные с отступлением от правил чувашского словообразования, некоторыми<br />
языковедами квалифицируются как «незаконнорожденные слова», которые, по их мнению, не должны иметь<br />
права гражданства в литературном языке *10 С. 65+. Составители «Орфографического словаря» чувашского языка,<br />
изданного в 2002 г., Ю.М. и Г.М. Виноградовы, в отличие от «Орфографического словаря» 1963 г. издания *5+,<br />
подобные слова, как автономлăх, абстрактлăх, агрессивлæх в словарь не включили. Однако эти нестандартные<br />
слова в современном языке, особенно в языке средств массовой информации употребляются как обычные слова<br />
и носителями чувашского языка воспринимаются вполне терпимо, как обычные слова. Этому немало<br />
способствует получившее широкое распространение чувашско-русское двуязычие.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 138
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
36<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=a<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=i<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=m<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=n<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=q<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=s<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=t<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=u<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
afaayuliqsi pastor, missionary (N)<br />
afaayuliqsi preacher (lit. one involved in praying)<br />
afaayuliqsi minister, pastor (N)<br />
afuniaqti hunter<br />
afuniaqtuq is hunting<br />
afuyajiq war (K, q)<br />
afuyakti soldier, fighter (N)<br />
afuyaktuq fights<br />
afuyaun war (N)<br />
afuyaunnat armor<br />
afuyautairrun peace<br />
afuyautaitchuq is peaceable, is not hostile<br />
afuyiuqti soldier, fighter (K)<br />
aglautitaqti typist (N)<br />
aglautitaqtuq types (N)<br />
aglautitaun typewriter (N)<br />
aglautiti typist (K)<br />
Anniqsuqti Savior<br />
anniqsuqtuq is saved (K)<br />
aqpaqsruqti sandering (Crocethia alba) (lit. runner)<br />
aqpaqsruqtuq runs (K)<br />
atuqtuuraq musical instrument<br />
aŋaayuliqsi pastor, missionary (N)<br />
aŋaayuliqsi preacher (lit. one involved in praying)<br />
aŋaayuliqsi minister, pastor (N)<br />
aŋuniaqti hunter<br />
aŋuniaqtuq is hunting<br />
aŋuyajiq war (K, q)<br />
aŋuyakti soldier, fighter (N)<br />
aŋuyaktuq fights<br />
aŋuyaun war (N)<br />
aŋuyaunnat armor<br />
aŋuyautairrun peace<br />
aŋuyautaitchuq is peaceable, is not hostile<br />
aŋuyiuqti soldier, fighter (K)<br />
aglautitaqti typist (N)<br />
aglautitaqtuq types (N)<br />
aglautitaun typewriter (N)<br />
aglautiti typist (K)<br />
Anniqsuqti Savior<br />
anniqsuqtuq is saved (K)<br />
aqpaqsruqti sandering (Crocethia alba) (lit. runner)<br />
aqpaqsruqtuq runs (K)<br />
atuqtuuraq musical instrument<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 139
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
atuqtuuraqti musician<br />
atuqtuuraqtuq plays instrument<br />
ieuaqti murderer<br />
iqsi prowler (unknown person who is sometimes seen from<br />
afar and is blamed for otherwise<br />
malibuaqti disciple, learner (K)<br />
nanmakti donkey (lit. burden bearer) (N)<br />
nanmaktuq carries on the back, back packs (N)<br />
nanmaun dog pack<br />
napaqti mast<br />
natmakti donkey (lit. burden bearer) (K)<br />
natmaktuq carries on the back, back packs (K)<br />
qixaun drum<br />
qixaun divining rod<br />
qixausiraqti drummer<br />
savakti worker<br />
savaktuq works, makes<br />
taaffaqti drunkard<br />
taakti medical doctor<br />
taaktuq is dark<br />
ukpiqtuaguqatisi your fellow believers<br />
umiaqtuqti whaler<br />
umiaqtuqtuq travels by umiaq<br />
M.KARA I 1505-1506<br />
atuqtuuraqti musician<br />
atuqtuuraqtuq plays instrument<br />
iñuaqti murderer<br />
iqsi prowler (unknown person who is sometimes seen from afar<br />
and is blamed for otherwise<br />
maliġuaqti disciple, learner (K)<br />
nanmakti donkey (lit. burden bearer) (N)<br />
nanmaktuq carries on the back, back packs (N)<br />
nanmaun dog pack<br />
napaqti mast<br />
natmakti donkey (lit. burden bearer) (K)<br />
natmaktuq carries on the back, back packs (K)<br />
qiḷaun drum<br />
qiḷaun divining rod<br />
qiḷausiraqti drummer<br />
savakti worker<br />
savaktuq works, makes<br />
taaŋŋaqti drunkard<br />
taakti medical doctor<br />
taaktuq is dark<br />
ukpiqtuaguqatisi your fellow believers<br />
umiaqtuqti whaler<br />
umiaqtuqtuq travels by umiaq<br />
İñupiaqçanın bir başka özelliği eklemeli dillere bezer görünmesi, hatta bazen hiç tanınmayan<br />
kelimelerde Türkçedekilere benzer eklerin bulunmasıdır: Örnek olarak; atuqtuuraq kelimesinin anlamı<br />
müzik aletidir. Bu kelimeden yapılmış atuqtuuraqti kelimesinin "çalgıcı, müzisyen" anlamı vardır.<br />
Bu kelimeye gelen ek, Türkçedeki meslek yapan "-çl" ekine çok benzemektedir. Bununla ilgili<br />
birkaç örnek daha verelim: afuniaqti "avcı", afuyakti "savaşçı, asker", aglautitaqti "daktilocu",<br />
aqpaqsruqti "koşucu".<br />
Türkçe -çl ekiyle aynı fonksiyona sahip olan bu ekin İñupiaqçada -si şekli de bulunmaktadır:<br />
afaayuliqsi "papaz, misyoner", iqsi "sinsice etrafı gözetleyici/gözetleyen", ukpiqtuaguqatisi "inanıcı/inanan<br />
dostlarınız".<br />
Aynı fonksiyondaki benzer bir ek, Saha Türkçesinde -Clt, -sIt şeklindedir: balıksıt"balıkçı",<br />
emçit "ilâççı, hekim", kömürcüt "köçmürcü" (KİRİŞÇİOĞLU 1994: 33).<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Türkçedeki isimden meslek yapan -ci ekiyle birleştirmek istediğiniz örneklerin hiçbiri isim<br />
kökenli değildir. Hepsi de fiil kökenlidir. Dolayısıyla isimlere gelen -ci değil fiillere gelen -ici ekiyle<br />
karşılaştırma yapabilirsiniz.<br />
atuqtuuraq kelimesinin anlamı müzik aletidir. Bu kelimeden yapılmış atuqtuuraqti kelimesinin<br />
"çalgıcı, müzisyen" anlamı vardır. Bu kelimeye gelen ek, Türkçedeki meslek yapan "-çl" ekine çok<br />
benzemektedir diyorsunuz ama yanılıyorsunuz. atuqtuuraqti sözü müzik aleti anlamına gelen<br />
atuqtuuraq isminin değil müzik çalmak anlamına gelen atuqtuuraq- fiilinin türevidir. Harfiyen karşılığı<br />
çalgı-cı değil çal-ıcı’dır.<br />
Türkçedeki fiilden “meslek” yapan -ici ekiyle (isimden meslek yapan -ci değil;) görünürde<br />
“benzeyen” <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca fiilden meslek yapan -ri/ti/si (İnyupikçe) -ji/ti [pl: -jiit]* (Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 140
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
ekinin Yupik [Nunivak Çupikçesi -ista+ dillerindeki ekle ilgisi var mı bilemiyorum. Bildiğim tek şey<br />
bütün bu eklerin Türkçedeki ekle birleştirilemiyeceğidir.<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi<br />
http://www.inuktitutcomputing.ca/Technocrats/ILFT_1.html<br />
-ji is a Noun-Maker which has roughly the same meaning as the -er of worker, helper, teacher.<br />
sana- make, work<br />
sana + ji construction worker<br />
sana + ji + tut like a construction worker<br />
-ji/ti- Noun-Maker -er<br />
Consonant Alternator<br />
ilisai- ᐃᓕᓴ- Verb Root teach<br />
ilisaiji ᐃᓕᓴᐃᔨ teacher<br />
niuviq- Verb Root trade<br />
niuviqti trader<br />
*NOT: English j = dʒ / Inuktitut j = y / Turkish c = dʒ<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-40/Nice/Inupiaq/2nd%20section%20postbases.doc<br />
+t/rI 3 vn one who usually __s; a professional __<br />
~ri (NOTE: that weak i sometimes functions as a strong I after consonant gemination; modern (innovative) speakers tend to use a strong I here mk)<br />
aglak(-) a letter character; printed pattern of fabric; (Ti) a letter sent by mail; to<br />
write (it); to vote by secret ballot<br />
aglakti scribe<br />
atuqtuuraq(-) musical instrument; phonograph (i) to play music; (t) to play<br />
it=instrument, record, song<br />
atuqtuuraqti musician<br />
aullati- (t) to lead her/him aullarrI chairperson, leader, headman, chief<br />
iga(-) place where cooking is done before modern day kitchens; to cook (it=food) igari cook<br />
igniuqti engineer on train<br />
igviksiuq- (Ti) to pick (her/his) pocket igviksiuqti (Ti) a pickpocket<br />
iḷisauti- (t) to teach her/him/it iḷisaurriḷu aŋaayyuliqsiḷu atautchikun aullaqtuak the teacher and the preacher<br />
went away together<br />
iñuaq- (i) to commit murder; (t) to murder, kill her/him iñuaqti murderer<br />
iñuunniaq- (t) to minister to her/him/it medically iñuunniaqti doctor, physician<br />
miquq- to sew (it) miquqti iñuqallaturuq the seamstress likes company<br />
misiksrI- (i) to watch over, to tend, often reindeer misiksriri or misiksriruaq reindeer herder<br />
munaġi- (t) to take care of, watch over her/him/it @ munaqsrI- munaqsriri guardian, shepherd<br />
nunniqi- (i) to be surveyoring nunniqirI surveyor<br />
piḷugi- (t) to not like her/him/it piḷugiri one’s enemy, one who does not like one<br />
qakit- (t) to put it up, as on a shelf; to pull it=boat up onto shore or ice qaksrI sea mammal on top of ice<br />
savak- to work on (it); (i) to be working, operating properly (of a machine); (t)<br />
to prepare it=corpse for burial<br />
savakti worker<br />
unipkaaq(-) or ulipkaaq(-) or (Ti) unipkaluktuaq or unipkaq- legend, old story,<br />
fable, myth; (i) to tell a legend, an old story, fable or myth; (t) to tell it=legend,<br />
fable, myth; to tell it=story as a legend, fable, or myth<br />
unipkaaqti storyteller, historian<br />
-qti vn (limited) something that facilitates __ing (need more examples)<br />
matiqti waistband (of pants)<br />
napa- (i) to be standing upright, e.g. a house, pole, tree napaqti mast<br />
nuqaq- (i) to be taut, tightly drawn; (t) to attach a bowstring and make it taut nuqaqti bowstring, string for a musical instrument<br />
quviq- (t) to catch her/him/it off guard, surprise, startle her/him/it; to do<br />
quviqti white film over eye; (Nu) white bead<br />
something without her/his knowledge, surprise her/him/it<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 141
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerindeki yüzlerce ek (Wikipedia: The language has hundreds of distinct suffixes, in some dialects as<br />
many as 700) arasında Türkçe eklerle örtüşenlerin oranı ne kadardır? Grönland<br />
İnuitçesine ait ekleri Fortescue’den aktarıyorum. Buyrun siz karar verin:<br />
Michael Fortescue, Basic Structures and Processes in West Greenlandic, Arctic languages: an awakening; 1990<br />
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000861/086162E.pdf<br />
Productive affixes (uiguutit)<br />
1. Being and becoming giiaar 'be mutually - several' giig 'be mutually' kkuminar 'be good for' (kkuutaar) 'be grouped in -s' +miit<br />
'be in/on' nngor 'become' ssaqqig 'be good for' U 'be'<br />
2. Lacking ilatsi 'be short of' erser 'have lost' (ssa)erut(i) 'have no more' isag (it) 'be without' ssaaleqi 'lack' ssaasua 'lack'<br />
3. Feeling gug 'feel cold in one’s' (ersi) 'be fed up with' katag 'be fed up with' (leri) 'have pain in one’s' nngor 'like/be crazy about'<br />
(nngu) 'feel bad in one’s'<br />
4. Having gasag/gasaar 'have scattered' gi 'have as' gig/gissaar 'have a good' gissi 'have got a better' (erluer) 'be smeared with'<br />
kitkillior 'have few/little' kisaar 'have rather little' (lisaar) 'be wearing' lisar 'have with one' lissuu 'have much/many' +lug 'have a<br />
bad/painful' (maar) 'be wearing' qar 'have/there is' (qqor) +tu 'have much/a big' +tuj aar 'have rather a big' (+tusi/ttor) 'have got a more/a<br />
bigger -'<br />
5. Acquiring (a) 'catch several' isor 'fetch' (lerngusaatii) 'fight for' +nialug 'hunt - small game/a little' +(n)niar 'hunt' (nig) 'get/have<br />
come' +niut(i) 'hunt-several' nnag 'get - as gift/plenty' (raar) 'catch so many' +si 'get/buy/find' +sior 'look for' (t/g) 'catch'<br />
6. Movement kkoor/(a)goor 'move in/through' liar-liar 'go to' +meer/minngar 'come from' +mukar 'go to' +mukaa 'go to - several'<br />
(+moor) 'move towards' (+sior) 'travel on'<br />
7. Acting and seeming like (lisar) 'resemble' nga 'resemble' +(r)palaar 'seem/sound like' +(r)pallag 'act like' +(r)palug<br />
'resemble/seem like' (+(r)pasig) 'look like' (ssi) 'act/be just like' +sunnit 'smell like' +toor 'act like/speak - language' usaar 'act like/seem'<br />
8. Doing with and providing (iar) 'break/damage' er 'be removed/sell' erniar 'sell' er 'remove/deprive of' erut(i)<br />
'remove/deprive of' liari/ssiari 'make into' ler/er 'provide with' lerileri 'occupy oneself with' lersaar 'tell about' lersor 'provide with -<br />
several/bit by bit' lior/ior 'make' liut(i) 'use for' ller 'offer/serve' t+mig) 'touch with one’s' (+meer) 'do with' nngor(tit) 'make into' (riar) 'do<br />
so many times' (ror) 'hit on the' ssit 'give to 1 (+ter) 'cover with' +tor 'use/eat' +tuuma 'like to use/eat a lot'<br />
9. Judging and saying gi 'consider' gissaa 'complain that' +gunar 'look like' naar 'find too/more than expected' +nerar 'say that'<br />
(nni) 'look like' +(r)palaar 'appear/sound like' +(r)pallag 'sound like/he said' +(r)palug 'look/sound like' +(r)pasig 'look like' (r) 'say/shout -'<br />
ssanga(tit) 'think - will' +(ga)sugi 'think that' +(ga)sori 'think that' (+tit) 'think'<br />
10. Wishing and wanting +juma 'want to' +jumagaluar 'would like' +jumaller 'get an urge to' +jumatu 'always want to' katag 'be<br />
tired of' qquneru 'prefer to' (lla)(q)qu 'hope to' rusug/+gusug 'would like to' +(t)ser/(t)sii 'wait for'<br />
11. Causation and request (qatiseri) 'want/ask someone to - with one' qqu 'ask/want someone to' qqunngit 'ask not to/forbid'<br />
qqusaar 'try to get people to - one' qqusaa 'be allowed to' (+sa(a)r) 'try to get to' +tit 'cause/let' +titer 'cause/let - severalby stages'<br />
+t(s)aali 'prevent from'<br />
12. Striving and intending +giar/(gi)jartur 'go and/to' lersaar 'intend' +naveersaar 'try not to' +nialug 'try a little' +niar 'try'<br />
+niarsari/niarsuaar 'try - despite difficulty' +niinnar 'try at all costs/just try' +neqqisaat(i) 'compete at' (qqaan)+niut(i) 'compete at'<br />
riaraluar 'try unsuccessfully' ssamaar 'intend' ssamaartuu 'look forward to'<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 142
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
13. Potentiality ja 'apt to/can easily' jaat 'not likely to' janngit 'cannot/never' juit 'cannot/never' +juminaat 'not be easy/good to'<br />
+juminar 'be easy/good to> llaqqig 'be good at' +naat 'not to be -ed' +nar 'such as to be/-able' +naveer 'can no longer'<br />
nngitsuugassaanngit 'cannot not' rataannaa/ratarsinnaa(nngor) 'can easily' riaa(nnaa) 'can easily' +sariaqaarut(i) 'need no longer'<br />
+sariaqanngit 'mustn’t/needn’t' +sariaqar 'must' +sassaa 'is to be -ed' +sinnaa 'can' +seriar 'be easy/liable to' +seriit 'not be easy/liable to'<br />
+sussaa 'be supposed to'<br />
14. Relation shifters i/si/+si) 'intransitivizer' +neqar 'dynamic passive' qatigi 'do together with' qatigiig 'do reciprocally' +saa/gaa<br />
Native passive' +soor 'happen to one that' ussor 'do with/for - bit by bit' (ss)ut(i) 'do with/for/with respect to' (ss)utigi 'transitivizer -<br />
reason/time/means' +ffigi 'transitivizer - place/time/person'<br />
15. Degree alug 'rather/here and there' kanner 'more or less/rather' kujug/kujoor 'somewhat' kulug 'somewhat' ku(t)soor 'greatly' laar 'a<br />
little' +(l)luinnar) 'completely' (miner) 'a little' misaar 'a little' ngaanngit 'not especially' ngaar 'greatly' ngajag 'almost/more or less'<br />
+nerpaa 'most' +neru 'more' +nerujussuar 'much more' +nerumaar 'a little more' (nnguar) 'a little' pajaar 'more or less/partly' pajug 'just<br />
a little' +(r)piar 'exactly/really' qqar 'barely' qqanngit 'a lot' aaig 'completely' qqinnaar 'completely' rujug/rujoor 'a little' (pilo)rujussuar<br />
'enormously' ruttor 'at height of;/very much' +tigi 'so' tsiar 'rather/a bit' umi 'a little' usar 'more or less' +vallaanngit 'not so much' +vallaar<br />
'too/very much' vig/vissor 'really/completely<br />
16. Manner allag 'suddenly a bit' arsug 'half-heartedly' (+(r)su/ju)ataar 'powerfully/hard' +galuar 'nevertheless/formerly/though in<br />
vain' +gasuar/+nasuar 'quickly' (+s)innar 'just/only' jaallu 'early - habitually' jaar 'early' lertor 'quickly/a short time' llarig 'well' +(1)luar<br />
'well/a lot' lussinnar 'in vain' +nerlug/+nerlior 'badly' palaar 'half-heartedly/with difficulty' pallag 'quickly/hurriedly' pilug/piloor<br />
strong/violently' qqissaar 'carefully/exactly' riasaar/riataar 'suddenly' rulug/ruloor/ruller 'hard/violently' rusaar/luusaar/ruusaar 'at<br />
ease/slowly' +(r)suar 'strongly' (tsag) 'with emotion' ummi/ummer 'suddenly - feeling'<br />
17. Phase of completion +gallanngit 'not yet-for long time/though expected' +galuttuinnar 'gradually more and more'<br />
(+gi)ijartuaar 'gradually more and more' (+gi)jartur 'more and more' +jumaarnertu/+jumaataar 'take a long time' +junnaar/gunnaar 'no<br />
longer' (+li/+si) 'become' ler 'begin/about to' (nga/ma) 'in state of' ngajag/ngajassaa 'about to/almost' +nialer 'set about' nngikkallar 'not<br />
yet' nngiler 'not yet - but should' nngersaar 'about to' qqa 'in state of' qqajar/qqajaa 'about to/almost do' riar 'set about/dynamic state/all<br />
at a go' reer 'perfective/already' (+(r)sari 'be in middle of' +sima 'perfective state' (+simaar) 'continuing/intense state' ssaar 'stop/no<br />
longer' (sungar) 'almost/be danger that' (+ter) 'one by one/gradually'<br />
18. Frequency and duration a/kaa./rrat/(i)) 'several do' (+s)ar(i) 'repetition/habit' +gajug 'often/habitually' +gallar 'still/for<br />
time being' innar/+(t)tuinnar 'always/continually' +juaannar 'always/continually' +juaar 'continuously/on and on' +juar 'continuously/still'<br />
jortor/jorar 'one after another' kula(ar)/kullatsit 'often' llatsiar 'for a short while' llattaar 'from time to time' (loor) 'for some/the whole<br />
time' mmersor 'for some time' nngisaannar 'never' qattaar 'again and again' qqaar 'first' qqig 'again/further' +saannar 'often/all the time'<br />
+sar/tar 'repetition/habit' (+(r)sor) 'repeated action' (lla)tuar 'for once/at least' umisaar 'back and forth'<br />
(or/ar) 'prolonged/repeated action' usaar 'keep on -ing'<br />
19. Tense +jumaar 'vague future' +niar 'intended/inevitable future' (qqamminngit) 'some time ago' qqammer 'recently' riikatag 'a long<br />
time ago already' +sima/+nikuu 'perfect' ssa 'future/should'<br />
20. Modality +gunanngit 'certainly not' +gunar 'it seems/no doubt' +junnarsi 'probably/no doubt' +naviar(sima)nngit 'certainly not'<br />
nnguatsiar 'probably/as far as one can see' qqajaqi 'would - if' (ssa)qqoor/qqooqi 'undoubtedly/must have' (ssa)+sima 'apparently'<br />
(+sima)ssa 'must have/be' ssagaluar 'should/would - if'<br />
21. Negation +galuanngit 'not a bit/didn’t however' nngilluinnar 'not at all' nngit 'not' nngitsoor 'happen not to' nnguanngit 'not a bit'<br />
+(r)pianngit 'not really' qqajanngit 'not at all' Vinngit 'not really/at all'<br />
22. Subjective coloration ataar 'in a big way - exclamatory' +gallar/laar 'imperative softener' +galuar 'sure/formerly - but'<br />
+galuttuaqi/+galuttuar 'now we’ll see/look out' +gi/gu 'and so 'at length'/moreover' (+s)innar 'just' kasig/kassag<br />
'disdain/complicity/naughty/poor' (kisar) 'negative imperative/stop -ing' kulug 'dear/poor' (ria)llar 'vivid/surprising action' llariaa 'negative<br />
imperative strengthener' llarumaar 'just wait and see' llassa 'just wait and see - more definite' +(l)luinnar 'really' +(m)mi 'and then -<br />
vivid/why!' +niar 'imperative softener' +ner 'I wonder/whether/maybe' nnguar 'affection/comfort' (ngusar) 'thank heavens/dear - ironic'<br />
qi 'intensity/very' qina 'there’s danger that/take care not to' ratar 'suddenly/surprisingly' riannguar 'vivid - often for discovery' riar 'vivid<br />
action' riassa 'let’s/why don’t you' ssaqqaar 'will -just wait and see' +vallaar 'so very much'<br />
23. Conjunctional +gaa(-ngat) 'whenever' +galuar (-mat/-luni/toq) 'although' (ssa)+galuar (-pat) 'even' if' (+s)innar (-toq/-luni)<br />
'after' +juma/qqu (-lluni) 'in order to' llar (-mat) 'just as - vivid' ngaar(-mat) 'because so much' ngajaler (-soq) 'just before' +niaqa (-luni)<br />
'just as/even though' +niar(-lunibtoq) 'while' +niariar(-toq) 'just after' +niassa(-mmat) 'so that' +niassaqa(-luni) 'though one should have'<br />
+ner(-soq) 'if perhaps/I wonder' nngikkallar(-mat) 'before' (lla)nnguart-anibnani) 'without even/in the least' qqaar(-luni/-mat) 'only/just<br />
after' qqajanngiti(-soq) 'long before' riallar(-mat/-toq) 'when - surprise' riar(-mat/-pat) 'as soon as' riar(-luni) 'after' ruttor(-toq) 'just as'<br />
+(t)siisiga(-lugu) 'until' ssa( -nani) 'without' ssaqqaar(-teq) 'while still' +tit.J-lugu) 'while' itiff-nagu) 'until/before' utiga(-lugu) 'at same time<br />
as'<br />
24. Nominalizers +gajooq 'one who often' kkajaaq/kujooq 'one that is rather' llammak 'one good at' +naq 'how - it is!' +niaq 'one<br />
who tries to' +niku/nikoq 'remains of/one who has -ed' +neq 'state/result/action' (ineq) 'the most/more' +nerpaaq/nersaq 'the most'<br />
+nertooq 'one who strongly' +niut 'thing for -ing' nnguarsi 'how-!' +(r)paluk 'sound of' qat 'fellow in/at' qqaaq 'something newly -ed/one<br />
who has just' qqammeq 'one who has just' (riaq) 'place/thing where one' (rlaaq) 'one who newly/just' +saat 'means for -ing' +saq/gaq<br />
'passive participle' (+si) 'agent/-er' +(t)siiaq 'something left to be -ed' ssuseq 'quality of' +soq 'active intransitive participle' useq 'manner<br />
of' (ss)ut 'means/instrument/cause' +(f)fik 'place/time' (ffaarik) 'one that is very -'<br />
25. Nominal extenders giit/giiaat 'a pair/mutual -s' gik 'one with a good' erniaq 'seller of' kkaaq 'one with a big' kkut 'and<br />
family/companions' (kkuutaat) 'at intervals of-s' ku/koq 'remains of/previous' (koorfik) 'place for discarding' liaq 'traveller to' lik 'provided<br />
with/owner' lersaarut story/account of' (lisaq/nisaq) 'something from last -' livik 'container for' mineq/minaatsiaq 'piece of' +miu/mioq<br />
'inhabitant of' (qat) 'fellow' +siut 'means for going in/seeking' ssiaq 'something intended for' +sunni 'smell of' +toq 'one with a big/much'<br />
(+tooq) 'something in a language' usa(a)q 'something like a' usiaq 'model/copy'<br />
26. Nominal modifiers (+pa)aluit 'several/group of' araq 'small' (gi)+galuaq 'which otherwise/formerly' innaq 'only' kanneq)<br />
'almost/more or less' kasik/kassak 'bad/poor' kujuit 'dear ones - ironic' ku(l)lak 'rather big/clumsy great' kuluk 'bad/small/dear' kulooq<br />
'big' liaq 'something made' +(r)luinnaq 'complete(y)' ngaaq 'considerable/large' ngaatsiaq 'quite a bit' ngajak 'almost' ngusaq 'dear little'<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 143
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
nnaq/nnaaq 'main/favourite' nnguakkuluk 'poor old/little' nnguak 'small/dear' Pajuk 'bad' palaaq 'bad' palaarsuaq 'bad/damned'<br />
+(r)passuit/+(r)paat 'many/crowd on +(r)piaq 'real/just' piluk 'bad' rajuk/rajussuaq 'damned' ralaannguaq 'tiny' ralak 'bad/poor' rujuk<br />
'bad/big' rujussuaq 'enormous' +siaq 'bought/found' ssamaaq 'intended' ssaq 'future' ssa(tsia)rsuaq 'which should have been'<br />
+(r)suannguaq 'naughty' +(r)suaq 'big/had' +taaq 'new' +taq 'pertaining to/part made of' tsialak 'good/nice' tsiannguaq 'good little/usable'<br />
(a)tsiaq 'fair-sized' tuaq 'only' toqaq 'old' ugaluaq 'previously/decreased' uneq 'highest/chief' ut(i) 'owned/belonging to one' vik 'real'<br />
Enclitics<br />
aa 'vocative' aasiit 'again as usual' gooq/nngooq 'he/they say's'' +li 'but' +lu 'and' +lusooq 'as if' +luunniit 'even/or/-ever' +mi<br />
'but/yet/indeed - contrast' +mita(ava)/maa 'I wonder' +(t)Naaq 'also' +toq 'would that/I wonder' una 'you see/it’s that'<br />
37<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=t<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
tuutaq lip-plug, labret<br />
M.KARA II 293<br />
14. İñu. tuutaq < OT. totak/to:dak<br />
İñupiaqça Orta Türkçe İngilizcesi<br />
tuutaq "dudağa takılan demir<br />
halka; hızma, hırızma "<br />
< totak/to:dak "dudak" lip-plug, labret<br />
Hasan Eren, etimolojik sözlüğünde dudak kelimesinin Türkçe olduğunu, fakat bunun kökünün<br />
bilinmediğini ifade etmiştir (EREN 1999: 122). Bu yüzden İñupiaqçadaki Türkçe kökenli kelimelerden<br />
biri olan tuutaq örneğine şimdilik basit kelimeler arasında yer verdik. Orta Türkçede kısa<br />
ünlülü kullanımının yanında bu kelimenin uzun ünlülü biçiminin de bulunması ve İñupiaqcadaki<br />
biçimin de uzun ünlü taşıması bir başka dikkat çekici durumdur.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
www.allaboutshoes.ca/en/alaska/early_history/<br />
St. Lawrence Island Yupiks wearing labrets<br />
Louis Choris, 1823. Anchorage Museum of History of Art<br />
id<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 144
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Türkçe dudak (< to:taq) ‘lip’ sözünün <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerindeki “tu:taq”larla eşitlenmesi Mehmet<br />
Kara’dan önce yapılmıştı.<br />
Türklerde KULAK TAKISI (=küpe) gelenektendir. BURUN TAKISI (=hızma)’nı Araplardan gördük.<br />
Peki bizde DUDAK TAKISI var mıdır ki <strong>Eskimo</strong>lara ödünç verelim?<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde bir dudak takısı (labret*): İnyupikçe tuutaq Nunivak Çupikçesi tuutar 'labret'<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde diğer dudak takıları (labret*): İnyupikçe aŋmaluaq 'bone labret with beads in<br />
it' Nunivak Çupikçesi aqerwig 'woman's ivory labret' caqiqsar 'woman's lip labret' elciqaruar<br />
'man's labret with beads on a frame' kukupag 'man's labret with green and white stones' ungunqur<br />
'man's labret' wivvsag 'round labret' Supikçe kulut'ruaq’labret’<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde dudak (lip): İnyupikçe qaqłu (sg) qaqłuk (dual) Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᖃᖅᓗᒃ<br />
qaqluk Grönland İnuitçesi qarloq (eski yazı: qardloq) Nunivak Çupikçesi qissir Supikçe qeluq (CH)<br />
qerlluk (NW, PG)<br />
Aleut ve Alutiiqlerdeki dudak takıları üzerine Lars Krutak’ın kısa ama güzel bir makalesi var:<br />
Tattooing and Piercing Among the Alaskan Aleut, 2006 www.larskrutak.com/articles/Aleut/index.html<br />
* http://alutiiqmuseum.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=315<br />
LABRET - Kulut'ruaq<br />
Throughout Alaska, Native people wore labrets - decorative plugs of bone and stone inserted through holes pierced in their cheeks and<br />
below their lips. Among Alutiiq society, both men and women wore labrets singly or in pairs. At birth, babies were fitted with a tiny<br />
starter labret, often made of ivory. Over the course of an individual's life, the labret hole was enlarged to hold a series of bigger plugs. A<br />
larger labret might be inserted to recognize a marriage, the birth of a baby, or another important life event. Some labrets were<br />
decorated with inlays of animal teeth, incised with geometric designs, painted with ochre, or embellished with strings of beads.<br />
Labrets were made in many different shapes. Some look like top hats, other like a whale's fins or a large spool. Anthropologists believe<br />
that labrets acted as symbols of personal identity, illustrating the status and family of the wearer. High status individuals wore large,<br />
highly decorated labrets, and each family may have had its own style. Labrets first appeared in the Kodiak Archipelago about 2,500<br />
years ago; at the same time that other forms of jewelry developed. Labrets disappeared rapidly in the historic era, because of Western<br />
intolerance and changing social circumstances. Explorers, merchants, and missionaries were unanimously horrified by a practice they<br />
believed caused facial disfigurement.<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
tu g uq(-) ice chisel, ice pick; to work (it) with a chisel or ice pick<br />
tugaq- to poke (her/him/it) with a stick<br />
tuggaq- (t) to prod, poke, push her/him/it away or off with a pole or stick |<br />
perhaps ‘=aq- 1 vv<br />
tuggayuk wasp, hornet, yellow jacket (insect) | ‘=aq- 1 vv -yuk 2 vn<br />
tugguq- (Ti) to chop ice with an ice chisel | ‘-q- 1 vv<br />
tuugaaġmIk- also tuggauti- (i) to fight with tusks, of walrus or elephant; (t) to<br />
repeatedly strike her/him/it with a tusk | +mIk- 1 nv<br />
tuuga r aq walrus tusk; ivory; white of eye | tuugarrat paqisimarai he found the<br />
walrus tusks | perhaps - gaq 8 nn -aq 6 nn<br />
tuugarrak- (Ti) (i) to get walrus tusks | -gaq 8 nn -aq 6 nn ‘-k- nv<br />
tuugarriqi- (i) to carve ivory | -gaq 8 nn -aq 6 nn ‘=Iqi- 1 nv<br />
tuugarriqun large rasp, file for use on ivory tusk | -gaq 8 nn -aq 6 nn ‘=Iqi- 1 nv :un 1 vn<br />
tuuġniq dot | +niQ 1 vn | syn titiq, tittaq<br />
tuukkaq toggle head of harpoon or spear; detachable walrus harpoon head (usually<br />
made of ivory, iron or brass) | perhaps -kkaq 2 vn<br />
tuuqtaksriaq a mark on the ice where a block is to be cut out with ice chisel | taq 4 vn<br />
-ksraq nn ‘=I- 1 nv +aq 4 vn<br />
tuutaQ lip plug, labret; mole on face | perhaps +t/raq 4 vn<br />
tuutauraq button | :uraq(-) nn<br />
tuutauraġvIk buttonhole | :uraq(-) nn, vv +vIk 1 vn<br />
http://www.organicjewelry.com/ethnicWestHemi.html RESİM VAR<br />
Five tutuq (aka tootuk) Alaskan walrus ivory ancient labrets.<br />
http://www.nostratic.ru/books/(67)krugly-enke1.pdf & http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/eskalt.pdf<br />
Oleg A. Mudrak: Kamchukchee and <strong>Eskimo</strong> Glottochronology and Some Altaic Etymologies Found in the Swadesh List)<br />
194) PE1165 *tu(v)ta- ‛labret, knar’ > PYup. *tu(v)ta-ʁ ‛mushroom; labret (ornament around pierced lips)’, PInup. *tuuta, *tutta- ‛labret; jewel’ (CED 356).<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 145
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Altaic *čō´takV (~ -ukV) ‛pulp, mushroom; lip’ > Turk. *dōtak, T.-M. *ǯudakta / *ǯedukte (EDAL 495, 496).<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/inupet&text_number=1372&root=config<br />
Eurasiatic: *ṭVṭV<br />
Meaning: lip<br />
Proto-Kartvelian: *ṭi(n)ṭw-<br />
Russian meaning: губа<br />
English meaning: lip<br />
Georgian: ṭuṭur-<br />
Georgian meaning (Rus.): губы<br />
Georgian meaning (Engl.): lips<br />
Laz: ṭi(m)ṭvir<br />
Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 181 (без реконструкции).<br />
Proto-Dravidian : *toḍ-<br />
Meaning : lip<br />
Proto-South Dravidian : *tuḍ-i<br />
Tamil : tuṭi<br />
Tamil meaning : lip<br />
Malayalam : coṭi<br />
Malayalam meaning : lip<br />
Kannada : tuṭi, (HavS. Hal.) toḍi<br />
Kannada meaning : lip<br />
Tulu : duḍi<br />
Tulu meaning : lip, (B-K) snout of an animal<br />
Proto-Nilgiri : *tuS<br />
Meaning : lip<br />
Kota : tuc<br />
Miscellaneous : KOR (M) toṇḍi lip<br />
Proto-Gondi-Kui : *toḍ-<br />
Meaning : mouth, face<br />
Proto-Gondi : *toḍ-i<br />
Meaning : mouth; face<br />
Betul Gondi : toḍḍī (pl. toṛk) "mouth, face"<br />
Mandla Gondi (Williamson) : ṭuḍī "mouth"<br />
Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : ṭuḍḍī, ṭuḍī "mouth, face"<br />
Gommu Gondi : ṭoḍi "mouth, face"<br />
Muria Gondi : ṭoḍḍi "mouth, face"<br />
Maria Gondi : ṭoḍḍi "mouth, face"<br />
Seoni Gondi : ṭoḍḍī, toḍḍī "mouth, face"<br />
Yeotmal Gondi : toḍḍi "mouth"<br />
Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : ṭoḍi "mouth, face"<br />
Maria Gondi (Lind) : toḍḍī, ṭoḍḍī "mouth, face"<br />
Chindwara Gondi : ṭoḍḍi "mouth"<br />
Adilabad Gondi : ṭoḍḍi, (SR) toḍḍi "mouth"<br />
Number in DED : 3296<br />
Number in CVOTGD : 1527<br />
Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *tōḍ-a<br />
Meaning : lip<br />
Kui : ṭōḍa<br />
Proto-North-Dravidian : *tor-<br />
Meaning : mouth<br />
Malto : toro<br />
Additional forms : ?Also MLT toto beak, bill.<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut: *tu(v)ta-<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *tu(v)ta-<br />
Meaning: labret, knar<br />
Russian meaning: губное украшение, чага (губа)<br />
Proto-Yupik: *tu(v)ta-ʁ<br />
Meaning: mushroom 1, labret (ornamentation around pierced lips) 2<br />
Russian Meaning: гриб 1, наколка, украшение на губах 2<br />
Chaplino: //tūtaq 1 *Orr+<br />
Naukan: tútaʁōq 1<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: tūtaq 2, tūtaʁuaq 'rose hip'<br />
Proto-Inupik: *tụụtą-, *tutta-<br />
Meaning: labret 1, jewel 2<br />
Russian meaning: губное украшение 1, драгоценность 2<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: tūtaq 1<br />
SPI Dialects: W tūtaq* (tūtåk, tūtąt) 1<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: tūtaq 1<br />
NAI Dialects: B tūtąk du. 1<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: tūtak 1<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor, M tūtaq* 1, Car? tuttaq 2 *Schn.+<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 146
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> kayak’ı ile Türk kayık’ı<br />
arasında<br />
bir harflik fark vardır<br />
[ᖃᔭᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᔨᖅ]<br />
ve bu fark gerçekten<br />
bir uzaklığa [a ~ ı] mı, yoksa yakınlığa [ᔭ ~ ᔨ] mı işaret eder?<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 147
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
38<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=q<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
qayaq decked-in skin canoe<br />
qayufnilik crystal (rock crystal, bead)<br />
qayuqjaq rippled surface of snow<br />
qayuutaayuuq slate-colored junco (Junco hyemalis)<br />
qayuutaq ladel, large spoon (N)<br />
qayuutauraq lower tip of sternum<br />
qayuuttaaq pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator)<br />
qayyiubun northern phalarope (Lobipes lobatus) (lit. like a<br />
person in a qayaq)<br />
M.KARA I 1512<br />
qayaq decked-in skin canoe<br />
qayuŋnilik crystal (rock crystal, bead)<br />
qayuqłaq rippled surface of snow<br />
qayuutaayuuq slate-colored junco (Junco hyemalis)<br />
qayuutaq ladel, large spoon (N)<br />
qayuutauraq lower tip of sternum<br />
qayuuttaaq pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator)<br />
qayyiuġun northern phalarope (Lobipes lobatus) (lit. like a<br />
person in a qayaq)<br />
5. İñu. qayaq (= kayak) “deriyle kaplanmış olan ve kürekle yürütülen dar, uzun, hafif tekne;<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> kayığı”. qayaq, ET. kayguk “kayık” ve OT. (14. Yüzyıl) ka:yga:k “kayık” kelimesiyle<br />
ilişkilidir. Clauson’a göre kayguk ve ka:yga:k, kay- fiilinden türetilmiştir (CLAUSON 1972:276).<br />
İñupiaqçadaki qayaq kelimesi, 1757 yılında <strong>Eskimo</strong>cadan İngilizceye geçmiştir<br />
(http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary). İngilizceye kayak şeklinde isim olarak girmiş ve bu<br />
dilin özelliğinden dolayı aynı kelime hem isim hem de fiil olarak kullanılmaya başlanmış, daha<br />
sonra İngilizcede kayaks, kayaker ve kayaking gibi biçimleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu kelimeler,<br />
Alaska’daki turizmle ilgili İngilizce internet sitelerinde çok yaygındır.<br />
İñupiaqçada kullanılan ve “dalgalanmış/hareketlenmiş kar yüzeyi” anlamına gelen<br />
qayuqjaq kelimesinin de Türkçe kay- fiiliyle ilişkisi olabilir.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 148
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Türkçe qayıq sözüyle ilgi kurmamıza engel olan tek bir harftir: Türkçe -k/q bitimli yapıntıları<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>ca -q/k bitimli çekintilerle birleştiremezsiniz.<br />
Aslında bu tek sebep bile yeterlidir ama biz yine de didikliyelim.<br />
Türkçe kayık ile <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca kayak arasında bağlantı Mehmet Kara’dan önce yapılmıştı:<br />
http://www.jstor.org/pss/2843199<br />
The Kayak in North-Western Europe.<br />
David MacRitchie<br />
The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol.<br />
42, (Jul. - Dec., 1912), pp. 493-510 (article consists of 18 pages)<br />
Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland<br />
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2843199<br />
The Kayak in North-Western Europe., by David MacRitchie © 1912 Royal<br />
Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.<br />
http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/Congress1960/sinor.pdf<br />
Denis Sinor (Cambridge): NOTES ON A TURKIC WORD FOR "BOAT"<br />
Though water-transport has played but a limited role in the lives of Ural-Altaic peoples, it forms a part of their<br />
material culture and deserves attention. Over the years I have collected some relevant material which, I think,<br />
may be of interest to ethnologists, historians and comparative linguists. The following remarks are meant to<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 149
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
give the substance of a paper dealing with one of the Turkic boat-names. A fuller treatment of the subject will<br />
be published in the 1961 volume of the «Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher», under the title On water-transport in<br />
Central Eurasia.<br />
The names of various crafts are easily borrowed; words like corvette or caravel are truly<br />
international and are easily recognized as «words of civilization». Very often, the same name can be applied to<br />
various types of craft; time and its corrolary, the evolution of shipping techniques may cause important<br />
semantic changes. Most of the time, however, these are quite unpredictable and fit into no definite pattern.<br />
Thus the word yacht has, through the medium of English, now acquired the international meaning of a<br />
“batiment de plaisance, de ceremonie ou d'appareil” (Larousse), quite irrespective of whether the propulsion of<br />
the vessel is by sails or by some mechanical means. No one thinks any longer of the "fast piratical ship" of the<br />
Dutch, whose jaghte is at the origin of the English name — There is very little in common between, on the one<br />
hand, Latin barca and, on the other, its English derivatives: bark and barge, and but the etymologists realize the<br />
connection between Hindi or Benghali dingi, and the meek little dinghy pulled by English sailing boats.<br />
Perhaps the most common name of a small boat in Turkic languages is qayïq. Attested by Kašγarī,<br />
it occurs in almost every Turkic dialect and also in Mongol and Tungus. The rare occurences in these two<br />
languages are probably borrowings from Turkic.<br />
It is my contention that Hungarian hajó "boat, ship", derives from qayïq. As generally known, the<br />
Finno-Ugrian etymologies so far proposed do not stand up to closer scrutiny, but, in my view, a Turkic qayïq ~<br />
Hungarian hajó correspondence fits perfectly into the pattern of the Turkic loan-words of Hungarian. Turkic;<br />
words ending in vowel + k, g, q, γ are regularly represented in Hungarian by words ending in a long vowel:<br />
Hungarian kapú "gate" (
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
<br />
A Comparison between <strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut and Uralo-Altaic Demonstrative<br />
Elements, Numerals, and Other Related Semantic Problems, by Rene<br />
Bonnerjea © 1978 The University of Chicago Press.<br />
<strong>Türkçenin</strong> gelmiş geçmiş en mantıklı etimologu (ve de The King of the Turkic Etymologists) Hasan<br />
Eren (1919-2007) kitabının (Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü 1999: 221-222) kayık maddesinde <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca kayak<br />
sözünü vermemiştir. Türkçe kayık ile <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca kayak arasındaki bağlantıya katılmadığını düşünebilirsiniz<br />
ama kullandığı üslup gereği katılmadığı etimolojileri de veren Eren’in Sinor’un yazılarını<br />
görmediği düşünülemez. Bundan bahsetmemesine ben bir anlam veremiyorum açıkçası.<br />
John Emerson, Starting from Greenland (or, the Turkish Kayak)<br />
[Published date: January 2005]<br />
http://www.idiocentrism.com/kayak.htm<br />
Starting from Greenland<br />
Query<br />
According to commentor Ruth at GNXP, Turkish qayiq also means "ski", and is an inflected word derived from<br />
the root kay- "slide". She wonders whether the Inuit qayaq is also an inflected word. If not, it would seem to be<br />
a borrowing from Turkish into Inuit, whereas if it's inflected in both languages, perhaps there was a common<br />
Turkish-Inuit ancestor.<br />
I am not able to access these two articles, which may be of interest:<br />
The Kayak in North-Western Europe<br />
A Comparison between <strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut and Uralo-Altaic Demonstrative Elements, Numerals, and Other Related<br />
Semantic Problems<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 151
lıştır:<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
The word “kayak” came into the European languages in the seventeenth or eighteenth century, probably<br />
brought from Greenland by Dutch or Danish whalers. Some version of this word is now used in most European<br />
languages for any boat built on the model of Inuit (<strong>Eskimo</strong>) skin boats. Long before that, however, boat names<br />
cognate with “kayak” had already been found in most of the Turkish languages, being first attested by Kashgari<br />
in a book written for the caliph in Baghdad during the eleventh century AD (precluding the idea that Turks<br />
learned the word from the West.) Related words are also found in some of the Mongol and Tungus languages<br />
of Central Asia and Siberia, as well as in Hungarian, Russian, and several of the other Finno-Ugric or Slavic<br />
languages of Eastern Europe. (The distributions make it almost certain that the word was originally Turkish, and<br />
was borrowed by the other languages). Through Turkish, in the 1500’s the “caique” finally appeared in Italian as<br />
the name of a boat found on the Adriatic, and the name spread from there to the other European languages,<br />
finally reaching Sweden in the 1700’s. There the boat names “caique” and “kayak” met – albeit as the names of<br />
boats of entirely different kinds.<br />
yazının kalanını dostum Emerson’un sitesinden okuyabilirsiniz<br />
All original material copyright John J. Emerson<br />
Return to Idiocentrism<br />
Aktaş’ın Rumencedeki Türkçe Alıntılar arasında <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca kayak sözünü de vermesi yan-<br />
Dr. Ayfer Aktaş, Günümüz Rumencede Türkçe Kaynaklı Kelimeler, Türk Dili, TDK, 9/2007, s. 484-<br />
495 http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/YENI%20TURK%20DILI/ayfer_aktas_gunumuz_rumence_turkce_kaynakli_sozler.pdf caiac < kayak; caic < kayık;<br />
caicciu < kayıkçı<br />
Hint-Avrupa dillerinde *Farsça, Yunanca, Fransızca, İtalyanca+ kullanılan kayık sözlerinin<br />
Türkçeden geçtiği ―probably‖ değil kesindir:<br />
Carlos Quiles Kárlos Kūriákī : A Grammar of Modern Indo-<br />
European, Asociacipn Cultural DOGHŪ, 2007<br />
IX. Persian qayeq and Greek καΐκι, “boat”, are from a source<br />
akin to French caique, It. caicco, i.e. probably Turkish kayik,<br />
O.Turkish qayghug, maybe from an old Turkic (or otherwise<br />
old Asian) word, possibly related to American Indian kayak,<br />
and American spanish cayuco. Hence, MIE. kájik, boat,<br />
caique, kájak, kayak.<br />
Wikipedia'nın kayak (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kayak) maddesi yanlıştır:<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 152
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Etymology<br />
From Western Canadian Inuktitut (qayaq, qajaq), “‘man's boat’”), Related to the<br />
caique, Greenlandic qajaq and kajakka, lit. "small boat of skins." , Inuit qayaq,<br />
Ottoman Turkish qajiq/kayik ("small boat"), Finnish kajukki. Ultimately from a<br />
Turkic source.<br />
a type of small boat<br />
Aleut: iqyaq<br />
Croatian: kajak hr(hr) m.<br />
Czech: kajak cs(cs) m.<br />
Danish: kajak da(da) n.<br />
Faroese: kajakk fo(fo) f.<br />
Finnish: kajakki fi(fi)<br />
French: kayak fr(fr) m.<br />
Georgian:<br />
ბაიდარა ka(ka) (baidara)<br />
German: Kajak de(de) n.<br />
Hungarian: kajak hu(hu)<br />
Icelandic: kajak is(is) m.<br />
Indonesian: kayak id(id)<br />
Inuktitut: ᖃᔭᖅ (qajaq)<br />
Inupiaq: qayaq<br />
Japanese: カヤッ<br />
ク ja(ja) (kayakku)<br />
Kalaallisut: qajaq<br />
Latvian: kajaks lv(lv) m.<br />
Old Turkic: qajiq<br />
Polish: kajak pl(pl) m.<br />
Russian:<br />
байдарка ru(ru) (bajdá<br />
rka) f.<br />
Spanish: kayak<br />
es(es) m.<br />
Tungus: kajuk<br />
Yup'ik: qayaq,<br />
paitaalek<br />
Buna karşın false cognate (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_cognate) maddesi doğrudur:<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_cognate<br />
False cognates are pairs of words in the same or different languages that are similar in form and meaning<br />
but have different roots. That is, they appear to be or are sometimes considered cognates when in fact<br />
they are not. Note that even false cognates may have an indirect connection between them, even if they<br />
lack a common root.<br />
Examples<br />
Arabic/Hebrew akh (brother) and Mongolian akh (brother)<br />
Arabic ana (I) and Gondi ana (I)<br />
Arabic anta (you, masculine singular) and Japanese anata (貴方, あなた) / anta (あんた) (you, singular) and<br />
Malay "anda" (you)<br />
Arabic ard (earth) and Dutch aarde (earth)<br />
Arabic mawt (death) and Latin mors (death)<br />
Arabic sharif and English sheriff<br />
Bangla fela (throw away/put down) and English fell (to make something fall)<br />
Bangla kaata (to cut) and English cut (to sever)<br />
Bikol aki (child) and Korean agi (child)<br />
Blackfoot aki (woman) and Even akhi (woman)<br />
Coptic per (house) and Etruscan pera (house)<br />
Egyptian kns (vagina) and Latin cunnus (vagina)<br />
Egyptian mennu (food) and French menu<br />
Egyptian *marar (to see, to look) and Japanese miru (見る) (to look) and Spanish mirar (to look at, to<br />
watch)/Portuguese mirar (to stare)<br />
English able and Turkish -abil/-ebil (ability infix)<br />
English "among" and Bisayan "among" (accidentally included)<br />
English am (first person present tense of to be), Etruscan am (to be), and Sumerian am (to be)<br />
English and and Indonesian dan<br />
English aye (yes, affirmative vote) and Japanese hai (はい) (yes) and Cantonese "hai" (yes)<br />
English boy and Japanese bōya (坊や) (young male child)<br />
English brush and Texmelucan Zapotec brush<br />
English bullshit and Mandarin búshì (不是; is not, not true)<br />
English can and Japanese kan (缶) (cylindrical metal container)<br />
English cheek and Russian shcheka (щека; cheek)<br />
English chop and Uzbek chop<br />
English cut and Vietnamese cắt (to cut)<br />
English dairy and Russian doyar (дояр; milker), doyarka (milkmaid)<br />
English day, daily and Spanish día (day) (or Latin dies (day) or even English diary)[1]<br />
English delete and Russian udalit' (удалить; to delete, remove) *?+<br />
English dog and Mbabaram dog<br />
English dork and Russian durak<br />
English dung and Korean 똥 ttong (excrement)<br />
English earth and Hebrew erets (land)<br />
English egg and Luganda eggi<br />
English evaporate and Russian ispar'at' (испарять);<br />
English eye Hebrew ayin/ Arabic "`ain" (eye)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 153
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
English great and English grand<br />
English to have and Portuguese haver (to exist)<br />
English house and Hungarian ház (house, block of flats) (the Hungarian word has corresponding counterparts in<br />
other Uralic languages, like Finnish koti or kota)<br />
English hut and Russian hata (хата)<br />
English Indian (native American) and Mescalero Inde (Apache, person)<br />
English island and isle<br />
English it, Russian eto(это) and Tagalog eto/ito (it, this)<br />
English laser and Scottish Gaelic lasair (light beam, flame)<br />
English male and English female, which come from the Latin masculinus and femella, respectively.<br />
English man and Latin humanus (people, mankind)<br />
English mount (short form of "mountain"), and Hawaiian mauna (mountain)<br />
English much and Spanish mucho<br />
English neck/German Nacken and Spanish nuca and Hungarian nyak<br />
English pan and Mandarin pan (pan, shallow plate)<br />
English pen and pencil<br />
English pear and Korean 배 pay, bae (Korean pear)<br />
English persecution and Russian presechenie (persecution, suppression, injunction)<br />
English reason and Russian razum<br />
English river and Spanish rio<br />
English seed and Korean 씨 ssi (pip)<br />
English stone and Mandarin shítou (traditional 石頭, simplified 石头)<br />
English strange and Russian stranno(странно)<br />
English stranger and Russian strannik(странник)<br />
English trawl (to fish by dragging a net) and English troll (to fish by trailing a line)<br />
English villain and English vile<br />
English viscosity and Russian v'azkost'<br />
English why and Korean 왜 wae (what for)<br />
English yea and Korean 예 ye (yes)<br />
Estonian/Finnish ei (no, not), Etruscan ei (no, not), and Norwegian ei/Swedish ej (not)<br />
Estonian mina/Finnish minä (I), and Zulu mina (I)<br />
Estonian ta (short form of tema) (he/she) and Mandarin tā (他) (he/she)<br />
Estonian/Finnish ja (and) and Japanese ya (や) (and)<br />
Estonian sina/Finnish sinä (singular you) and Turkish sen (singular you) (see also: Ural-Altaic languages)<br />
Etruscan ac (to make, act) and Sumerian ak (to make,act)<br />
Etruscan an (he/she/it) and Sumerian ane (he/she/it)<br />
Etruscan ipa (who, which) and Sumerian aba (who)<br />
Etruscan mi (I/me) and Sumerian ma (I/me) and Korean na (I)<br />
French garou (wolf) and Japanese garō (餓狼) (starving wolf)<br />
French le (the) and Samoan le (the)<br />
French lien (link) and Mandarin lián/ Vietnamese liên (link)<br />
French rue (road) and Mandarin lù (road)<br />
French papillon (butterfly) and Nahuatl papalotl (butterfly)<br />
Ga ba (come) and Hebrew ba (come)<br />
German Ach, so! and Japanese Aa, soo (ああ、そう) (I see)<br />
German haben (to have) and Latin habere (to have)[2]<br />
German Kreuz (cross) and Russian krest (крест; cross)<br />
Greek thesato and Russian sosat' (сосать; to suck)<br />
Greek theos (god) and Latin deus (god)<br />
Greek theos (god) and Greek Zeus (the king of all gods)<br />
Greek root -lab- and Sanskrit root -labh- (take)<br />
Hawaiian kahuna (priest) and Hebrew kehunah (priesthood)<br />
Hawaiian/Maori wahine (woman) and Latin vagina<br />
Hebrew ari (lion) and Tamil ari (lion)<br />
Hebrew dereh (road) and Russian doroga (дорога; road)<br />
Hebrew "ferot" and English "fruit"<br />
Hebrew shesh (six) and Persian shesh (six)<br />
Indonesian dua (two) and Pashto dwa (two) and Korean dul (two) and Mandarin dui/ Vietnamese đôi (pair)<br />
Indonesian kepala (head) and Greek kephale (head)<br />
Inuktitut kayak and Turkish kayık and Choco language group cayuca<br />
(rowing boat)<br />
Italian ma (but) and Vietnamese mà (but)<br />
Italian micio (small cat) and Quechua michi (cat)<br />
Japanese arigatō and Portuguese obrigado (thank you)<br />
Japanese ne (ね) (isn't it?) and Portuguese né? (contraction of não + é or isn't it?)<br />
Japanese babā (ばばあ) (disrespectful term meaning "old hag") and Russian baba (grandmother)<br />
Japanese shiru (知る) (know) and Latin scire (know)<br />
Kyrgyz ayal (woman) and Parji ayal (woman)<br />
Korean doki (axe) and Mapuche natives and Easter Island Polynesian toki (axe)<br />
Luganda na ('and') and Dutch en (and)<br />
Polish mieszkanie (apartment) and Hebrew mishkan (ןכשמ) (dwelling)<br />
Spanish y [i] ('and') and Serbian и/i [i] (and)<br />
Minangkabau duo (two) and Latin duo (two)<br />
English "name" and Malay "nama" (name) and Japanese "namae" (名前) (name)<br />
English "canteen" and Chinese "cāntīng" (餐厅) (dining room, cafeteria)<br />
English "nerdy" and Chuvash "nĕrtte" (awkward, inept)<br />
Welsh "cwmwl" and Japanese "kumo" (雲) (cloud)<br />
Wikipedia'da açıklandığı gibi, Her üç dildeki kayık / kayak/ kayuko sözleri<br />
kökteşlikten kaynaklanmayan bir benzerliğe sahiptir. Bu benzerliğin dilcilikteki<br />
adı GÖRÜNTÜ BENZERLİĞİ (false cognate)’dir<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 154
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
<strong>Kmoksy</strong><br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> KAYAK’ı<br />
SİNGULAR<br />
(one)<br />
DUAL<br />
(two …s)<br />
PLURAL<br />
(three or more ...s)<br />
RELATİVE CASE<br />
(i.e. genitive or<br />
ergative)<br />
ABSOLUTIVE<br />
CASE<br />
(ABS.POSS.3s-3s)<br />
Aleut (Doğu)) iqyax̂ iqyax iqyan<br />
Aleut (Western) iqyax̂ iqyax iqyas<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong> *qayaR<br />
Sirenik Yupikçesi qajáẋ<br />
Chaplino Yupikçesi qajáq qaját<br />
Naukan Yupikçesi qajáq<br />
Alutiiq qayaq<br />
Nunivak Cup’ig qay'ar /qayar qay'ag qay'at, qass'it /qayat /qayam<br />
Hooper Bay & Chevak Cup’ik qayaq<br />
Yup’ik qayaq qayak qayat qayam qayaa qayaqa<br />
qayaq (eski yazı:<br />
Iñupiaq (North Slope)<br />
ḳayaḳ)<br />
qayyam<br />
Iñupiaq (Kobuk) qayaq qayaga<br />
Iñupiaq (Qawiaraq) qayaq qayaga<br />
Siglitun qainnaq qainnat<br />
Utkuhiksalik qayaq<br />
Netsilik qajaq<br />
Inuktitut ᖃᔭᖅ qajaq ᖃᔮᒃqajaak ᖃᔭᐃᑦ qajait qajaup qajara<br />
Kingarmiut xazaq<br />
Nunavik (Tarramiut) qajaq qajak qajait<br />
Nunavik (Itivimiut) qaraq<br />
Labrador Kajak<br />
Westgreenlandic qajaq Ø qajaat<br />
qaannap (sg)<br />
qaannat (pl)<br />
qajaa<br />
Eastgrenlandic<br />
saqqit < saqi- ‘chasser<br />
sur mer’<br />
saqqisit<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> Pidgin in Greenland kyak ‘ship’<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
my kayak<br />
kayağım<br />
Aleutça iiqyaadal to ride in a boat<br />
Yupikçe qayami in a kayak qayamun to a kayak qayamek from a kayak qayakun by kayak qayatun like a kayak qayaqa my kayak (ABS.) qayama my kayak (REL.)<br />
qayamni in my kayak qayamnun to my kayak qayamnek from my kayak qayamkun by my kayak qayamtun like my kayak qayan your kayak (ABS.) qayavet your<br />
kayak (REL.) qayavni in your kayak qayavnun to your kayak qayavnek from your kayak qayafkun by your kayak qayaftun like your kayak qayapik real kayak<br />
qayarpak big kayak qayaqaa it is his kayak qayakek their (2) kayaks qayagket their kayaks (2) qayapinge- to get an authentic kayak qayat aklukaitnek<br />
quyurciyaraq gathering materials for the kayak qayaliyaraq kayak construction qayam ataucimi ernermi tumartellra finishing a kayak in a day qayam amiryaraa<br />
skinning a kayak qayam amillra putting the skin on the kayak qayam mingullra painting the kayak qayam auluksaraa kayak care piciryarait qayatgun<br />
atraqatarqameng kayak launching ceremony qayam uciliryaraa loading a kayak qayami qavaryaraq sleeping in a kayak qayakun neqsuryaraq fishing from the<br />
kayak yaaqvanun ayalallrat qayatgun long distance travel in a kayak tumarayulit qayat amazing kayaks qayaruaq model kayak<br />
Nunivak Çupikçesi Nuniwarmiutar qay'ar Nunivak-style kayak qayali- to make a kayak qasmig- to put in one's kayak qasmigutar sealskin loop to hold harpoon<br />
shaft at stern of kayak qayam anaullga kayak end part qayam paanga hatch of kayak qayam pamyua top rear of kayak Qayarkilzngur personal name, meaning one<br />
with a small kayak qayartur- to go seal hunting qayawaalii exclamation used when one sights a kayak approaching in the distance<br />
Batı Supikçesi qayanguaq little kayak<br />
İnyupikçe qayaq decked canoe qayaġiaq undecked canoe qayaŋata of her/his kayak qayyamiñik with her/his kayak<br />
Uummarmiut Qayaq Naȓvaq Canoe Lake, miles inland from Akłarvik<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi qajara [< qajaq + ga] my kayak qajait your kayak qajanga her/his kayak qajavuk our kayak (two of us) qajavut our kayak (many of us)<br />
qajasi your kayak (many of you) qaja(ng)at their kayak qajaakka my two kayaks qajaangik her/his two kayaks qajakka my kayaks qajatit your kayaks (talking to<br />
1 person) qajangit her/his kayaks qajavut our kayaks qajasi your kayaks (talking to more than 2) qajangit their kayaks qajaraup ... qajarma my kayak's qajangata<br />
(REL.sg) of her/his kayak qajangitta (REL.dual) of her/his two kayaks qajangitta (REL.pl) of her/his kayaks qajarmi de son propre kayak<br />
Nunatsiavut İnuitçesi Kajagiak canoe<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi qajara iluarsarallarlara [eski: qajara iluarsaratdlardlara] let me first arrange my kayak qaannat marluk aggerput *qáinat mardluk aggerput+<br />
there are two kayak men who come paddling qajaqat kayak companion; spare lance head; spare lance for the kayaker; spare knife for the kayak qajaarserpoq<br />
[qajaerserpoq] loses his kayak qajaaruppoq *qajaerúpoq+ is without a kayak qajaajarpoq [qajaiarpoq] has had his kayak damaged qajaalaq [qajailaq] kayak<br />
which is alone at sea qajaalarsiorpoq [qajailarsiorpoq] is the only kayak at sea; keeps away from other kayaks qajalugaq beginner at kayaking qajarmiu<br />
[qajarmio] lance for hunting from a kayak qajaaraq *qajâraq+ small kayak; beginner at kayaking (S. G.) qajariaq canoe (from legends) qajartaq kayaker (who<br />
acoompanies others) umiat marlunnit qajartallit [umiat marlungnik qajartagdlit] a woman's boat, which is accompanied by two kayakers qajariaavoq<br />
[qajariauvoq] goes with someone as a kayaker qajaartorpoq *qajârtorpoq+ calls out "kayak" qajartorpoq [qajartorpoq] paddles a kayak; is out in a kayak<br />
tasinnguaq tajartorpaa *tasínguaq qajartorpâ+ paddIes a kayak on the Iittle lake qajartuaq [qajartuaq] man out in a kayak for several days qajartuarpoq<br />
[qajartuarpoq] practises kayaking; is on a long kayak journey (absent for several days) qajartuuseq *qajartûseq+ kayak costume tujooruk qajartuuserisartagara<br />
*tujqruk qajartûserissartagara+ the jacket I generally wear when paddling in a kayak qajarujoorpoq *qajarujqrpoq+ paddles in a kayak for his pleasure qajaasaq<br />
[qajaussaq] kayak model; circle of stones resembling kayak (for children's game) qajaasat [qajaussat] odiferous heather plant (Ledum) qajaavoq [qajauvoq] has<br />
perished in a kayak qaannerivoq, qaanneraaq *qáinerivoq, qáineraoq+ is at work on his kayak (repairs it or makes it ready to go to sea) qaanniorpoq *qáiniorpoq+<br />
makes a kayak qaaniorpaa *qáiniorpâ+ makes a kayak for him qaannivoq *qáinivoq+ leaves his kayak qaannivik *qáinivik+ kayak scaffold Qaannat Kattuffiat The<br />
Greenland Kayaking Association qaajarsiit waterproof kayak anorak made from seal leather qajariaq like a qajaq<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
qayaq decked-in skin kayak for one person<br />
qayaġiaq canoe<br />
qayaqtuq- to use a kayak<br />
qayaqhiuq- (i) to waddle, rock (of boat); to paddle over surface of water (of duck); to swim, paddling with feet |<br />
perhaps -qhiuq- nv<br />
qayaqhuaq- (Nu) to float above water | perhaps -qhuaq- nv<br />
qayau- (i) to capsize in a kayak | ?:u- 5 nv<br />
qayyI- to build a kayak (for her/him); (t) to build it into a kayak | =I- 1 nv<br />
qayyiñġaq (Nu) skin covering of kayak | =I- 1 nv perhaps -nġaq 2<br />
qayyirautit (Nu) sled for transporting kayak | ‘=Iraq- nv :un 1 vn -t (pl mkr)<br />
*qayuI- (root) detachment<br />
qayuił̣ł̣ak- (Ti) qayuiḷḷak- (i) to slip and land on a hard surface | -łłak- vv<br />
>qayuitchaġnaq- (Ti) (i) to be slippery | perhaps +saq- 2 vv +naq- 2 vv<br />
qayuqłak ripple on surface of snow / qayuqłait anuġim tainna pikkaŋi natiġvikami ripples on surface of snow are made by the wind<br />
when it blows close to the ground (used in telling direction)<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=+906&root=config<br />
Sayfa 155
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *qaoa-<br />
Meaning: boat, kayak<br />
Russian meaning: лодка<br />
Proto-Yupik: *qaja-<br />
Meaning: boat, kayak<br />
Russian Meaning: лодка, каяк<br />
Sirenik: qajáẋ<br />
Chaplino: qajáq (t), kajáq*<br />
Naukan: qajáq, qéjatxu 'whale-boat'<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: qajaq<br />
Chugach (<strong>Bir</strong>ket-Smith): qajạq<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: qajaq<br />
PAME: qajaẋ<br />
Proto-Inupik: *qạjạ-, qạinä-t<br />
Meaning: boat, kayak 1, to build a kayak 2<br />
Russian meaning: лодка, каяк 1, делать каяк 2<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: qajaq (qajjat pl.) 1, qajji- 2<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq qajáq 1, W qajaq (åk, qajjät) 1<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: qajaq (qajjat pl.) 1, qajji- 2<br />
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl qajaq* 1<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: qajaq 1<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor, M qajaq* 1, Sig qajjat, qainnat pl. [Lowe], Net qainna-nut 'to the kayaks' [Ras.], Cop qainna-minut 'to his<br />
kayak' [Met.]<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: qayaq 1, qainniu(q)- 2<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: qajaq (qajaq*) (qånnat (qáinat*) pl., qånn-i 3sg.) 1, qånniuʁ- (kaynior-* [Fab.]) 2<br />
Loanwords from <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
Ahtna Athapaskan kayaxbic<br />
Türkçe kayak (kayaklar; kayağı); deniz kayağı<br />
İngilizce the kayak, kaiak, qajaq, qayaq, kajak, qajak, kyack, kyak,<br />
kyac § http://www.seatalk.info (The Dictionary of English Nautical Language) ) 1) A small portable Inuit<br />
canoe made of leather over frames. 2) Any boat built somewhat like the Inuit kayak<br />
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=kayak<br />
kayak 1757, from Dan. kajak, from Greenland <strong>Eskimo</strong> qayaq, lit. "small boat of skins."<br />
Almanca der Kajak<br />
Felemenkçe kajak<br />
Danca kajak<br />
Norveççe (bokmal) kajakk<br />
İsveççe kajak<br />
İzlandaca kajak<br />
Förce kajakk<br />
İrlandaca cadhc [ an chadhc ]<br />
Letonca<br />
Litvanca kajaks<br />
Rusça каяк ; Эскимосский каяк, морской каяк<br />
http://www.randewy.ru/dic/dk.html Морской орфографический словарь<br />
каяк, -а (лодка) каяка, -и (спортивное гребное судно)<br />
Beyaz Rusça каяк<br />
Ukraynaca каяк<br />
Çekçe kajak<br />
Slovakça kajak<br />
Lehçe kajak (pl: kajaki)<br />
Slovence kajak<br />
Sırpça кајак<br />
Hırvatça kajak<br />
Boşnakça kajak<br />
Karadağca кајак<br />
Bulgarca каяк (art: каякът)<br />
Makedonca<br />
Arnavutça<br />
Yunanca τα καγιάκ (πιρόγα Εςκιμώων)<br />
Ermenice կայակ<br />
Fransızca le kayak ou kayac<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 156
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Katalanca el caiac ; caiac de mar<br />
Valensiyaca el caiac<br />
İspanyolca el kayak<br />
Galiççe o kayak (pl: os kayaks)<br />
Portekizce o caiaque (pl: os caiaques)<br />
İtalyanca il kayak<br />
Sardinyaca (Campidanese) cayacu<br />
Romence caiac (pl: caiace)<br />
Rumançça<br />
Esperanto kajako<br />
Fince kajakki (pl: kajakit)<br />
Estonca kajak<br />
Macarca kajak (pl:<br />
Japonca カヤック (kayakku)<br />
Korece 카약<br />
Arapça كا ياك لا<br />
İbranice קאיק, קאיאק<br />
Farsça كاياك<br />
Malayca kayak<br />
Endonezce kayak<br />
Tagalog kayak<br />
Vietnamca kayak<br />
Goropist Edo Nyland'ın Batı Kanada İnuitçesi kayak 'kayak' sözünü Baskça ekai-akitu 'worktiring'<br />
sözüyle denkleştirmesi apaçık ırkçılık kusuntusudur.<br />
Nişanyan’ın <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca kayak’ın kökünü ka ‘erkek’ olarak belirtmesi YANLIŞ’tır. <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde<br />
erkek anlamına gelen ka ya da ona benzer bir söz yoktur. Erkek (man or male) için aŋu’lu sözler<br />
kullanılır. *Başka dillerle karıştırmış olmasın: Arawakan root ka- meaning man or chief]<br />
http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/search.asp?w=kavut<br />
Kelime Cinsi En erken Türkçe örnek Köken<br />
kayak 1 YT 1928 kayma aracı < TTü kay- +gAk kay-<br />
• Piyade Talimname Komisyonu tarafından 1928'de<br />
önerilen ilk YTü kelimelerdendir.<br />
kayak 2 xx/c ~ İng kayak <strong>Eskimo</strong> kayığı ~ İnuit kayak erkek aracı,<br />
erkeklere özgü kayık < İnuit ka erkek<br />
• Karş. İnuit umiak (kadın kayığı). Tü kayık veya kayak<br />
ile etimolojik ilişkisi sözkonusu değildir.<br />
Nişanyan’ın bu etimolojisi için umiak (kadın kayığı) tanımlamasını karşılaştırma kanıtı olarak<br />
sunması yanıltıcıdır.<br />
Kaynaklarda umiak için ilginç tanımlamalar yapılır.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 157
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
umiak için farklı kaynaklarda farklı tanımlamalar<br />
is a large, broad boat used by Inuit women to transport their families and possessions<br />
The umiak translates as "women's boat" because it was the women who paddled this boat when<br />
carrying family members or moving from one hunting ground to another<br />
A umiak is a wider boat. It is about ten metres long. It could carry an entire family, a crew of twelve or<br />
a two ton load of blubber<br />
a type of large boat used for whale hunting and for transporting families from one hunting location to<br />
another…<br />
Over the open fjords the <strong>Eskimo</strong> sailor in the short summer shoots in his "kayak," or one-seated skin<br />
boat ; or carries his family in his "umiak," or flat-bottomed boat, so well known to all readers of the<br />
accounts of Arctic exploration<br />
woman’s boat, women's boat, traditional women's boat<br />
The name umiak means “women's boat” whereas kayak means “man's boat.”<br />
The [Inuit] have two forms - the man's boat ( kaiak, Russian baidarka ) and the woman's boat ( umiak,<br />
Russian baidara )<br />
The word "umiaq" the big skinboats rowed by women and therefore called "konebçd" (= woman boat)<br />
in Danish - at some point were called something like "aattariit" meaning "means of transportation".<br />
Qajak (small boat) Umiak (large boat)<br />
KAYAK: One person boat (little boat) UMIAK: 30-foot whaleboat (big boat)<br />
the kayak (<strong>Eskimo</strong> decked canoe), and the umiak (<strong>Eskimo</strong> open boat).<br />
umiak - hunting boat kayak - one man boat<br />
the umiak (a boat large enough to transport more than a dozen people) and the kayak. (one-man<br />
boat)<br />
hunters' boat<br />
whaling boat, large whaling boat<br />
a boat for many men<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayak<br />
The word "kayak" means "man's boat" or "hunter's boat", and native kayaks<br />
were a very personal craft, built by the man who would use them (with<br />
assistance from his wife, who would sew the skins) fitting his measures, for<br />
maximum maneuverability.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umiak<br />
The umiak, umialak, umiaq, umiac, oomiac or oomiak is a type of boat used<br />
by <strong>Eskimo</strong> people, both Yupik and Inuit, and was originally found in all<br />
coastal areas from Siberia to Greenland. Its name means "woman's boat," as<br />
opposed to the kayak, which means "man's boat".<br />
umialik rich man, owner of big boat, boat captain, whaling boat captain, whaling captain, boat owner<br />
,The male and female skinboat owners<br />
İnuit <strong>Eskimo</strong>larındaki umiak’ın Yupik <strong>Eskimo</strong>larındaki karşılığı angyaq’tır.<br />
Goropist Edo Nyland’ın Batı Kanada İnuitçesi umiak sözünün ‗family boat‘ tanımlamasına<br />
dayanarak Baskça umeak ‗children‘ sözüyle denkleştirme yapması gibi, Nişanyan da umiak<br />
‗woman‘s boat‘ tanımlamasının karşıtlığında kayak ‗man‘s boat‘ tanımlamasına dayanarak kökünü<br />
ka ‗erkek‘ olarak veriyor. Olmayan bir kök nasıl verilir, anlamam.<br />
Tek kişilik kayak’ı erkekler genelde avda kullanır. Çok kişilik umiak’ı erkekler balina avında,<br />
kadınlar ise ailesini taşımada kullanır. Her iki sözde de cinsiyet belirtici bir kök yoktur. Tıpkı<br />
daha çok kadınlarca kullanılan bir bıçak türü olan ulu için ‗women‘s knife‘ tanımlaması yapılması<br />
gibi.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 158
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.uaf.edu/ans/faculty/fast/ans365/thum_derect_chaussonnet.html<br />
A: Inupiaq umiak (Rus. байдара) model made by Victor Swan from Kivalina, AK, in 1970, of wood, scraped caribou hide, and cordage. University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks. 31.7 cm.<br />
B: Inupiaq kayak (Rus. байдарка ‗baydaracık‘) model from the Bering Strait, AK, from early 1960s, made of gutskin, wood, and ivory. University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks. 24.3 cm<br />
Mehmet Kara’nın İñupiaqçada kullanılan ve “dalgalanmış/hareketlenmiş kar yüzeyi” anlamına<br />
gelen qayuqjaq kelimesinin de Türkçe kay- fiiliyle ilişkisi olabilir. yargısı doğru değildir.<br />
Türkçe kay- ‘slide’ köküyle ilgisi olmayan aşağıdaki İnyupikçe sözler qayaq ile kökteş olabilir:<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
*qayuI- (root) detachment<br />
qayuił̣ł̣ak- (Ti) qayuiḷḷak- (i) to slip and land on a hard surface | -łłak- vv<br />
>qayuitchaġnaq- (Ti) (i) to be slippery | perhaps +saq- 2 vv +naq- 2 vv<br />
qayuqłak ripple on surface of snow / qayuqłait anuġim tainna pikkaŋi natiġvikami ripples on<br />
surface of snow are made by the wind when it blows close to the ground (used in<br />
telling direction)<br />
Ayrıca, Yupik dillerindeki şu sözler de ilgi kurulabilecek kadar ilginçtir:<br />
сиреникский язык ӄайыӽ 'завѐртывать' = sarmak = wrap<br />
науканский & чаплинский язык ӄа́йгу 'кора дерева' = ağaç kabuğu = bark<br />
Denesey dillerindeki örnekler de ilgilenmeye değerdir:<br />
http://www.nostratic.ru/books/(124)ruhlen5.pdf BOAT Proto-Yeniseian *qä(ʔ)p, Yug xa(ʔ)p, Kott xep = Eyak -qe ―go by<br />
boat,‖ Proto-Athabaskan *-qe˙- ―go by boat.‖<br />
Na-Dene dilleri içinde tek başına grup oluşturan Tlingitçede kullanılan yaakw sözü ile<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> qayaq’ı ve Aravak cayuco’su arasında ilgi olup olmadığı incelenmeye değerdir.<br />
yaakw (pl: yaakwx’; possessed form: yaagú [< yaakw + -ÿi +; prefix form: yakw-) canoe, dugout, boat<br />
yaaxh into a canoe, boat, or other vehicle<br />
ka- 'surface, horizontal surface' [KTʜM ka theme prefix] : x̲áa kayáagu ligéi A warriors canoe is big<br />
yaakw shukáwu (in front of the)<br />
yaakw kináagu (above the boat)<br />
yaakw t’éiwu (behind the boat)<br />
yaakw tayiwú (underneath the boat)<br />
yaakw yígu (inside the boat)<br />
yaakw t’akkáwu (next to the boat)<br />
yaakw shukáwu wé ch’eet (the murrelet is in front of the boat)<br />
yaakw kináagu wé ch’eet (the murrelet is above the boat)<br />
yaakw t’éiwu wé ch’eet (the murrelet is behind the boat)<br />
yaakw tayiwú wé ch’eet (the murrelet is underneath the boat)<br />
yaakw yígu wé ch’eet (the murrelet is inside the boat)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 159
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
yaakw t’akkáwu wé ch’eet (the murrelet is next to the boat)<br />
Tlingit kayıkları<br />
http://www2.hawaii.edu/~crippen/papers/noun-dic.pdf<br />
aandaayaagú (< aan “ship” + dax “from” + yaakw “boat”) rowboat; ship’s boat;<br />
lighter<br />
ch’iyaash flat bottomed canoe (Yakutat)<br />
daxáchx’i tugboat<br />
dáax boat or canoe under construction<br />
gánteen yaakw, gánti yaakw steamboat<br />
jaakúx Athabascan skin canoe, usu. made of caribou or moose skin<br />
l’áakw canoe (big flat bowed canoe or old worn out canoe)<br />
s’eenáa yaakw gas boat, gasoline engine powered boat<br />
seet small canoe with pointed prow<br />
xáatl kaltságaa canoe with twin prongs to push aside ice<br />
yaakw boat or canoe<br />
yaakw xuká deck<br />
yaakw xukahídi cabin<br />
yaakw ka.aasí mast<br />
yaakw xées’i bow<br />
yaakw yik s’ísayi sail<br />
yakw daa.ideidí shell of a boat<br />
yakwtlénx’ large canoe<br />
yakwyádi small canoe<br />
yáxch’ yaakw, yáxwch’i yaakw small canoe with high carved prow<br />
http://www.sealaskaheritage.org/programs/CURRICULUM/Tlingit/Canoes/CanoeUnit.pdf<br />
ch’iyaash flat bottom canoe<br />
This is a Yakutat style canoe and is generally made of spruce. It has a forked prow<br />
for warding off icebergs. It is used for hunting in rough open water, and is small<br />
and light.<br />
yáxwch’i yaakw sea otter canoe<br />
This small, heavy canoe is used for hunting and fishing particularly in the Stikine<br />
area of the Southern Tlingit. It has a symmetrical shape at the bow and stern and<br />
is made of spruce or cedar.<br />
seet small canoe with pointed prow<br />
This type of canoe is generally made of spruce and used for many general uses.<br />
Some have a sail attached. This type of canoe is treated with a black paste and<br />
crossbars and sewn in with spruce root to strengthen the sides.<br />
duk̲ yaakw cottonwood canoe<br />
This type of canoe is made of cottonwood and used for river travel and fishing by<br />
the Chilkat people.<br />
x̲ áa yeeyaagú war canoe<br />
Carved of cedar, these canoes can be quite large, some carrying up to 60 people.<br />
They are used for long voyages, trade, hunting and transporting freight. They often<br />
had a carved prow representing a clan crest. Many of the finest of these were<br />
traded with the Haida.<br />
loon yaakw bark canoe<br />
Used in Teslin, this canoe style is probably borrowed from the Athabaskan people.<br />
ch’ak̲ úx̲ skin canoe<br />
Made of caribou or reindeer skins, this canoe style is probably borrowed from the<br />
Athabaskan or Eyak people.<br />
Asyalı komşularındaki kayık adları <strong>Eskimo</strong>lardakinden farklıdır:<br />
Itelmen (Kamchadal) тҳтўм (sg) тҳтў'н (pl) dugout canoe = бат<br />
Koryak & Chukchi to make a boat :<br />
Chawchuven (Чавчувенский) taʕǝtvǝŋ-kǝ таг'ытвын'-кы<br />
Palana (Паланский) taʔǝtvǝŋ-ki таʔытвын'-ки<br />
Alutor (Алюторский) taʕǝtvǝŋ-ki таг'ытвын'-ки<br />
Karagin (Карагинский) taʔǝtvǝŋ-kǝ таʔтаг'ытвын'-кы<br />
Chukchi (Чукотский) teʔǝtwǝŋ-kǝ тэъытвын'-кы<br />
Kolyma Yukaghir eks'il' boat, canoe made of three boards qa:rbEs large Russian boat anabuskā small hollowed<br />
boat, dugout boat<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 160
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Nivkh ɲ-mu my boat mim two boats nem four boats<br />
эвенкийски лодка : (берестянка) дяв, умурэчун ; (долблёнка) дявкан (вин. дявка нмэ); (дощатая)<br />
оӈкочо , набэй , багар , утуӈгу; (для глубокой воды) ко ӈа; (морская) моӈго<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> *ve komşularının+ kayakları üzerine resim ve bilgilerin olduğu kaynaklardan bazılarını<br />
görmenizi isterim:<br />
John D. Heath and Eugene Arima, Eastern Arctic Kayaks: History, Design, Technique, with<br />
contributions by John Brand, Hugh Collings, Harvey Golden, H.C. Petersen, Johannes Rosing and<br />
Greg Stamer, Fairbanks, University of Alaska Press, 172 pages , 2004<br />
http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic47-2-193.pdf Eugenie Arima, Caribou and Iglulik Inuit<br />
Kayaks, Arctic, Vol: 47, No: 2 , pp: 193-195, 1994<br />
http://www.arctickayaks.com/Bibliography/biblioA-C.htm David W. Zimmerly, Annotated Bibliography of Arctic<br />
Kayaks<br />
http://www.traditionalkayaks.com/Kayakreplicas/KayakReplicas.html Built by Harvey Golden, Traditional Kayak<br />
and Paddle Replicas<br />
http://www.traditionalkayaks.com/Kayakreplicas/types.html<br />
diğerlerine de bakabilirsiniz…<br />
Koryak Kayak; Sea of Okhotsk and shores of Kamchatka. ~1910<br />
Siberian Yuit. ~1910<br />
Inland Chukchi; Anadyr Basin. ~1880<br />
Maritime Chukchi; Anadyr Gulf. ~1880<br />
Polar Greenland (Inuhuit). 1950s to present<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 161
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
< qay- ‘to slide’ +<br />
-ġuq ‘a suffix’<br />
Türk KAYIK’ı<br />
singular plural<br />
with third person possessive<br />
suffix (in nominal<br />
compounds)<br />
& its/his/her kayık<br />
Old Turkic ?<br />
Middle Turkic<br />
Ottoman<br />
ﻕﻐﻴﻗ qayġuq ﺭﻻﻕﻐﻴﻗ qayġuqlar<br />
Turkish kayık kayıklar kayığı<br />
Gagauz kayık кайык kayıklar кайыклар kayıı кайыы<br />
Ahıska (Yozgat) gayux gayuxlar gayuġi<br />
Azeri qayıq qayıqlar qayığı<br />
Türkmen gaýyk гайык gaýyklar гайыклар gaýygy гайыгы<br />
Özbek qayiq қайиқ qayiqlar қайиқлар qayig’i қайиғи<br />
Uygur ق ىي ې ق қейиқ<br />
Tatar каек каеклар каегы<br />
Başkurt ҡайыҡ ҡайыҡтар ҡайығы<br />
Kırım Tatar qayıq къайыкъ къайыкълар qayığı къайыгъы<br />
Kumuk къайыкъ къайыкълар къайыгъы<br />
Karaçay-Balkar къайыкъ къайыкъла къайыгъы<br />
Kazak қайық қайықтар қайығы<br />
Karakalpak қайық қайықлар қайығы<br />
Kırgız кайык кайыктар кайыгы<br />
Altay Ø<br />
Tuva Ø<br />
Hakas Ø<br />
Yakut<br />
хайык, хайыык,<br />
хойук, хойуук<br />
Çuvaş Ø<br />
NOT: All letters k = q<br />
Turkish : hünkâr kayığı, saltanat kayığı (sultan kayığı), elçi kayığı, yolcu kayığı, gezinti kayığı, pazar kayığı, yük kayığı, at kayığı,<br />
yangın kayığı, ateş kayığı, menzil kayığı, dolap kayığı, su kayığı, funda kayığı, odun kayığı, kömür kayığı, alet kayığı, safra kayığı,<br />
buz kayığı, kireç kayığı, mezbele kayığı, piyade kayık, balıkçı kayığı, ığrıp kayığı, foroz kayığı, voli kayığı, yılandili kayık, hanımiğnesi<br />
kayığı, kırlangıç kayığı, saz kayığı, çete kayığı, çifte kayığı, İzmir kayığı, kancabaş kayığı, yelkenli kayık, yarış kayığı, oyma kayık<br />
(kütük kayık), deniz kayığı, nehir kayığ, şişirme kayık, Venedik kayığı (gondol), <strong>Eskimo</strong> kayığı (kayak), Kızılderili kayığı (kano), Çin<br />
kayığı (sampan 舢舨); imam kayığı ( ‘imam’s boat’ : coffin = tabut ); COOKiNG TERMS: kayık tabak (‘boat dish’), peynirli kabak<br />
kayığı , domatesli patlıcan kayığı, kıymalı biber kayığı<br />
Azeri : balıqçı qayığı, gezinti qayığı, gözətçi qayığı, yelkənli qayıq, sahil qoruma qayığı, sualtı qayığı (denizaltı ), kanoe qayığı, kayak<br />
qayığı, Venesiya qayığı (gondol<br />
Özbek : балиқчи қайиғи<br />
Uygur : قىيېق قۇلرۇتوم , قىيﯧﻗ<br />
ﺯﻪﻏﻪﻗ<br />
Kazak : балықшы қайығы, резин қайығы, резеңке қайық, казанка-қайығы, катамаран қайығы, сүңгуір қайық (‘submarine =<br />
denizaltı’ < сүңгуір ‘Aythya, pochard, scaup’)<br />
Macarca<br />
Loanwords from Turkic (esp. Turkish)<br />
kajik, kaik (new borrowing)<br />
Kajik (kaik), török kikötőkben a közlekedésre használt hosszu, keskeny, ékre épített, rendesen két evezővel, de<br />
egyszerü ppznavitorlával is felszerelt cspnak, mely igen gyorsan fut. Evezőseik kájikcsi névem ösmeretesek. Sajátságuk az,<br />
hogy az evezőt húzva egészen hátra dülnek, feküsznek. Vannak több evezővel elláttott K.-ok is.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 162
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Forrás: Pallas Nagylexikon<br />
http://gyorkos.uw.hu/szotar/szotar1.htm<br />
Kajik: kisebb evezős-vitorlás hajp. Még kisebb ágyúval is felszerelték. B. G. H. E. H.: Oszmán tüzérség aloldal.<br />
hajó (archaic borrowing)‘boat; sheep’<br />
http://www.federatio.org/mi_bibl/AlfredToth_<strong>Eskimo</strong>_Aleut.pdf Hungarian and <strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut with Paleo-<br />
Siberian Cognates by Prof.Dr. Alfréd Tpth, Mikes International, The Hague, Holland 2007<br />
Hungarian hajó “ship”<br />
Proto-Altaic *gàjá “oar, boat pole”<br />
Proto-Finno-Ugric *kappɜ “a kind of tree which can be worked into; aspen, etc.”<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut kapə- “to stab”<br />
Sumerian gabatab (94x: Ur III) wr. ĝešgaba-tab; gaba-tab “a wooden pole used for manual seeding<br />
http://mek.oszk.hu/05100/05129/05129.pdf Hungarian-Mesopotamian Dictionary by Prof.Dr. Alfréd<br />
Tpth, Mikes International, The Hague, Holland 2007<br />
Hungarian hajó “ship”<br />
Proto-Altaic *gàjá “oar, boat pole”<br />
Proto-Finno-Ugric *kappɜ “a kind of tree which can be worked into; aspen, etc.”<br />
Sumerian gabatab (94x: Ur III) wr. ĝešgaba-tab; gaba-tab “a wooden pole used for manual seeding<br />
Farsça ق يا ق (pl: اهق يا ق); ىر فاس م ق يا ق (qayeqe mosaferi ‘yolcu kayığı’)<br />
Tacikçe қаиқ<br />
Kürtçe (Kurmanji) qeyîq<br />
Kürtçe (Sorani) قی يەق<br />
Urdu ق ئا ق<br />
Komice<br />
Rusça<br />
Ukraynaca каик, каюк<br />
Slovakça kaik (dlhý úzky čln)<br />
Makedonca кајче<br />
Bulgarca каик<br />
Sırpça каик<br />
Slovence kaik<br />
Arnavutça<br />
каюк (крытая лодка); тöваръяс новлöдлiсны каюкъясöн - товары<br />
развозили на каюках<br />
каик (турецкая шлюпка); каюк, каючка (pl: каючки), каючек<br />
http://www.randewy.ru/dic/dk.html Морской орфографический словарь<br />
каюк, каюка (речное парусное судно)<br />
каючка, -и, мн. каючки, каючек (лодка)<br />
kaike (pl: kaikja, art/sg: kaike, art/pl: kaiket), kajkì (pl: kajka) §<br />
kaike peshkatarësh (balıkçı kayığı), kaike druri (odun kayığı)<br />
Romence caic (pl: caice)<br />
Yunanca το καΐκι (pl: τα καΐκια); το καΐκάκι (pl: τα καΐκάκια) (dim); Η λέξη καΐκι<br />
χαρακτηρίζει όλα τα μικροφ μεγέθουσ, ταχφπλοα και ευέλικτα ιςτιοφόρα πλοία. Το πολφ μικρό καΐκι ονομάζεται καΐκάκι.<br />
caique, kaique (turkish rowboat)<br />
http://www.seatalk.info (The Dictionary of English Nautical Language) 1) A light rowing boat common in the Bosporus. 2)<br />
A small sailing boat used in the Eastern Mediterranean<br />
İngilizce<br />
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O225-caique.html<br />
caique, from the Turkish kaik, a boat or skiff.<br />
1. In its strict meaning it refers to the light boats propelled by one or two oars and used in Turkish waters, particularly the<br />
Bosporus, but it was also used as a term for the sultan's ceremonial barge when he went by water to a mosque or to his<br />
harem. The word has since been loosely applied to most small rowing boats and skiffs in the Levant.<br />
2. A small Levantine sailing vessel, usually with a lateen rig, but here again the name has been loosely expanded to include<br />
a variety of modern sailing and motorized vessels, used mainly for island trade.<br />
Fransızca le caïque; caïque goelette<br />
il caicco (pl: i caicchi), caicchio § caicco turco, caicco greco (il<br />
İtalyanca kaikia); caicchi dei pescatori<br />
http://www.homolaicus.com/linguaggi/glossario_marineria/letterac.html (Glossarıo della Marineria) Caicco Piccolo battello<br />
a remi in dotazione alle navi a vela<br />
Venedikçe caichio, caicio , caecio<br />
lu caiccu § caiccu di straportu (
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
(:Caiccu, caicco. scapha. Siricci appressu com ulu caiccu, vale essergli indivisibile compagno,<br />
e inseparabile, effere, o fiare al fianco ad uno. Aditare lateri. Crus. Forse dal Lat. cadus,<br />
cadiccù, caiccu *<strong>Kmoksy</strong> scapha ’ ship’s boat’+)<br />
Sardinyaca (Campidanese) caiccu<br />
Sardinyaca (Gallurese) caiccu<br />
Maltaca il-kajjik<br />
İspanyolca caique<br />
Portekizce caíque<br />
Katalanca<br />
Valensiyaca la xaica<br />
Almanca Kaik, Kajik, Kaike<br />
Felemenkçe kaïk<br />
Norveççe (bokmçl) kaiki (
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O225-kayak.html<br />
kayak, an Inuit word for a light, covered-in, canoe-type boat used for fishing, in common<br />
use in northern waters from Greenland to Alaska. It is made by covering a wooden<br />
framework with sealskin, with a hole in the centre of the top of the boat into which the<br />
kayaker, also dressed in sealskin, laces himself to prevent the entry of water. It is<br />
propelled by a double-bladed paddle. The word kayak, in its strict meaning, applies only to<br />
a boat when it is occupied by a man; if a woman uses one, it is called a umiak. It is thought<br />
by some people that the origin of the word is from the Arabic caique, the name being<br />
given to these native boats when they were first seen by the early explorers and<br />
subsequently taken into the Inuit language. However, this seems unlikely as the name is<br />
the same in all Inuit and Greenland dialects.<br />
1. William G. Luscombe & Louis J. <strong>Bir</strong>d: Canoeing, 2008<br />
Kayak (sometimes written cayak or kajak) is the <strong>Eskimo</strong> word for a fishing boat, used at<br />
first only in Greenland and Alaska. As the years rolled on this craft found its way to many<br />
countries, as will be seen by reference to other chapters in this book, but mention of<br />
kayak usually recalls thoughts of the old-time <strong>Eskimo</strong> craft. The word has no connection<br />
with the Arabic caique (from the Turkish kaik), but is a pure <strong>Eskimo</strong> word.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 165
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Tayno KAYUKO’su<br />
Loanwords from Spanish < Taino<br />
tek parça kütükten OYMA KAYIK = DUGOUT [CANOE] = ЧЁЛН<br />
İngilizce cayuco, cayuca A traditional dugout is made from a single tree trunk.<br />
Wikipedia Cayuco Racing consists of a small, 4 seater vessel, propelled<br />
through paddling only. It is much the same as what many people will<br />
know as Canoeing.<br />
Cayuco is the activity of paddling a canoe for the purpose of recreation<br />
(also called a float trip), sport, or transportation. It usually refers<br />
exclusively to using a paddle to propel a canoe with only human muscle<br />
power. A cayuco is propelled using a paddle with two blades where the<br />
paddler sits with their legs in front of them, whereas canoes are<br />
propelled using single- or double-bladed paddles where the paddler is<br />
kneeling or sitting. Cayucos are usually closed-decked boats with a<br />
spraydeck, while canoes are usually open boats.<br />
There are also open cayucos and closed canoes. Technically, a cayuco<br />
can be seen as a special kind of canoe. When exactly a canoe can be<br />
called cayuco is difficult to determine though, and often arbitrary.<br />
Internationally, the term canoeing is used as a generic term for all<br />
forms though the terms "paddle sports" or "canoe/kayak/cayuco" are<br />
also used.<br />
In North America, however, 'canoeing' usually refers only to canoes, as<br />
opposed to both canoes and cayucos. Paddling a cayuco is also referred<br />
to as kayuco.<br />
Open canoes may be 'poled' (punted), sailed, 'lined and tracked' (using<br />
ropes) or even 'gunnel-bobbed'.In modern canoe sport, both canoes<br />
and cayucos may be closed-decked. Other than by the minimum<br />
competition specifications (typically length and width (beam) and<br />
seating arrangement it is difficult to differentiate most competition<br />
canoes from the equivalent competition cayucos.<br />
The Panamanian Cayuco<br />
In the Republic of Panama, a cayuco is a vessel carved from the trunk<br />
of a tree, used mainly, but not exclusively by the indigenous people of<br />
this country.<br />
http://www.dragorossi.com/cayuco.html<br />
The Cayuco has a rocker curve, bow volume, rail shape and sidewall shape that look and<br />
function like a river running kayak. The bottom concaves, outline and tail shape are closer to an<br />
ocean surfing SUP. This board really is a perfect synthesis of the two schools of thought brought<br />
together for the end goal of making whitewater river running fun.<br />
İspanyolca el cayuco (küçültme/diminutive: cayuquito, büyültme/augmentative: cayucón);<br />
cayuquero (kayıkçı; denize dalan dalgıcın kayıkta duran yardımcısı*)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 166
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/cayuco<br />
cayuco<br />
1 Embarcacipn de una pieza a partir de un tronco de árbol vaciado, más pequeña que la canoa,<br />
con el fondo plano y sin quilla, que se impulsa y se dirige con un remo muy ancho llamado<br />
canalete y que se utiliza en las Antillas y otras partes de América.<br />
2 Recientemente, barco o bote usado por los inmigrantes ilegales africanos para entrar en<br />
España.<br />
http://lingua.cc.sophia.ac.jp/varilex/php-atlas/Diccionario_Panhispanico_VARILEX.pdf<br />
Diccionario Panhispánico de VARILEX<br />
BOAT Barca con remos.<br />
barca: AR, CO, CU, EL, ES, MX, NI, PN, RD<br />
barco: CU, MX<br />
bote: AR, BO, CH, CO, CR, CU, EC, EL, ES, EU, HO, MX, NI, PA, PE, PN, PR, RD, UR, VE<br />
canoa: AR, CH, CO, CU, EC, ES, EU, MX, NI, PA, PE, PN, PR, RD, UR, VE<br />
cayuco: EL, EU, HO, MX, NI, PN<br />
chalana: CU, ES, RD, UR<br />
lancha: AR, BO, CH, CO, CR, CU, EL, ES, EU, GU, MX, NI, PE, PN, PR, RD, VE<br />
patera: ES<br />
yola: PR, RD<br />
Dominik Cumhuriyeti İspanyolcasında bir kaktüs (Cereus hexagonus) türü için kullanılan cayuco<br />
adı,<br />
* divers use their own masks and basic diving equipment. The companies provide the tanks and<br />
the compressor to keep them filled with oxygen. Each diver identifies an assistant who is called<br />
the cayuquero. When the boat picks up the divers, it also picks up one assistant per diver and<br />
the canoe. The assistant is responsible for hovering over the spot where the diver has<br />
submerged into the sea, trying to keep the canoe steady, prevent it from drifting, and keeping<br />
watch for the diver’s bubbles. Each canoe is assigned four oxygen tanks. The diver descends with<br />
two tanks, and leaves two in the canoe. The big boat circulates among the canoes and fills the<br />
tanks that have been used by the divers.<br />
The divers mostly work from panga's (type of boat) carrying the diver and his cayuquero or<br />
'bubbleman' and the captain of the boat.<br />
The divers use their own masks and basic diving equipment. The companies provide the tanks<br />
and the compressor to keep them filled with oxygen. Each diver identifies an assistant who is<br />
called the cayuquero.<br />
Katalanca el cayuco (pl: els cayucos)<br />
Portekizce o cayuco (pl: os cayucos)<br />
İtalyanca il cayuco<br />
Rusça каюка (pl: каюки) (лодка в Центральной и Южной Америке)<br />
http://www.randewy.ru/dic/dk.html Морской орфографический словарь<br />
http://www.alnap.org/pool/files/unhcr-canary-islands.pdf<br />
20. In most cases, people wishing to go to the Canary Islands must pay a human smuggler a large sum of money,<br />
sometimes several thousand Euros. In other cases, groups of people will come together to organize the journey<br />
themselves. They travel<br />
in boats known as ‘cayucos’ for longer voyages and in ‘pateras’ for shorter journeys.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 167
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
CAYUCO =<br />
Miskitu dûri<br />
Ulwa kuring<br />
Guarani yga<br />
Quechua kanuwa canoa<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Taino_nations<br />
Neo-Taino nations are defined here as the assorted nations of the Caribbean islands, that together with the Tainos, were described on the arrival of<br />
European chroniclers or which arose after this historic record was established. Genetically these populations are of northeast Asian origins as<br />
defined by mitochondrial DNA haplogroups A, B and C.<br />
Some scholars consider it important to distinguish the Taíno from the neo-Taino nations or neo-Taíno nations of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Hispañola<br />
,the Lucaya of the Bahamas, Jamaica. Linguistically or culturally these differences extended from various cognates or types of canoe: canoa, piragua,<br />
cayuco (e.g. Zayas, 1914) to distinct languages. Languages diverged even over short distances (Wilson. 1990). Religiously these groups often had<br />
distinctly non-Taíno deities such as the goddess Jagua [2], strangely enough the god Teju Jagua is a major demon of indigenous Paraguayan<br />
mythology [3], [4]. Still these groups plus the high Taíno are considered Island Arawak, part of a widely diffused assimilating culture a circumstance<br />
witnessed even today by names of places in the New World; for example localities or rivers called Guamá (the Taíno name for ‗Lonchocarpus<br />
domingensis‘ a leguminous tree wide spread in the Caribbean [5], the designation of a chief [6], Guamá was also the name of famous Taíno [7] who<br />
fought the Spanish) are found in Cuba, Venezuela and Brazil.<br />
Thus, since the neo-Taíno had far more diverse cultural input and a greater societal and ethnic heterogeneity than the true high Taíno (Rouse, 1992) of<br />
Boriquen (Puerto Rico) a separate section is presented here. A broader language group is Arawakan languages. The term Arawak (Aruaco) is said<br />
derived from an insulting term meaning eaters of meal given to them by mainland Caribs. In turn the Arawak legend explains the origin of the Caribs<br />
as offspring of a putrid serpent.<br />
The social classes of the neo- Taíno, generalized from Bartolomé de las Casas, appeared to have been loosely feudal with the following Taíno classes:<br />
naboría (common people), nitaíno' (sub-chiefs, or nobles), bohique, (shamans priests/healers), and the cacique (chieftains, or princes). However, the<br />
neo- Taíno seem to have been more relaxed in this respect.<br />
Neo-Taíno nations and related ethnic groups<br />
(following Granberry and Vescelius, 2004) include:<br />
Ciboney<br />
Ciboney (also Siboney) is a term preferred in Cuban historic context for the neo-Taino-Siboney nations of the island of Cuba. Our knowledge of the<br />
Cuban indigenous cultures which are often, but less precisely, lumped into a category called Taíno (Caribbean Island Arawak) comes from Spanish<br />
conquerors' written accounts, oral traditions and considerable archeological evidence.<br />
Ciguayo<br />
A separate ethnic identity that differed in language and customs from the classical or high Taíno who lived on the eastern part of the island of<br />
Hispaniola then known as Quisqueya and now the Dominican Republic. Wilson (1990) states that circa 1500 this was the kingdom Cacigazgo of<br />
Cacique Guacangarí.<br />
Lucaya<br />
A separate ethnic identity from what was Bimini and now are islands of the Bahamas. Also known to have inhabited the small islands south and close<br />
to Cuba known currently as Jardines de la Reina, where the Cuban neo-Taíno leader Cacique Bayamo and Spanish conquistador Diego Velázquez<br />
joined forces to make war on them.<br />
Macorix<br />
Another separate ethnic identity from what was Quisqueya and now the Dominican Republic. Their language was said to be mutually unintelligible<br />
with Taíno, requiring bilingual abilities, but may have been similar to Ciguayo (Wilson, 1990).<br />
Guanahatabey<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 168
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
A separate ethnic identity from far western Cuba.<br />
Eyeri/Kaliphuna<br />
Often called Carib, the women, who were often abducted neo-Taínas, spoke Eyeri, a language very close to Taíno (Breton,1665) [18]; the men spoke a<br />
variant of Carib for trade and ceremony (Wilson, 1990; Rouse, 1992).<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Siberian_American_Aborigines<br />
Pre-Siberian American Aborigines<br />
The name American Aborigines has been proposed by some archaeologists and anthropologists [who?] for hypothetical peoples who lived in the<br />
Americas prior to the arrival of the ancestors of the Paleo-Indians<br />
http://www.timespub.tc/2009/06/you-can%E2%80%99t-get-there-from-here/<br />
Natural History<br />
You Can’t Get There From Here<br />
Summer 2009<br />
Whether Indian or archaeologist, transportation can be a challenge.<br />
By Bill Keegan and Betsy Carlson<br />
If there be any earthly Paradyse in the worlde, it can not be farre from these regions of the south, where the<br />
heaven is so beneficiall and the elements so temperate that they are neither bitten with the coulde in winter,<br />
nor molested with heate in summer.<br />
Amerigo Vespucci, 1499<br />
It was the fourth voyage that Christopher Columbus made to the New World. In 1498 he was sailing along the<br />
northeast coast of South America near Trinidad when he started getting strange navigational readings, which he<br />
took to indicate that he was sailing uphill. Being a devout Catholic, he interpreted this situation as evidence that<br />
there was a prominence on the earth shaped like a woman’s breast, on which would be found the “Terrestrial<br />
Paradise” (Garden of Eden). And since no man could go there without God’s permission, he changed course and<br />
sailed to the west.<br />
As unbelievable as this story may sound, it is absolutely true. Columbus understood the concept of sea “level,”<br />
so how could he imagine that he was sailing up a hill? His interpretation may have been based on his religious<br />
beliefs, but they also suggest that he had been at sea (and away from his wife) for far too long. From our vantage<br />
point, we can surmise that what Columbus failed to recognize was that he was sailing through the very<br />
strong, and largely freshwater, current that flows north through the Gulf of Paría (separating Trinidad from<br />
Venezuela) – a product of the enormous discharge of the Orinoco River. When it comes to traveling, sometimes<br />
it can be a real challenge to get where you are going.<br />
It is hard not to be reminded of that old Bob & Ray comedy routine: A tourist in Maine approaches an old man<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 169
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
on the side of the road and asks directions. The old man gives a complicated set of directions and then concludes,<br />
“no, that won’t work.” He then gives an even more complicated set of directions and again concludes,<br />
“No, that won’t work either.” Then yet again . . . and finally the old man looks at the tourist and says, “You can’t<br />
get there from here.” (It’s funnier with a Maine accent!)<br />
For us, for Columbus, and for the Taínos, transportation has always been a major issue. The Taínos had only two<br />
choices – overland on foot (this is known as “walking”, which has become an increasingly rare form of transportation),<br />
or by water in boats. Columbus had the same two options, although his boats had slightly more room<br />
for relaxing on deck. However, keep in mind that the term “canoe” (some Taíno names for canoe are canoa,<br />
cayuco, and yuco) had much different implications in the past than it does today. Columbus observed Taíno<br />
“canoes” on the south coast of Cuba that had brightly painted bowsprits, were almost 100 feet long, and were<br />
driven by 90 men with paddles (naje). Imagine trying to squeeze 90 people into what today we call a canoe!?<br />
Columbus described Taíno canoes as hollowed from a single log, often the trunk of a huge Ceiba or silk cotton<br />
tree. In order to construct a canoe you needed to first ask permission from the ancestors to cut down the tree,<br />
because the Ceiba was home to the ancestral spirits. Among the Warao Indians of the Orinoco Delta, only those<br />
who possessed sacred knowledge were allowed to build canoes. There were many forms of insurance that went<br />
into making canoes seaworthy.<br />
When you live on an island, there is no more important form of transportation than a boat; they are essential to<br />
island life. Overwater travel was extremely important for the Taínos, and as such the only Taíno words that we<br />
know that relate to travel have to do with boats, bodies of water (ama, ni or ne), and how far away places are.<br />
In the Taíno language, something that was far away was called ya, but if it was really far away, it was called yaya<br />
(Yaya is also the name of their principal god, the supreme being with “no name”). The Taíno also had a word for<br />
outsiders – people who lived far away and didn’t belong to your group – they were called cuba.<br />
For us, getting to and from various archaeological sites has often involved boats, and we have had our share of<br />
memorable boating experiences, like running out of gas at night off the north coast of Haiti and waiting for the<br />
morning fishermen to come help us out. Back in 1979, Keegan and Chal Misick sailed across the Caicos Bank to<br />
look for cave sites on East Caicos that had been reported in 1912, only to run aground several times. When you<br />
are stuck on a mound of sand in the middle of the Caicos Bank waiting for the tide to turn, you are very far from<br />
where you thought you were going to end up (thank God we picked up Lee Penn in South Caicos who really<br />
knew how to sail!). Sometimes you have to be inventive to get where you want to go. On a survey job at Silly<br />
Creek in Provo, we were ferried to work on jet skis.<br />
The best way to do archaeological surveying is on foot. Unfortunately, archaeological sites are not always<br />
located near modern roads or even within walking distance of a bar. Travel on foot through the forest can be<br />
difficult. Anyone who has been in the “bush” knows that under a canopy of trees you lack visual references to<br />
direction, and the density of the vegetation can sometimes make passage almost impossible; this is what’s<br />
known as the “wall of bush” (the Taínos called it jiba). You can’t go under it, over it, around it, or through it, but<br />
somehow (with the help of machetes) you keep moving forward. The Taínos didn’t have machetes, but an<br />
advantage that they may have had is that when the bush contains primary mature forest, there are fewer<br />
obstructions because large trees prevent the growth of a dense understory.<br />
So did the Taínos simply ramble through the forest, or did they build trails and roads? Like any of us would, the<br />
Taínos cleared trails to their gardens and between their villages. An elegant piece of evidence pointing to the<br />
use of prehistoric roads comes from the north coast of Haiti, where Clark Moore recognized that large Taíno<br />
villages were located at 27 km (17 mile) intervals. This interval represents a one-day, or about an eight-hour,<br />
leisurely walk. Today, walking 17 miles to visit your neighbor seems unrealistic, yet it is all what you are used to.<br />
In Haiti, where walking is the primary form of transportation, we frequently encountered people who had<br />
walked for miles with a bag of charcoal on their head. During one of our surveys we asked directions in broken<br />
Kweyol and began following our guide. After about a mile we realized that the person thought we were lost and<br />
was leading us back to our hotel – 25 miles away!<br />
Over the years we have walked at least a thousand miles looking for archaeological sites, often covering 10 to<br />
15 miles in a day. If you are doing a beach survey and you are at sea level, the horizon is about seven miles<br />
away. You start out walking in the morning and you reach the “horizon” by noon! You reach your second<br />
“horizon” by dinner!<br />
Walking along the beach is one thing, but cutting cross-country is quite different. When Dr. Shaun Sullivan did<br />
his research at MC-6 in 1978 he followed a 3.5 km (2 mile) trail from Bambarra that was maintained by Simon<br />
Forbes. Simon was then burning charcoal on the margins of Armstrong Pond. When we returned to work at the<br />
site in 1999, Simon had stopped going to Armstrong Pond and it took us six days to cut a new trail.<br />
Getting your bearings within such an environment often requires regular tree climbing. Once, Keegan had the<br />
unfortunate experience of climbing a tree on Crooked Island in The Bahamas during a rainstorm to figure out<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 170
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
where he was, and then realized that he was in a poisonwood tree!<br />
In many parts of the world animals were used to replace walking or the transport of heavy burdens (horses,<br />
donkeys, oxen, llamas, camels, elephants, etc.). These animals were not available in the Americas (except llamas<br />
– and we’ll refrain from the Ogden Nash rhyme) until Europeans reintroduced them. We mention “reintroduced”<br />
because there were horses, camelids, and elephants (mammoths and mastodons) in the Americas until<br />
about 10,000 years ago. A major question for paleontologists is whether the first arrival of humans, who hunted<br />
them for food, or climate change at the end of the Pleistocene Epoch led to their extinction. Columbus brought<br />
horses on his second voyage. When the Taínos first saw men on horseback they thought they were one creature,<br />
like the mythical Centaur. Horses provided the Spanish with a huge advantage over the native peoples<br />
they subjugated. On one occasion we did travel to a site in Jamaica on horseback, but this was more for fun<br />
than necessity.<br />
The last form of transportation that has been around for centuries but was never used by the Taínos is the<br />
wheel. In fact, the only evidence for wheels in the pre-European Americas is found on children’s toys in the<br />
Maya area. We wonder if they too played the game where you keep a wheel upright while propelling it with a<br />
stick.<br />
Our modern investigations of the Taínos have been strongly dependent on wheels. Starting with the twowheeled<br />
variety, Dr. Shaun Sullivan used a collapsible bicycle during his archaeological surveys in the Turks &<br />
Caicos in 1977. At that time there were only two trucks on Middle Caicos, and somehow these two trucks<br />
managed to get into a head-on collision! He also used a motorcycle to investigate possible site locations on<br />
Eleuthera.<br />
Survey trucks are a whole other breed of vehicle. We rented a red pickup truck on Grand Turk one year that<br />
backfired and spewed sparks across the road every time you shifted gears. On our daily trips between North<br />
Creek and Waterloo we would send pedestrians scattering for cover as the truck passed through town. On St.<br />
Lucia our truck had only second and fourth gear when the transmission got hot; this necessitated zipping<br />
around hairpin-turns to maintain speed in order to ascend a steep slope. This was more memorable to the ten<br />
people in the bed of the truck.<br />
Our most interesting forms of transport, however, were in southwest Jamaica. Each day, to get to our sites we<br />
had to cross the Dean’s Valley River. The first year we crossed the river in a cattle cart pulled by a large tractor.<br />
The next year we had a “jitney.” similar to the trams they use at Disney World. Every day, “tru da riva,” was the<br />
warning call sounded for everyone to get up on their seats and secure the gear as the water rushed across the<br />
jitney. The third year we graduated to a Land Rover that had been used in an off-road race across Africa. Camel<br />
cigarettes (the main sponsor) shipped the vehicle to Jamaica for promotional photographs. Using the spotlights<br />
on the roof, this vehicle was a great help in catching land crabs at night.<br />
Transportation, and the development of new ways to get to places that “you can’t get there from here,” has<br />
been a major part of cultural evolution for thousands of years. We have used all kinds of transport to conduct<br />
our research on the Taínos, and the Taínos had their own forms of transport. But modern development requires<br />
new forms of access. In this regard, the Turks & Caicos is now investing in the construction of a road and bridges<br />
that will connect Middle Caicos with Provo. There are environmental issues to consider, but from the human<br />
perspective the new road will facilitate movement (and development) to the formerly “remote” islands of<br />
North and Middle Caicos. What we see is a future in which a visitor to Leeward Going Through asks, “Does this<br />
road go to Bambarra?” and the Belonger answers, “This road don’t go nowhere, it just rests here.”<br />
Dr. Bill Keegan is Curator of Caribbean Archaeology at the Florida Museum of Natural History, University of<br />
Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Dr. Betsy Carlson is Senior Archaeologist with Southeastern Archaeological<br />
Research, Inc. (SEARCH) in Jonesville, Florida, and affiliate faculty at the Florida Museum of Natural History.<br />
http://www.kacike.org/FerbelEspanol.html<br />
NoporquehablanespañolsignificaquesondeEspaña:<br />
LasobrevivenciadelaculturaTaínaenlaRepúblicaDominicana<br />
Dr. P. J. Ferbel<br />
Hay lugares por la costa y ciénega donde gente todavía fabrica canoas y cayucos, embarcaciones chiquitas. La<br />
manera de hacer una canoa de una palma real, como un abrevadero para las vacas y puercos, está todavía en<br />
practica en algunos campos. Esta tecnología es más y más rara porque es más fácil cortar ruedas de camión para<br />
la misma función. Es también interesante que esos abrevaderos se llaman canoas (Figura 6). [31]<br />
Fig. 6<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 171
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
İspanyolcaya Taynocadan geçtiği belirtilen cayuco sözüne Yeni-Tayno sözlükleri *Taíno<br />
words in the Puerto Rican Vocabulary, Taino Vocabulary in the Dominican Republic] yer vermiyor.<br />
http://209.85.229.132/search?q=cache:bGDwjJR0xm8J:cibao.tripod.com/CulturaTaina.html+taino+cayuco&cd=35&hl=tr&ct=clnk&gl=tr<br />
Palabras Indígenas y significado en español<br />
Cayuco = canoita<br />
http://www.jmarcano.com/mipais/historia/terminos/taino_c.html<br />
Palabras Taínas<br />
Cayuco<br />
Embarcacipn pequeña, larga y estrecha, sin popa, ni quilla. Juan Ignacio de Armas, en sus<br />
Orígenes del lenguaje criollo, Habana, 1882, página 85, opina, que es un vocablo derivado de<br />
cayo.<br />
http://sites.google.com/site/majaguany/vocabulario<br />
DICCIONARIO TAINO<br />
Cayuco = n : Enbarcacion, hecha de una sola pieza de madera, plana, sin quilla.<br />
http://www.native-languages.org/taino.htm<br />
Taino is an Arawakan language of the Caribbean, originally spoken in what is now Puerto Rico, Cuba, the<br />
Dominican Republic and the Bahamas. Today there are two Taino languages: the original Taino tongue--which,<br />
though not spoken as a first language today, is being taught to Taino children in an active language revival<br />
program--and a unique Spanish-Taino creole, spoken by many Taino people, using Spanish grammar but with<br />
half of its vocabulary words Taino in origin. As with many creoles, monolingual Spanish speakers cannot<br />
understand this new Taino-Spanish language at all.<br />
http://www.taino-tribe.org/terms1.htm<br />
Cáicu.- Arrecife, islote, isia, tierra. Por derivacipn caiu, cayu, cayo. El árabe tiene caique, barco pequeño con<br />
vela y mástil (Eguilaz).<br />
Taynoca (Aravak dillerinden biri) olarak kaydedilen kayuko sözünün ne <strong>Eskimo</strong> kayak’ı ile<br />
ne de Türk kayık’ı ile bir ilgisi vardır. Tamamen bir yanlış anlamayla kano sözünden çıkmıştır.<br />
İspanyolcadaki bazı Taino alıntıları üzerine 1982’de yaptığı çalışmada Nicolás del Castillo<br />
Mathieu, Taino dilinden İspanyolcaya geçen cayuco sözünün çıkış noktasını açıklıyor:<br />
http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/thesaurus/pdf/37/TH_37_002_001_1.pdf<br />
Nicolás del CASTILLO MATHIEU, Relaciones del Taino con el Caribe Insular: cacique, canalete, cayuco, cazabe, colibrí,<br />
bucanero, Thesaurus Boletin del Instituto Caro y Cuervo, Tomo XXXVII, mayo-Agosto de 1982, Número 2, sa: 233-<br />
254, Bogota<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 172
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
3.— Cayuco.<br />
En casi toda la Costa Atlántica Occidental (Cartagena, zonas de los ríos San Jorge y Sinú) y en la antigua<br />
Provincia de Santa Marta, cayuco es 'canoa pequeña', adecuada sobre todo para la navegacipn en aguas tranquilas.<br />
Hay testimonio de Eliseo Reclus de 1860 sobre su uso en Dibuya —en la Guajira (Friederici, Amer. Wórt., s.v.)— y<br />
otro ligeramente posterior de monseñor Celedpn en la misma zona (Celedpn, Goajiro, pág. 91). En el interior de<br />
Colombia no la hemos oído. Cuervo no la trae. Pichardo Moya anota que en las Antillas Mayores está viva la voz<br />
cayuco para designar una embarcacipn más pequeña que la canoa (Los aborígenes, pág. 111), lo cual confirma<br />
Malaret {Diccionario, s.v.) aunque generalizándola a América, cosa que no está comprobada. Santamaría la limita a<br />
las Antillas y a la América ístmica desde Méjico hasta Venezuela (Diccionario, s.v.). Nosotros la hemos oído en<br />
Guatemala aplicada a botes pequeños hacia 1973. No la trae Gagini para Costa Rica. Álvarez Nazario dice que se usa<br />
aún en Cuba y Santo Domingo, pero que apenas se oye en Puerto Rico (Influjo, pág. 80).<br />
Alvarado la relaciona con kajak, el bote groenlandés (Glosario, pág. 96) y Calcaño la tiene por caribe<br />
(Castellano, pág. 434), pero no suministra pruebas. Friederici dice que el origen caribe no está confirmado ,Amér.<br />
Wört., s.v.). A Henríquez Ureña le parece palabra taina por su estructura (Indig., pág. 120). Nosotros no hemos<br />
encontrado ninguna voz semejante en los vocabularios caribes continentales que hemos manejado (ver Del Castillo,<br />
Léxico Caribe), pero sí en el caribe insular, lo que, dada la circunstancia acabada de anotar, indicaría más bien una<br />
etimología taina. Nos parece que se equivoca Bretpn —como con frecuencia lo hace, por desgracia— al registrar<br />
oucounni hueri (canoa) en el vocabulario masculino del caribe insular (Dict. fran., pág. 60). En otra parte de esta<br />
obra traduce 'piragua' por canaoa y oucounni sin establecer ninguna distincipn y dando a entender más bien, por el<br />
orden de enumeracipn, que canaoa es masculino y oucounni femenino (ibidem, pág. 294). Ka-coune-ti, por otra<br />
parte, significa "él tiene una canoa, una embarcacipn" (Dict. car., pág. 419). De una voz similar en taino, por el<br />
proceso de objetivacipn que anotamos en el caso de canalete, y con pérdida de las dos sílabas finales -neti, podría<br />
haberse formado el español cayuco. Taylor registra por otra parte, como sabemos, la presencia en taino, caribe<br />
insular y lokono del atributivo kA-, opuesto al privativo mA- (A note on Arawakan, pág. 153) que produciría algo así<br />
como kA-ucu-ni = 'con canoa'. De una voz similar a ésta en taino (o más probablemente a ka-cou-neti = 'él tiene una<br />
canoa') pudo surgir cayuco, con -y- epentética.<br />
Cayuco está viva en España. La emplean dos autores de esa nacionalidad, que escriben sobre la Guinea<br />
española al verter algunos cuentos del bujeba al español (Larrea y otro, Leyendas y cuentos bujebas, págs. 35 y 38).<br />
http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/thesaurus/pdf/32/TH_32_003_092_0.pdf<br />
LÉXICO CARIBE EN EL CARIBE INSULAR (SEGUNDA PARTE)<br />
3. VOCABULARIO CARIBE INSULAR Y SUS CORRESPONDENCIAS<br />
Caribe insular Lenguas caribes suramericanas<br />
303<br />
canaoa (piragua) Br. II, 294<br />
úkuni (canoa) (léx. mase.) Dom Tay. 154<br />
kanawa (canoa) caribe, Hoff 19<br />
canana (canoa) galibi, B.L.A. 4<br />
canaua (canoa) rucuyo, B.L. A. 4<br />
canagua (canoa) cuman., Fried 127<br />
canaua (canoa) cariniaco, B. L.A. 268<br />
canaua ya (canoa) carijona, B.L.A. 36<br />
canaaba (cayuco) barc. 124<br />
kanau (canoa, curiara) pempn 64<br />
kanao (curiara) arek, Tav. 69<br />
kanaua (canoa) waiwai 244<br />
canava (canoa) oppn, S.E.O. 230<br />
caba (canoa) carare, S.E.O. 230 72<br />
Ver Fried, págs. 127, 218<br />
72 Coba puede relacionarse con la vasta familia chocoana: japa, hapa, tampá, mambá, hapdam (S. E. O., 218) y las<br />
voces específicamente katías amia, hamba, jampa y jamba (Pinto, 242). Esta última debe ser el origen de "champa",<br />
voz muy popular en la Costa Atlántica, que quiere decir "embarcacipn pequeña" y que resulta tentador derivar de<br />
"champán" = "embarcacipn grande para carga y pasajeros" expresipn muy usual en el río Magdalena en el siglo<br />
pasado que ya figura en Alcedo (Diccionario, IV, 289) y medio siglo antes, según José Nicolás<br />
Maya Girls in Cayuco, Rio Dulce, Guatemala<br />
Aravak dillerindeki kano’larla Maya dillerindeki hukup’lar arasında ilgi olup olmadığını bilemiyorum:<br />
http://email.eva.mpg.de/~wichmann/LMW-06.pdf Alfonso Lacadena & Søren Wichmann, On the Representation of<br />
the Glottal Stop in Maya Writing<br />
ju-ku-b’i, jukuub’ ‗canoe‘, cf. KEK juukuub’ ‗trough, canoe‘ (Campbell 1971: 206), USP<br />
jukúub ‗trough, canoe‘ (Campbell 1971: 206), POM jukuub’ ‗trough, canoe‘ (Campbell 1971: 206), QUI jukuub’<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 173
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
‗canoa para navegar; batea de piedra; algo cuadrado y ahuecado donde se ponen los alimentos de los cerdos;<br />
bebedero‘ (Ajpacaja Tum et al. 1996a: 105), CHL jukub ‗slop trough; canoa, dugout canoe; cayuco‘ (Josserand and<br />
Hopkins 1988b), jucub ‗cayuco‘ (Aulie and Aulie 1978: 68), jukub ‗canoa‘ (Schumann 1973: 83), CHN jucub<br />
‗cayuco, canoa, lancha‘ (Keller and Luciano 1997: 141), CHN hucub ‗canoa‘ (Smailus 1975: 144), CHT hucub<br />
‗barco‘ (Morán 1695: 90, 97), ‗barco y todo genero de embarcación‘ (Morán 1695: 97) < pM jukuub’ (K&N 1984:<br />
122, #209) (K‘iche‘an sources are cited in support of vowel length in the second syllable; the item is also attested<br />
throughout Greater Q‘anjob‘alan, but these attestations are less pertinent for phonological matters.)<br />
Kaliforniya’daki Cayucos yer adının açıklamasında İspanyolca cayuco sözünün İngilizcede <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
kayak’ı ile karşılanması ilgi çekicidir.<br />
Erwin Gustav Gudde, California Place Names: The origin and etymology of<br />
Current Geographical Names, fourth edition, Revised and Enlarged by<br />
William Bright, Berkeley, Calif. ; London : University of California Press,<br />
2004.<br />
Cayucos (kä yōō’ kǝs ): town, Creek, Point, Landing [San Luis Obispo Co.]. the<br />
word was used to designate small fishing boats in California and occurs<br />
elsewhere in American Spanish. It is a Spanish rendering of the <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
kayak. A minute description of a cayuco is given in Font, Compl. diary, on<br />
Mar.27, 1776. A document dated July 16. 1806. Mentions canoas o<br />
cayucos de las que usan en Noka ‘canoes and kayaks, the kind yhey use in<br />
Nootka *British Columbia+’ (PSP 19:134-35), and the word appears<br />
frequently thereafter in Spanish documents to designate the bidarkas of<br />
the Aleuts who were employed in hunting sea otter along the California<br />
coast. The word is found also in the name of the land Grant Moro y<br />
Cayucos, dated Dec. 28, 1837. And Apr. 27, 1842. The town was laid out<br />
and named in 1875, and is shown on the Land Office map of 1879.<br />
http://www.coastalliving.com/lifestyle/so-you-want-to-live-in/want-live-in--cayucos-california-00400000000916/<br />
The name Cayucos (pronounced Ki-YOO-kus) comes from the kayak-like boats used by<br />
Chumash Indians who settled here 10,000 years ago. Europeans came later. In the 1860s,<br />
Capt. James Cass built the town's wharf, which remains as a public pier. History provides<br />
the foundation for community life.<br />
http://www.pierfishing.com/pier_of_the_month/cayucos.html<br />
History Note<br />
The name Cayucos apparently derives from the Spanish word cayuco which means a fishing canoe. It was a<br />
Spanish rendering of the <strong>Eskimo</strong> word kayak and apparently referred to the bidarkas of the Aleuts who were<br />
employed in hunting sea otter along the California coast. The town was laid out and named in 1875.<br />
cayuco of Kuna<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 174
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
W. W. SCHUHMACHER’in Warm and Cold, Canoe and Kayak: Evidence for a Relationship Austronesian-<strong>Eskimo</strong>? [Zeitschrift<br />
für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung,1976, vol. 29, no2, pp. 167-169] adlı çalışmasına ulaşamadığımı<br />
belirteyim.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 175
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Turks and Caicos Island<br />
Türkler ve ? ada<br />
Fransızca Les îles Turques-et-Caïques<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 176
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Turks<br />
< Turks Head cactus, Turks’ Head Cactus, or Turk’s Cap Cactus (Melocactus<br />
intortus) ‗kaynana fesi‘ (٣)<br />
Melocactus conoideus (Cone-Like Turk's Head Cactus, Cone-Like Turks-Head Cactus)<br />
Melocactus matanzanus (Dwarf Turk's Cap Cactus)<br />
Echinocactus horizonthalonius var. nicholli (Nichol's Turk's Head Cactus, Arizona Turk's Head)<br />
http://www.environment.tc/Plants-Animals--ID--40--img--14.html<br />
Plants of Turks & Caicos Islands<br />
http://www.panoramio.com/photo/3335732 by Joop Dobber<br />
Turks Head Cactus<br />
A national symbol here, the Turks Head Cactus (Melocactus intortus) is found on dry islands from Antigua through the Bahamas. Tiny<br />
red flowers can develop on the the spiny “cap” all year long and the bright pink conical fruits that follow are eagerly picked off by birds<br />
and small children.<br />
Caicos<br />
Marshall Cavendish, Peoples of the Americas, New York 1999<br />
The Turks are named after the local Turk’s Head cactus, which produces a red blossom shaped like the hat called a fez, formerly worn in Turkey.<br />
Caicos is from the Arawak caya hico, meaning "archipelago."<br />
http://www.turks-and-caicos-beach-vacation.com/turks-and-caicos-weather.html<br />
In fact, the islands are named after the "Turk's Head Cactus" which is short and stubby and easily recognized by the red flower sitting on top like a<br />
Turkish fez hat. It's unique to the Turks and Caicos Islands!<br />
"Caicos" is thought to have derived from the Spanish word cayos, which means small island or key in english.<br />
(Although another story has it that 'Turks' comes from the name of a group of Mediterranean pirates that frequented the islands in their boats<br />
called 'Caicos.')<br />
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_Turcas_y_Caicos Islas Turcas y Caicos<br />
El nombre de "Islas Turcas" se debe a la abundancia natural, en el archipiélago, de cierta especie de cactus cuya<br />
forma recuerda un fez turco. "Caicos" son "Bajos o arrecifes grande que llegan a veces a formar isletas".<br />
http://www.caribbeanhomefinder.net/<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 177
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
The name Turks, is derived from the indigenous Turks Head cactus, while, Caicos is derived from the Lucayan term caya hico meaning string of<br />
islands. Although the islands were originally thought to have been discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492 there are still those who believe<br />
that Juan Ponce de Leon discovered the islands.<br />
http://www.nilavacations.com/TurksandCaicosIslands.htm<br />
Beautiful by nature' is the motto of the Turks and Caicos Islands. The name Turks is derived after the indigenous Turk's Head "fez" cactus, and the<br />
name Caicos is a Lucayan term "cay hico," meaning string of islands.<br />
http://www.paragon-conventions.net/cmja2009/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24&Itemid=35<br />
History and Culture of Turks and Caicos Islands<br />
Long before Christopher Columbus first set foot on the capital island of Grand Turk during his discovery voyage of the new world in 1492, the<br />
islands of the Turks & Caicos were inhabited by Taino and Lucayan Indians. These original settlers left a rich heritage of seafaring, salt raking and<br />
farming, which still lingers on today. Words such as “canoe”, Caribbean and “caicos” are derived from the Arawak language. Even the name of the<br />
country comes from these earliest inhabitants. Turks is a reference to the indigenous Turk’s head cactus and Caicos is from the Lucayan term “caya<br />
hico” meaning string of islands.<br />
Another peculiarity that has been passed down through the generations is a love of shellfish, particularly conch – which is actually available in<br />
abundance to this day, thanks to the work of the Caicos Conch farm, the only commercial conch farm in the world.<br />
For almost 700 years, the Taino and Lucayan Indians were the sole residents of the islands, settling mainly in Middle Caicos and Grand Turk. They<br />
lived peacefully and were skilled in farming, fishing and gardening. They cultivated almost 50 types of plants, some of which can still be found on<br />
undeveloped sections of the islands.<br />
Shortly after Columbus arrived in 1492, the Lucayan civilization disappeared and the islands remained sparsely populated for about 30<br />
years. During this time, the salt making industry was born. Bermudians came to Turks & Caicos to rake the salt and take it back to Bermuda. Salt<br />
was a precious commodity back then as it was used not only for flavoring food but for preserving it as well. The shallow waters surrounding the<br />
islands were ideal for salt raking but treacherous for nautical navigation and more than 1000 ships were wrecked during the journey to and from.<br />
In 1706, the French and the Spanish briefly captured the Turks & Caicos Islands from the Bermudians. Four years later the British reclaimed the<br />
islands for Bermuda but in subsequent years the place became primarily a haven for pirates and British Loyalists fleeing the American<br />
Revolution. Ultimately, Britain retained the island country by the end of the century as part of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1766, after being<br />
controlled by the Spanish, French and British, Turks & Caicos became part of the Bahamas colony and was placed under the Bahamian<br />
government. Attempts to integrate the two distinct communities failed and in 1874 after “the Great Bahamas Hurricane” devastated much of the<br />
chain of islands, the Turks & Caicos Islands became dependencies to the British Crown Colony of Jamaica.<br />
Jamaica won independence from Britian in 1962 and so Turks & Caicos then became a British Crown colony on its own and still is one today. It was<br />
not until the early 1980’s when Club Med Turkoise Resort opened that Providenciales – and Turks & Caicos in general - started to become a viable<br />
tourist destination. Since then, increasingly more development has taken shape, and the small, salt raking island country of Turks & Caicos has<br />
grown into what is quickly becoming recognized as one of the world’s premier beach destinations.<br />
Though the days when the Lucayans fished and sailed the turquoise waters of Turks & Caicos have given way to live-aboard dive boat operators,<br />
commercial fishing and off-shore financial services, their gentle temperament and love of nature can still be felt today, after almost 1200<br />
years. Turks & Caicos is quickly becoming a leading international investment center for the offshore investor. The islands are a “zero tax”<br />
jurisdiction and therefore have no taxes on income, capitol gains, corporate profits, inheritance or estates.<br />
Today, Turks & Caicos stands on the threshold of an exciting future boasting the fastest growing economy in the Caribbean coupled with strictly<br />
controlled development to protect the islands heritage as a pristine sanctuary for both local residents and tourists to enjoy for the next thousand<br />
years.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 178
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
39<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=a<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
alai exclamation of surprise (K)<br />
atai exclamation of surprise (K)<br />
aannaa! exclamation of pain, sorrow, disappointment<br />
aannii exclamation of pain, sorrow, disappointment<br />
annaa exclamation of pain, sorrow or disappointmentq<br />
annibeaq pain (N)<br />
annibeaqtuq hurts, pains, is sick (N)<br />
annii exclamation of pain, sorrow or disappointmentq<br />
aakaga my mother (N,q)<br />
aakauraba my older sister (K)<br />
aanaga my great aunt<br />
aanaga my mother (K)<br />
aanaga my grandmother (N,q)<br />
aanaga my mother (K)<br />
aanaruaba my grandmother, great aunt (K)<br />
aapaga my father (N, q)<br />
aapaksraba my stepfather<br />
aapiyaba my older brother<br />
akkaga my uncle (father's brother) (K)<br />
ataataga my grandfather, great uncle (N, q)<br />
M.KARA I 1504<br />
alai exclamation of surprise (K)<br />
atai exclamation of surprise (K)<br />
aannaa! exclamation of pain, sorrow, disappointment<br />
aannii exclamation of pain, sorrow, disappointment<br />
annaa exclamation of pain, sorrow or disappointmentq<br />
anniġeaq pain (N)<br />
anniġeaqtuq hurts, pains, is sick (N)<br />
annii exclamation of pain, sorrow or disappointmentq<br />
aakaga my mother (N,q)<br />
aakauraba my older sister (K)<br />
aanaga my great aunt<br />
aanaga my mother (K)<br />
aanaga my grandmother (N,q)<br />
aanaga my mother (K)<br />
aanaruaġa my grandmother, great aunt (K)<br />
aapaga my father (N, q)<br />
aapaksraġa my stepfather<br />
aapiyaġa my older brother<br />
akkaga my uncle (father's brother) (K)<br />
ataataga my grandfather, great uncle (N, q)<br />
Araştırmalarım esnasında ilk önce İñupiaqçanın Türkçe kökenli olup olamayacağı konusunda<br />
şüpheye düştüm. Bünyesinde şaşırma ifade eden alai; acı, üzüntü ve hayal kırıklığı ifade annaa<br />
gibi ünlemlerin yanında özellikle Altay dillerinde yaygın olan (http://www.compmore.net/~tntr/ata_anain_natlangs.html)<br />
ana, apa, ata gibi akrabalık bildiren adların bulunması, zihnimi epeyce meşgul etti. Akrabalıkla ilgili<br />
kelimelerden birkaç örnek vermek istiyorum: İñu, aanaga "annem", İñu. aapaga "babam", İñu.<br />
aapiyaba "ağabeyim", İñu. akkaga "amcam", İñu. ataataga "dedem, büyük babam".<br />
Clauson, aba kelimesinin Moğ. abaga kelimesinden kısalma olduğunu, ab... ile başlayan<br />
diğer akraba adları ve benzerlerinin de Türkçeye yabancı olduğunu, bunların bazılarının sadece bir<br />
dil grubunda bulunduğunu, ancak kökenlerinin bilinmediğini ifade eder. Araştırıcı, ana ve ata kelimelerinin<br />
Eski Uygur Türkçesi dönmeminde görülmeye başladığını belirtir, ancak bunların kökeniyle<br />
ilgili herhangi bir açıklamada bulunmaz (CLAUSON 1972: 5, 40, 169-170).<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
“Bünyesinde şaşırma ifade eden” alai sözünü niye aldınız; anlayamadım. Yoksa, Türkçeyle alay (<<br />
Bizans Rumcası alagion) etmek için mi?<br />
Malimiut İnyupikçesine güney komşuları Yupiklerden geçtiği anlaşılıyor:<br />
İnyupikçe (Malimiut) alai , atai exclamation of surprise (K)<br />
Yupikçe ala-i oh my! (expression of surprise or fear)<br />
Nunivak Çupikçesi alaa expression used when one catches someoneone doing something out of the ordinary; oh my!<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 179
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Anne anlamına gelen ana ‘mother’ sözünün sıkışınca *korkunca, şaşırınca+ söylediğimiz ünlemi<br />
olan Türkçe anaaa! ‘mom!’ ile İnyupikçe annaa ünlemini nasıl birleştiriyorsunuz, ya!<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
aannaa (excl) oh, my! oh!<br />
!<br />
Çocukdilineaitsözlerinbütündünyadillerindeortakolduğubilinir.<br />
Fakat bunun akrabalıkgöstergesiolmadığıdabilinir.<br />
Sizhâlâoradamısınız?<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut dillerinde anne, ana (mother) : Aleutça anax̂ Sirenik nana Siberian Yupik naa/ana<br />
Yup'ik aana Çupikçe aana Nunivak Çupikçesi aana Batı Supikçesi aanaq Doğu Supikçesi anaq<br />
Seward Inupiaq Qawiaraq aaga Malimiutun aaka North Slope aaka Uummarmiutun aaka Siglitun<br />
amaamak/aana Inuinnaqtun amaamak/anaana Natsilik anaana Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi<br />
ᐊᓈᓇanaana Labrador Inuttut anaana North Greenlandic anaana West Greenlandic anaanaq<br />
East Greenlandic annivik<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut dillerinde baba/dede ([grand]father) : Aleutça adax̂ Sirenik ata Siberian Yupik ata<br />
Yup'ik aata Çupikçe aata 'father' ap'a 'grandpa' Nunivak Çupikçesi ata Doğu Supikçesi ata/tata; apaa,<br />
apaq Seward Inupiaq Qawiaraq ata/ava Malimiutun aapa/taata North Slope aapa<br />
Uummarmiutun aapa/ata Siglitun aappak/ataatak Inuinnaqtun aappak Natsilik ataata Doğu Kanada<br />
İnuitçesi ᐊᑖᑕ ataata Labrador Inuttut ataata North Greenlandic ataata West Greenlandic<br />
ataataq East Greenlandic alaala<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 180
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
aaka mother / aakaa ikayuquraa igña aġnaq uvamnun my mother requests that I help that woman<br />
aakaa (irreg rel pos) my mother; my mother’s / aakaa ikayuġniaġaaŋa my mother will help me; aakaa<br />
nukaalua tikiññiqsuaq my mother’s younger sibling arrived, it is now known | +a (poss rel. 1s-3s)<br />
aakaaluk grandmother | -aluk nn § rel. aana, aanaaluk, aakaksraq<br />
aakaaq- to say “mother” |<br />
aakaksraq stepmother | +ksraq(-) 1 nn, vv<br />
aakaruaq mother-in-law | +ruaq 2 nn § rel. aanaruaq<br />
aakatchiaq elder sister | +tchiaq(-) 1 nn see aatauraq, aataq<br />
aakiaq eldest sister § also aakatchiaq, aatauraq<br />
aana or aanaaluk grandmother; great-aunt / aanani aatchigaa niqiksraŋanik he is bringing food to his<br />
grandmother § also aakaaluk<br />
aanaa (irreg rel pos) my grandmother<br />
aanaak set of parents | +k (dual mkr)<br />
aanaiḷḷI- (i) to do what one usually does not do when a mother figure is around | :It- 2 nv +lI- 3 vv<br />
aanaluk old woman | +luk 2 nn<br />
aanaruaq mother-in-law | +ruaq 2 nn § rel. aakaruaq<br />
aanaruiñ suliuqpa savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) [lit. what is your grandmother making?]<br />
| +ruk 3 nn :In (poss 2p-3s)<br />
aanaruun kiviruq or aanaruk kiviruq (Nu) northern dipper; water ouzel (Cinclus mexicanus) [lit.<br />
grandmother is sinking]<br />
aapa father<br />
aapaa (irreg rel pos) my father; my father’s / aapaa aitchuqtaani suppunmik my father gave me a gun | +a<br />
(poss 3s-3s)<br />
aapaaluk grandfather | +aluk nn § rel. ataata<br />
aapaiḷaq illegitimate child; fatherless child | :Iḷaq(-) nn<br />
aapaiḷḷI- (i) to give birth (of an unmarried woman) / aapaiḷḷiruam quyalivasik did the unmarried woman<br />
giving birth make youd happy, i.e. because now youd have a baby which she has given to youd |<br />
:Iḷaq(-) nn ‘=I 1<br />
aapaksraq stepfather | +ksraq(-) 1 nn<br />
aaparuaq father-in-law | +ruaq 2 nn<br />
>aapiaq eldest brother<br />
aapiyaq older brother § rel. aapa<br />
akkaaka paternal uncle; (Nu) maternal or paternal uncle / akkaakani ikayuġiaġaa he has gone to help his uncle §<br />
rel. aŋak, aŋaaluk, aŋatchiaq<br />
ataata grandfather; great uncle; (Ti) >father § rel. aapaaluk<br />
İnyupikçe aapaga [ Angilraara)<br />
inuktitut<br />
anaanna mother anaanaga my mother anaanama my mother’s<br />
illuga my house<br />
illuit your house<br />
illunga his / her house<br />
SINGULAR FORMS<br />
illuvuk our house (two of us)<br />
illuvut our house (many of us)<br />
illusi your house (many of you)<br />
illungat their house<br />
ilakka my friends<br />
ilatit your friends (talking to 1 person)<br />
PLURAL FORMS ilangit his or her friends<br />
ilavut our friends<br />
ilasi your friends (talking to more than 2)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 181
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
DUAL FORMS<br />
ilangit their friends<br />
paniikkak my two daughters<br />
paniikkik your two daughters (talking to 1 person)<br />
paningik his or her two daughters<br />
panivuk our two daughters<br />
panisik your two daughters (talking to more than 2)<br />
paningik their two daughters<br />
Her ikisi de farklı kökenden gelip amatör gözünde benzeşen İnyupikçe aapiyaġa<br />
[fontsuz: aapiyaba] 'my old/eldest brother' (< aapi[y]aq ‘old/eldest brother’ [< aapa 'father' + +iaq 3 nn, vn, rn ‘(limited) one<br />
associated with a __ or __ing’] + -ġa 'my') ile Türkçe ağabeyim 'my old/eldest brother' (< ağa 'aga' + bey 'bey' + -im<br />
'my') sözlerini birleştirmeniz yanlıştır. Mazruf bilinmeden zarfa değer biçilmez!<br />
Fortescue'nün <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca aana'yı Fin-Ugorca an'a 'mother, wife of older relative' ile birleştirmesi de<br />
yanlıştır (Michael Fortescue, Language Relations Across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence,<br />
London 1998 )<br />
goropist Edo Nyland'ın Batı Kanada İnuitçesi ataatak 'grandfather, father' sözünü Baskça aita<br />
'father' sözüyle denkleştirmesi de ırkçılık kusuntusudur.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 182
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
40<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=k<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=n<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=q<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
ki do it! Say it! Proceed!<br />
kia whose?<br />
kiea who?<br />
kisum whose? (K)<br />
naami where at<br />
nakiei where from<br />
nani where? (K)<br />
nauf where? (N)<br />
naukun by which way, how<br />
qafa when? (past tense interrogative) (N)<br />
qakugu when? (future interrogative)<br />
qakugu anytime<br />
qakugun when? (future interrogative)<br />
qanuq how, what, for, because (N)<br />
qanuqsausiitchuq is uncertain as to what to do<br />
qanusiq what kind? (N)<br />
qanusriq what kind? (K)<br />
qanutun how long, how much?<br />
qanutun-aglaan how far?<br />
qapsieik how many?<br />
M.KARA I 1505<br />
ki do it! Say it! Proceed!<br />
kia whose?<br />
kiña who?<br />
kisum whose? (K)<br />
naami where at<br />
nakiñi where from<br />
nani where? (K)<br />
nauŋ where? (N)<br />
naukun by which way, how<br />
qaŋa when? (past tense interrogative) (N)<br />
qakugu when? (future interrogative)<br />
qakugu anytime<br />
qakugun when? (future interrogative)<br />
qanuq how, what, for, because (N)<br />
qanuqsausiitchuq is uncertain as to what to do<br />
qanusiq what kind? (N)<br />
qanusriq what kind? (K)<br />
qanutun how long, how much?<br />
qanutun-aglaan how far?<br />
qapsiñik how many?<br />
Türkçeden çok farklı tamlama yapısı bulunan bir dilde Altay kökenli olabileceğini düşündüğümüz<br />
soru kelimelerinin varlığı dikkatimizi çekti ve bizi uzun müddet düşündürdü. Aşağıda bunlardan<br />
örnekler verilmiştir:<br />
"qa" sesleriyle başlayan soru kelimeleri: qafa "ne zaman" (geçmiş zaman soru zamiri),<br />
qakugu "ne zaman" (gelecek zaman soru zamiri), qanuq "nasıl, ne, niçin", qanutun "ne kadar; ne<br />
zamandan beri", qapsieik "kaç tane".<br />
"ki" sesleriyle başlayan soru kelimeleri: kia "kimin", kiea "kim", kisum "kimin".<br />
"na" sesleriyle başlayan soru kelimeleri: naami "nerede", nakiei "nereden", nani- "nere,<br />
neye", nauf "nere, neye", naukun "hangi yolla, nasıl".<br />
Türkçedeki kanı, kayu, kayda, koydan, kaçan, nece, neçük, neteg, negü, nereye, neden, kim<br />
gibi soru kelimeleri eskisi ve yenisiyle kelime başında ortak sesleri bulundurmaktadırlar. Organ ve<br />
sayı adlarındaki farklılığın yanında soru kelimelerindeki bu yakınlık ilgi çekicidir.<br />
Ancak küçük bir ayrıntı olarak Şinasi Tekİn'e göre soru kelimelerinden "ne"nin Toharca alıntı<br />
olduğunu belirtelim (TEKİN 2001: 254-258).<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Soru sözlerinin pek çok dilde “benzer” olması gerçekten ilgi çekici olsa da sırf buna bakarak<br />
iki dili akraba yapamazsınız.<br />
Kara’nın küçük bir ayrıntı olarak Toharca’dan bahsetmesi kasıtlıdır. Toharca, Uygur topraklarında<br />
da konuşulmuş Hint-Avrupa dilidir. Yoksa Cengiz Han kaçkınları arasında Toharlar da mı vardı<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 183
Hocam!<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
*kI 1 (root) of interrog pron<br />
kia, dual kitkuk, pl kitkut (rel) whoses, whos / kia aiñiaqpasik whos is coming to get youd / kia manna tavsiŋa whose belt is this | :a (3s-s poss)<br />
kialiqaa (rel) anyone, whoever / kialiqaa atuġumiñaġaa anyone may use it | :a (3s-s poss) +liqaa (encl)<br />
kimI host of (someone invited to the messenger feast) | +mI (loc)<br />
kiña, dual kitkuk, pl kitkut (abs) whos / kiña atuqqaaġniaqpa whos will sing first | +na (abs sing mkr for demonstratives and the stems kI, su and pI)<br />
kiñapayaaq anyone | +na (dem pron sing mkr) -payaaq nn<br />
kisu, dual kisuk, pl kisut, rel kisum which one / kisu tauqsiġñiaqpiuŋ which one will you buy | +su (stem “what”) (dl and pl may refer to things or people)<br />
kisuiq- (t) to understand, perceive it; to recognize her/him/it | +su (stem “what”) :Iq- 2 nv § syn iḷitchuġi-, sukuiqi-<br />
naami (Ti, Nu) (interrog) where? where is he/she/it? § rel. nanI, nauŋ, sumI<br />
nakiñ (Ti) (interrog) from where, whence § rel. Sumiñ<br />
*na (root) where § rel. su<br />
nanI (Nu) (interrog) where? | (loc) ni § also sumI<br />
napmun (Nu) where to | mun (term) § also sumun<br />
nakiñ (Nu) where from § also sumiñ<br />
nauŋ (excl) where<br />
naukun (Nu) (interrog) by which way<br />
nauŋmi (excl) where is it then | (loc) ÷mI nn<br />
qanuq(-) (interrog) how, what manner or method, what condition; to do or say what (to her/him/it) / qanuq aiñiaqpich how will you get home; qanuq itpa aakan how is your mother; qanuqpa<br />
uqallautikapku what did she say when you told her; qanuqpatin what did she do to you<br />
qanuġili- or qanugiḷi- (i) to become how | it- (stem) -lI- 2 vv<br />
qanuġliqaa (excl) by any means, in whatever manner or style | +liqaa (encl)<br />
qanuġniugaq- (Nu) (i) to be indecisive, unable to make up one’s mind | +ni- 2 vv -ugaq- vv<br />
qanuġvIIt- (i) to have no choice in a matter; to be unable to do anything about a situation; to be embarrassed | +vIk vn :It- 1 nv<br />
qanukkiaq (excl) I wonder how (way or manner, in what condition) / qanukkiaq piva I wonder how she is doing; qanukkiaq qupakpauŋ I wonder how she is trimming it | +kiaq (encl)<br />
qanukkiataŋ or qanuq uvva (excl) because | syn atakkiataŋ | +kiataŋ (encl)<br />
qanulaIt- (i) to be unresponsive; to be incapable of action, immobile; (t) to not do or say anything to her/him/it | -laIt- vv<br />
qanunmun (interrog) in what position, direction / qanunmun iḷitquviuŋ in what position, direction would you like for it to be placed, set; saniñmun iḷisiuŋ place it sideways | -nmun nv<br />
qanuqpivitimña! (excl) my goodness! why are you carrying on so? | pI(-) (base substitute to which any suffix may be added) +vIt (interrog 2s) imña (dem pro)<br />
qanuqsausIIq- (i) to come to a point where one does not know what to do; to be in a quandry; (t) to not know what to do with her/him/it; to put her/him in a quandry | +sausIIq- vv<br />
qanuqsausIIt- (i) to not be able to decide what to do, to have no alternative; to be in a quandary, not know what to do, be at a loss; (t) to not be able to decide what to do about or say to<br />
her/him/it | +sausIIt- vv § rel. pitqusiksraIt-<br />
qanuqtuq (interj) I wonder how, I hope / qanuqtuq aiḷḷayumauq uvlupak I hope she will be able to go home today | +tuq (encl)<br />
qanusiġaq- to do what (to her/him/it) @ qanusiġaI- / qanusiġaqpa what did she do, how did she act, behave; qanusiġaqpagich what did she do to them | -siġaq- 1 vv [this must be<br />
qanusIq and the postbase +aq-]<br />
qanusIq (interrog) what kind | -sIq 4 nn<br />
qanusiġaq- (interrog) to do what (to her/him/it) repeatedly | -sIġaq- 1 vv<br />
qanutun (interrog) how much; for how long | -tun (sim)<br />
qaŋa 1 (adv) when, at what time in past § rel. qakugu see *qa<br />
qaŋaluqaa (excl) used when something happens as it did in the old days | -luqaa (encl)<br />
qaŋami taima (excl) oh, it has been a long time ago and it cannot be pinpointed easily or precisely | +mI (encl)<br />
qaŋapak (excl) in years past until now | -pak 2 nn<br />
qaŋaqqammiuraq recently, not too long ago | -qqammIq(-) nn,vv :ura 1 nn<br />
qaŋasaaq a long time ago | +saaq 4 nn<br />
qaŋatuuq- (i) to do things in a traditional way; (t) to do it in the traditional way | +tuuq- 2 nv<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/inupet&text_number=+966&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *qa(v)-: *qaŋva, *qaku, *qavci-, *qaou-<br />
Meaning: interrogative stem: when (in past), when (in future), how many, how much<br />
Russian meaning: вопросительная основа: когда (в прошедшем), когда (в будущем), сколько<br />
Proto-Yupik: *qaŋva-, *qaku-, *qavci-, *qaju<br />
Meaning: interrogative stem: when (in past) 1, when (in future) 2, how many, how much 3, how 4<br />
Russian Meaning: вопросительная основа: когда (в прошедшем) 1, когда (в будущем) 2, сколько 3, как 4<br />
Sirenik: qaŋǝ́n 1, qáku 2, qáfsix 3<br />
Chaplino: qavŋáq(u) 1, qakú (káku*) 2, qafsik (ɣǝt) (kapsiŋa*, kafsiŋa*) 3, qajúq (qajúʁmi loc.) 4<br />
Naukan: qamváq 1, qáku 2, qafsíq 3<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: qaŋwaq 1, qaku 2, qauxcin 3<br />
Chugach (AAY): qaiɫun, qaiɫuʁluni 3<br />
Koniag (AAY): qaju 4<br />
Chugach (<strong>Bir</strong>ket-Smith): qaŋuaq 1, qaiɫun 3<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: qaŋvaq 1, qaku 3, qafcin 3, qajumi loc. 'indeed'<br />
CAY Dialects: K qajutun 3, qaiɫ(un) 4<br />
Egegik (Peripheral): Y qaju 4, qajutun 3<br />
Chevak (Peripheral): qajutun 3<br />
Nunivak (Peripheral): qaŋuvaq* 1, qaqo* 2, qafsit*, qäūq* 3<br />
Norton Sound (Peripheral): qaju 4<br />
Proto-Inupik: *qạŋa, *qạkų (-ɣu), *qạvcị-t pl., *qänų-ʁ<br />
Meaning: interrogative stem: when (in past) 1, when (in future) 2, how many, how much 3, how 4<br />
Russian meaning: вопросительная основа: когда (в прошедшем) 1, когда (в будущем) 2, сколько 3, как 4<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: qaŋa (qaŋami loc.) 1, qaɣu(n) 2, qapsit 3, qanuq 4, qanuqtun 3<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq qáŋa (qáŋami loc.) 1, qaɣún 2, qafsíwa, qáfsiq 3, qanúʁoq 4, W qaŋa* 1, qaqo*, qaɣun* 2, qapsit* 3, qänoq* 4<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: qaŋa 1, qakuɣu 2, qafsit 3, qanuq 4, qanutun 3<br />
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl qaŋa* 1, qaqo* 2, qapsit* 3, qänoq* 4, Qaw qanutun 3, Mal qakuɣu(n) 2, qapsit 3<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: qaŋa 1, qapsit 3, qanuq 4<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor qaŋa* 1, qaɣun* 2, qapsit* 3, qänoq* 4, M qaŋa* 1, qaɣun*, qaqo* 2, qapsit* 3, qänoq* 4, Sig qaku(ɣu) 2, Cop qakuɣu 2, qaffit 3<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: qaŋa 1, qaku 2, qatsit 3, qanuq 4<br />
ECI Dialects: Lab qapsit 3 [Bourq.], NBI qakuɣu(q) 2 [Dor.]<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: qaŋa (qanga*) 1, qaquɣu (qaqugo*) 2, qassit (qavsit*) 3, qanuq (qanoq*) 4<br />
GRI Dialects: EG qaŋa, qaʁ̃a 1<br />
http://www.federatio.org/mi_bibl/AlfredToth_<strong>Eskimo</strong>_Aleut.pdf Hungarian and <strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut with Paleo-Siberian Cognates by Prof.Dr. Alfréd Tpth, Mikes International, The Hague,<br />
Holland 2007<br />
Hungarian ho-: hogy “how”, hol “where”, honnan “whence”, hová “wither”, ha “if”<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 184
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Proto-Altaic *k’a(j) “who (interr.)”<br />
Proto-Uralic *ku-, *ko- “where, which, what”<br />
Proto-Inuit *qanuq “how”<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut qaba “when”<br />
Aleut qana- “which, where”<br />
Sumerian akkil, wr. akkil2 “where; when”<br />
Hungarian kéd-: ekkédig “until now”<br />
Proto-Finno-Ugric *kente, *känte “time”<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong> *qaba “when”<br />
Sumerian kid (6x: Old Babylonian) wr. kid7 “to cut, fell”<br />
http://www.nostratic.ru/books/(217)Nostratic%20Sound%20Correspondences.pdf Allan R. Bomhard: The Glottalic Theory of Proto-Indo-European Consonantism and ıts Implications<br />
for Nostratic Sound Correspondences, 2008<br />
Example 2: Proto-Nostratic *k¦ºi- (~ *k¦ºe-) relative pronoun stem, *k¦ºa- (~ *k¦º‹-) interrogative pronoun stem:<br />
A. Proto-Afrasian (?) *k¦a- interrogative pronoun stem: Proto-Semitic *ka-m ‗how much?, how many?‘ > Arabic kam ‗how much?, how many?‘; Áarsūsi kem ‗how much?, how<br />
many?; a few‘; Mehri kəm ‗how much?‘; Soqosri kəm ‗how much?‘.<br />
B. Proto-Indo-European *k¦ºe-/*k¦ºo-, *k¦ºi- stem of interrogative and relative pronouns: Sanskrit ká-, kZ ‗who?‘, káti ‗how many?‘, kím ‗what?‘, kútra<br />
‗where?‘, cid ‗even, also‘; Avestan interrogative-indefinite pronoun stem ka- ‗who‘, čaiti ‗how many?‘; Old Persian interrogative-indefinite pronoun stem ka- ‗who‘; Latin quis<br />
‗who?‘, quid ‗what?‘, quod ‗that, wherefore, why‘, quot ‗how many?‘, quisquis ‗whoever, whichever, whatever‘; Greek ôßò ‗who?‘, ôß ‗what?‘, ðï ‗where?‘, ðüóïò ‗of what<br />
quantity?, how much?, how many?‘; Armenian kºani ‗how many?‘; Old Irish cía ‗who?‘; Welsh pwy ‗who?‘; Cornish pyw ‗who?‘; Breton piou ‗who?‘; Gothic ¹as ‗who?‘, ¹ō<br />
‗what?‘, ¹an ‗when?‘, ¹ar ‗where?‘, ¹arjis ‗which?‘, ¹aþ ‗whereto?‘; Old Icelandic hverr ‗who?, which?, what?‘, hvé ‗how?‘, hvat ‗what?‘; Old Swedish ho ‗who?‘; Old Danish<br />
hwa ‗who?‘; Old English hwā ‗who?‘, hwKt ‗what‘; Old Frisian hwā ‗who?‘; Old Saxon hwē, hwie ‗who?‘; Old High German (h)wer ‗who?‘ (New High German wer), (h)waz<br />
‗what?‘ (New High German was); Lithuanian kàs ‗who?, what?‘, ku9 ‗where?, whither?‘; Old Church Slavic kÞto ‗who?‘; Hittite interrogative pronoun (nom. sg.) ku-iš ‗who?‘ (acc.<br />
ku-in), (neuter) ku-it ‗what?‘, ku-(u-)wa-at ‗why?‘, ku-wa-(at-)tin ‗where?, whither?‘, ku-wa-(a-)pí ‗where?, whither?, when?‘; Palaic interrogative and relative pronoun<br />
kuiš; Luwian ku-(i-)iš ‗who?‘, interrogative adverb ku-wa-(a-)ti(-in) ‗how?‘, relative adverb ku-wa-at-ti ‗where, whence‘; Lycian interrogative and relative stem ti; Lydian<br />
relative pronoun qis; Tocharian A interrogative stem (nom.) kus (acc. kuc) ‗who?, which?, what?‘, relative stem (nom.) kusne (acc. kucne) ‗who, which‘, B interrogative and relative<br />
stem (nom.) kuse ‗who(?), whoever, no matter who; the one who, those who‘, (acc.) kuce ‗whom?, what?, which?; whom, what, which‘, also used as a conjunction: ‗because; (so)<br />
that‘. Derivatives of this stem are abundantly represented in the Indo-European daughter languages — only a small sampling is given here.<br />
C. Proto-Uralic *ki- ~ *ke- relative pronoun stem: Finnish ken/kene-/ke- ‗who‘; Estonian kes ‗who‘; Lapp / Saami gi/gK- ‗who, which, what‘; Mordvin ki ‗who, somebody‘;<br />
Cheremis / Mari ke, kö, kü ‗who‘; Votyak / Udmurt kin ‗who‘; Zyrian / Komi kin ‗who‘; Hungarian ki ‗who, who?‘; Kamassian gi"i" ‗which (of two)‘, gi"ge" ‗what sort of‘, gi"in,<br />
kijen, gin ‗where‘, gildi ‗how much, how many‘. Yukaghir (Southern / Kolyma) kin ‗who‘, kintek ‗who; somebody‘. Proto-Uralic *ku- ~ *ko- interrogative pronoun stem:<br />
Finnish kuka/ku- ‗who?‘, kussa ‗where?‘, koska ‗when?‘; Lapp / Saami gutti ‗who?‘, gost ‗where?, from where?‘, gokÎtĕ ‗how?‘; Mordvin kodamo ‗which?, what kind of?‘, kona<br />
‗which?‘, koso ‗where?‘, koda ‗how?‘; Cheremis / Mari kudõ ‗who?, which?‘, kuštõ ‗where?‘, kuze ‗how?‘; Votyak / Udmurt kudiz ‗which?‘, ku ‗when?‘; Zyrian / Komi kod<br />
‗which?‘, ko ‗when?‘; Vogul / Mansi hoo, kon ‗who?‘, hoot ‗where?‘, kun ‗when?‘; Ostyak / Xanty koji ‗who?‘, kŏti ‗what?‘; Hungarian hol ‗where?‘, hova ‗whither?‘, hogy<br />
‗how?‘; Yurak Samoyed / Nenets hu ‗who?‘, huńaŋy ‗which?‘, huna, huńana ‗where?‘, hańa" ‗whither?‘; Tavgi Samoyed / Nganasan kua, kunie ‗which?‘, kuninu ‗where?‘,<br />
kuni"aaŋ ‗how?‘; Yenisei Samoyed / Enets huju ‗one of two, either‘, kuu ‗whither?‘, kune, kunne ‗when?‘, kunno" ‗how?‘; Selkup Samoyed kutte, kudö ‗who?‘, kun ‗where?, from<br />
where?‘, ku ‗whither?‘, kutar ‗how?‘; Kamassian kojət ‗what kind of?‘, kammõn ‗when?‘, kõda" ‗how?‘. Yukaghir (Southern / Kolyma) hadi ‗which?‘, hodiet ‗why?‘, hon<br />
‗where?, whither?‘, hot ‗from where?, whence?‘.<br />
D. Proto-Altaic *kºa(y) interrogative pronoun: ‗who?, what?‘: Proto-Tungus *χia (*χai) ‗who?, what?‘ > Manchu ai, ya ‗who?, what?, which?‘; Evenki ˆē ‗who?‘, ˆēkūn<br />
‗what?‘; Lamut / Even \q ‗what?‘; Negidal ˆēχun, ˆēkun ‗who?, what?‘, ˆēwa ‗what?‘; Ulch χay ‗what?‘; Orok χai ‗what?‘; Nanay / Gold χaị ‗what?‘; Solon ī ‗what?‘. Proto-<br />
Mongolian *ken, *ka- ‗who?, which?‘ > Written Mongolian ken ‗who?, which?‘; Khalkha χen ‗who?, which?‘; Buriat χen ‗who?, which?‘; Kalmyk ken ‗who?, which?‘; Ordos ken<br />
‗who?, which?‘; Moghol ken ‗who?, which?‘; Dagur ken, χen ‗who?, which?‘, χā-, hā- ‗where?‘; Monguor ken ‗who?, which?‘. Proto-Turkic *kem-, *ka- ‗who?, which?‘ > Old<br />
Turkic (Old Uighur) kem ‗who?‘, qayu, qanu ‗which?‘; Karakhanide Turkic kem, kim ‗who?‘, qayu ‗which?‘; Turkish kim ‗who?‘; Gagauz kim ‗who?‘; Azerbaijani kim ‗who?‘;<br />
Turkmenian kim ‗who?‘, qay ‗which?‘; Uzbek kim ‗who?‘, qay ‗which?‘; Uighur kim (dial. kem) ‗who?‘, qay ‗which?‘; Karaim kïm ‗who?‘; Tatar kem ‗who?‘, qay ‗which?‘;<br />
Bashkir kem ‗who?‘, (dial.) qay ‗which?‘; Kirghiz kim ‗who?‘, qay ‗which?‘; Kazakh kim ‗who?‘, qay ‗which?‘; Noghay kim ‗who?‘; Oyrot (Mountain Altai) kem ‗who?‘, qay<br />
‗which?‘; Tuva qïm ‗who?‘, qayï ‗which?‘; Chuvash kam ‗who?‘; Yakut kim ‗who?‘, χaya ‗which?‘; Dolgan kim ‗who?‘, kaya ‗which?‘.<br />
E. Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong> *ki(na) ‗who‘: Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik kinaq ‗who‘; Central Alaskan Yupik kina ‗who‘; Naukan Siberian Yupik kina ‗who‘; Central Siberian Yupik kina ‗who‘;<br />
Sirenik kin ‗who‘; Seward Peninsula Inuit kina ‗who‘; North Alaskan Inuit kin¨a ‗who‘; Western Canadian Inuit kina ‗who‘; Eastern Canadian Inuit kina ‗who‘; Greenlandic Inuit<br />
kina ‗who‘. Aleut kiin ‗who‘. Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong> *kitu ‗who‘ or ‗which‘: Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik kitu- ‗who‘; Central Alaskan Yupik kitu- ‗who‘; Naukan Siberian Yupik kitu-<br />
‗who‘; Central Siberian Yupik kitu- ‗who‘; Seward Peninsula Inuit kitu ‗which‘; North Alaskan Inuit kisu ‗which‘; Eastern Canadian Inuit kituuna ‗who is that‘; Greenlandic Inuit<br />
(North Greenlandic / Polar <strong>Eskimo</strong>) kihu ‗what‘. Proto-Inuit *qanuq ‗how‘ > Seward Peninsula Inuit qanuq ‗how‘; North Alaskan Inuit qanuq ‗how‘; Western Canadian Inuit qanuq<br />
‗how‘; Eastern Canadian Inuit qanuq ‗how‘; Greenlandic Inuit qanuq ‗how‘. Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong> *qaŋa ‗when (in past)‘: Sirenik qaŋən ‗when (in past?)‘; Seward Peninsula Inuit qaŋa<br />
‗when (in past)‘; North Alaskan Inuit qaŋa ‗when (in past)‘; Western Canadian Inuit qaŋa ‗when (in past)‘; Eastern Canadian Inuit qaŋa ‗when‘; Greenlandic Inuit qaŋa ‗when (in<br />
past)‘. Aleut qana- ‗which, where‘, qanayaam ‗when‘, qanaaŋ ‗how many‘. Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong> *qaku ‗when (in future)‘: Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik qaku ‗when (in future)‘; Central Alaskan<br />
Yupik qaku ‗when (in future)‘; Naukan Siberian Yupik qaku ‗when‘; Central Siberian Yupik qakun ‗when (in future)‘; Sirenik qaku ‗when‘; Seward Peninsula Yupik qaŸu(n),<br />
qaŸuFun ‗when (in future)‘; North Alaskan Inuit qakuŸu ‗when (in future)‘; Western Canadian Inuit (Siglit) qaku(Ÿu) ‗when (in future)‘; Eastern Canadian Inuit qaku ‗when (at last,<br />
after lengthy waiting)‘; Greenlandic Inuit qaquŸu ‗when (in future)‘. Proto-Yupik-Sirenik *qayu(q) ‗how‘ > Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik qayu ‗how‘; Central Alaskan Yupik qayumi<br />
‗indeed, as expected‘; Naukan Siberian Yupik qay ‗I wonder, is that so?‘, qaywa ‗really?, is that so?‘; Central Siberian Yupik qayuq ‗how‘; Sirenik qayŋun ‗really?‘.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 185
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Sayın Kara, İñupiaq adlı “bir” <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilindeki <strong>Türkçenin</strong> “iz”lerini sürerken, İñupiaq<br />
coğrafyasından (: Atqasuk) giriyor, diğer <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinden olan Yupik coğrafyasına (: Chuathbaluk,<br />
Kasigluk) geçip, Supik coğrafyasından (: Karluk) çıkıyor. Hızını alamadığından , basından öğrendiğimize<br />
göre, Aleut (: Adak) topraklarında boy gösteriyor. Latinceden türeyen Roma dillerini Latince adı<br />
altında bir bütün olarak ele almayıp tek tek (: İtalyanca. İspanyolca, Katalanca, Portekizce, Fransızca,<br />
Romence…) değerlendiriyorsak, aynı şekilde <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerini de ayrı ayrı vermek zorundayız; yoksa<br />
yaptığımız iş, sofraya koyacağımız birkaç yemeği tek kapta karıştırarak yedirmeye benzer<br />
www.commerce.state.ak.us<br />
Atqasuk Chuathbaluk Kasigluk Karluk Adak<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 186
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
41<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=a<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
M.KARA I 1508-1509<br />
YOK<br />
…<strong>Bir</strong> başka yer adı olan Atqasuk (= Atkasuk), anlamı çok iyi bilinen iki kelimeden oluşan bir yer<br />
adıdır (http://alaska.bp.com/alaska/communities/northslope/atqasuk.htm ). Atqasuk, Türkçe at kasuğı "at tulumu" şeklindeki isim tamlamasından kısalma<br />
yoluyla oluşmuş bir yer adı olmalıdır, kasuk, Kaşgarlı Mahmut'un sözlüğünde "içine su veya süt<br />
konulan ve at dersinden yapılan tulum" olarak anlamlandırılmıştır (CLAUSON 1972: 666; DANKOFF-<br />
KELLY 1985: 131-132). <strong>Bir</strong> başka yer adı olan Kasigluk (= Kasıgluk) (http://www.explorenorth.com/library/communities/alaska/bl-Kasigluk.htm ) da aynı sözlükte<br />
yer alan kasuklug "ekşitilmiş süt tulumuna sahip olan" (DANKOFF-KELLY 1985: 132) ile ilişkili<br />
olsa gerektir. Clauson'a göre kasuklug, kasuk kelimesinden (CLAUSON 1972: 667) türetilmiş bir isimdir.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Sayın Mehmet Kara, kuruluşu ve adlandırılışı sizin yaşınızdan genç olan<br />
İnyupikçe Atqasuk (other names in English: Atkasook, Atkasuk, Atkasak / At the 2000 census the<br />
population was 228) yer adını götürüp 13. yüzyıla zaman tüneli olmadan bağlamanız<br />
mümkün değil. Atqasuk yer adı sözlükteki atqasalik ‘travels down wind’ sözü ile kökteştir.<br />
İnyupikçe gerçek anlamı ‘outer flare of nostril’ olan atqasuk sözü ile<br />
Türkçe at ‘horse’ ve qasuq (Middle Turkic قس ق) ‘at derisinden yapılan tulum olup içerisine süt, kımız gibi nesneler konur’<br />
sözleri arasında ilgi kurmak öküzün değil aygırın altında buzağı aramaktır.<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
*ati 1 (root) area below, bottom, underside, down<br />
Atqasuk village of Atkasuk, Alaska; outer flare of nostril | ~qaq- 1 rv -suk vn -suk 2 vn<br />
Wilhelm Bright: Native American Placenames of the United States, 2004, sa: 53<br />
ATKASUK (Alaska, Meade River B-3) \at' kǝ suk\. From Iñupiaq (<strong>Eskimo</strong>) placename atqasuk. The word also means ‘outer flare of nostril’, but speakers do not<br />
generally associate the two meanings (L.Kaplan p.c.).<br />
ATQASUK (Alaska, Meade River B-3) The Iñupiaq (<strong>Eskimo</strong>) name is said to mean ‘the place to dig the rock that burns’, referring to a coal mine (Orth 1967).<br />
http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~akgenweb/NorthSlope.htm<br />
Atqasuk (Pop. 228) Name is an Inupiaq <strong>Eskimo</strong> word meaning "the place to dig the rock that burns," in reference to a large coal seam located here according to<br />
1923 fieldsheet by E. C. Guerin, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Another <strong>Eskimo</strong> name, "Tikiluk," was reported in 1951. A post office was established there in 1951<br />
with the name "Meade River." It was discontinued in 1957.<br />
Located on W bank of the Meade River near Imarkrak Lake, 62 miles ESE of Wainwright and 59 miles SSW of Barrow, Arctic Plain.<br />
http://www.arm.gov/sites/nsa/nsa_bavg.pdf<br />
• History and culture: Atqasuk was established as a caribou-hunting village by Barrow natives, once the pressure on the caribou population around Barrow itself<br />
became too large. It also has a very small open pit coal mine, only sporadically operational (one front end loader). We've been told that the name Atqasuk means<br />
"place of the rock that burns."<br />
http://tea.armadaproject.org/cheuvront/4.22.2002.html<br />
Atqasuk, a small native village placed on the Meade River where the wind blows and the caribou roam. The village is tied to their cultural, rich past but living in the<br />
modernized world. The name Atqasuk itself has it's own story. Various spellings of Atqasuk are often used. This is due to the native, Inupiaq language being an oral<br />
language and not a written language. The word Atqasuk means "bridge of a nose" which refers to the appearance of Atqasuk's placement on the Alaska map.<br />
http://www.north-slope.org/NSB/HomeruleBrochure/AtqInfo.htm<br />
YOK<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 187
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Atqasuk is located inland from the Arctic Ocean on the Meade River, about 60 miles southwest of Barrow. Atqasuk has long been established as a hunting and<br />
fishing ground. Abandoned sod houses, an old cellar and gravesite near the village provide evidence of an early settlement here.<br />
During W.W.11, coal was mined in the community and freighted to Barrow. During the next 10 years, the village existed under the name of Meade River.<br />
Although the population dwindled in the 1960s, former residents from Barrow moved to the community in the 1970s and re-established the village under the name<br />
of Atqasuk. The village was incorporated as a second- class city in 1982.<br />
Kara’nın göremediği yer adı Kasegaluk Lagoon (Alaska, Wainwright A- 6) (= Kasegarlik,<br />
Kasigialik ‘place where spotted seals remain’ < İnyupikçe qasigiaq ‘spotted seal’) sözünü “ilgisi” dolayısıyla belirtelim<br />
ve İnyupik coğrafyasından çıkıp Yupik coğrafyasına geçelim.<br />
Kasigluk 1967, 1984 (Kaseglok 1952, 1963, Kaseglook 1942) yer adının ‘confluence of rivers’ anlamına<br />
gelen Yupikçe (Kassigluq) ve Çupikçe ile Nunivak Çupikçesi (Kassiglurmiut) karşılığını aynı zaman<br />
tünelinden geçirip Türkçe qasuqluġ (Middle Türkic غل ق س ق) ‘kendisinde kımız tulumu bulunan’ sözüne bağlamak<br />
kımız esrikliğinden başka bir şey değildir.<br />
Wilhelm Bright: Native American Placenames of the United States, 2004, sa: 204<br />
KASIGLUK (Alaska, Baird Inlet D-2) \kǝ sig loŏk\. From Yupik (<strong>Eskimo</strong>) kassigluq ‘confluence of rivers’ (Jacobson 1984).<br />
http://www.cgc.uaf.edu/newsletter/gg13_1/gg_Dec_2005.pdf<br />
Place names include generic categories such as “lake” (Nanvarnaq) “confluence” (Kassigluq), and oxbow lake, literally “false river” (Kuiguaq); as well<br />
as navigational designations such as Kuigpagcaraq (“the way to the Yukon”), Itqercaraq (“way of entering”), and Tevyaraq (“portage”). There are also<br />
place names that describe specific resources found on-site: Cavirrutnartuli (“one with an abundance of a kind of white fish”), Qugtuliar (“place with<br />
plenty of firewood”), Qugyugtuli (“one with lots of whistling swans”), Tayarungualek (“one that has pretend mares’ tails *plant+”), and Cuukvagtuli (“one<br />
with plenty of pike”).<br />
http://www.mms.gov/alaska/reports/1980rpts/82_TR70.pdf<br />
The community of Kasigluk (Kassiglu, lit. where rivers meet) is located two miles to the west.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 188
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
42<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
YOK<br />
M.KARA I 1508 / I 1509 / II 291, 289<br />
Yer adlarının anlamlan çok defa bilinemediği için, Karluk adına şüpheyle yaklaşanlar çıkabilir.<br />
Ancak Alaska'da anlamı bilinen bazı Türkçe kelimeler de yer adı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Örnek olarak;<br />
1800'lü yılların ortalarında Alaska'da yaşayan Ingalik Kızılderililerinin yaz aylarındaki balık avlama<br />
yeri olan Chuathbaluk adında, baluk kelimesinin korunduğunu düşünüyoruz.<br />
YOK<br />
<strong>Bir</strong> yer adı olan Chuathbaluk'ta ise OT. baluk daha açık bir şekilde yer almıştır.<br />
İñupiaqça Eski/Orta Türkçe İngilizcesi<br />
Chuathbaluk “1800’lü yılların<br />
ortalarında Alaska’da yaşa-yan<br />
Ingalik Kızılderililerinin yaz<br />
aylarındaki balık avlama yeri”<br />
Chuathbaluk was the site of an<br />
Ingalik Indian summer fish<br />
camp in the mid-1800s<br />
İñupiaqçada kullanılan ve bildirimizde yer verilen kelimelere şu web adreslerinden bakılabilir:<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/Language/dictionaries/inupiaq/dictionary.htm<br />
hhtp://www.explorenorth.com/library/communities/Alaska/bl-Chuathbaluk.htm<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Alaska’yı boydan boya Cengiz Han kaçkını Uygurların ayakları altına seren Mehmet Kara, “iz”<br />
sürdüğü İnyupikçenin sınırları dışına çıkıp, haritadan gördüğü Chuathbaluk’u merak etmiş ve merakını<br />
da Wikipedia’dan gidermiş: Εὕρηκα! εὕρηκα! εὕρηκα!<br />
İlk cümleyi *Chuathbaluk was the site of an Ingalik Indian [1] summer fish camp in the mid-1800s+ kurgusu için alan<br />
Kara, hemen bir cümle sonrasını [The village was often confused with Russian Mission on the Yukon, so in the 1960s the name<br />
was changed to Chuathbaluk, which is derived from the Yup'ik word "Curapalek," meaning "the hills where the big blueberries grow."]<br />
kasıtlı olarak es geçmiştir.<br />
Sayın Kara, adlandırılışı sizin yaşınızdan genç olan Yupikçe (İnyupikçe değil!) Chuathbaluk’u<br />
asırlar öncesine götürüp baluk/balık’a bağlayamazsınız.<br />
Yukon kıyısındaki Russian Mission (Russian Mission on the Yukon River; Yupikçe: Iqugmiut)<br />
kasabasıyla karıştırıldığı için Kuskokwim kıyısındaki Russian Mission (Russian Mission<br />
on the Kuskokwim River) kasabasının adı 1960’larda yerliler tarafından kullanılan<br />
Curarpalek (Yupikçe ve Çupikçe), Curarpaleg (Nunivak Çupikçesi) adına dayanılarak<br />
Chuathbaluk (=Chuatbaluk, Chukbak) biçiminde değiştirilmiş. 1800’lü yıllarda<br />
burada balık [łegg] avlayan İngalik Kızılderilileri (Değinak Athapaskanları) ise kasabaya Ch’inihay<br />
Dinechoxdi (‘that which we pick is big’) adını verirler.<br />
Yupikçe Curarpalek’in açılımı basittir: cura[r]-pa-lek ‘(place) with big blueberries = büyük mersinli (yer)’ <<br />
curaq ‘blueberry’* -pak ‘big’ -lek ‘with’ **<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 189
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Chuathbaluk’ta balık aramak, kalabalık (‘throng, mob’ < Arab. ة ب لغ ġalaba + Turk. -lık)’ta hem kala<br />
(Finnish ‘fish’) hem de balık (Turkish ‘fish’) aramaya benziyor!<br />
Yupik şehri Chuathbaluk’ta geçmeyen Türkçe balık sözü palek ~ palik biçiminde Supik mutfağında<br />
Ruslardan bir kalıntı olarak bulunur (► Alaska Yerli Dillerinde Türkçe Kökenli Rusça Alıntılar)<br />
*Vaccinium uliginosum (bog blueberry, alpine<br />
blueberry, lowbush blueberry, blueberry, bilberry) :<br />
Yupikçe ve Çupikçe curaq (sg) curat (pl)<br />
Nunivak Çupikçesi curer<br />
Supikçe cua’aq, curaq (sg), curat (pl) [NW, PG]<br />
cu’uq [CH]<br />
Değinakça (Ingalik) nilyagh<br />
[NOT: Yupikçe/Çupikçe/Supikçe c = ch = ç ]<br />
** -lek (
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
İnyupikçe -lik 1 nn the one with a __ *örnekler için 35 numaralı bölüme bakabilirsiniz]<br />
Utkuhiksalik -lik -ᓕᒃ the one with an X, a possessor of X *örnekler için 35 numaralı bölüme bakabilirsiniz+<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuathbaluk,_Alaska<br />
History<br />
Chuathbaluk was the site of an Ingalik Indian [1] summer fish camp in the mid-1800s. The village has been known as Chukbak, St. Sergius Mission, Kuskokwim Russian Mission, and Little<br />
Russian Mission. The village was often confused with Russian Mission on the Yukon, so in the 1960s the name was changed to Chuathbaluk, which is derived from the Yup'ik word<br />
"Curapalek," meaning "the hills where the big blueberries grow." The Russian Orthodox church built the St. Sergius Mission by 1894, and residents of Kukuktuk from 20 miles downriver<br />
moved to the mission. Tragically, much of the village was lost in an influenza epidemic in 1900. By 1929, the site was deserted, although Russian Orthodox members continued to hold<br />
services at the mission. In 1954, the Crow Village Sam Phillips family from Crow Village resettled the mission, and were joined later by individuals from Aniak and Crooked Creek. The<br />
Church was rebuilt in the late 1950s, and a state school opened in the 1960s. The City was incorporated in 1975.<br />
http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm?Comm_Boro_Name=Chuathbaluk<br />
History, Culture and Demographics<br />
Chuathbaluk was the site of an Ingalik Indian summer fish camp in the mid-1800s. The village has been known as Chukbak, St. Sergius Mission, Kuskokwim Russian Mission, and Little<br />
Russian Mission. The village was often confused with Russian Mission on the Yukon, so in the 1960s the name was changed to Chuathbaluk, which is derived from the Yup'ik word<br />
"Curapalek," meaning "the hills where the big blueberries grow." The Russian Orthodox church built the St. Sergius Mission by 1894, and residents of Kukuktuk from 20 miles downriver<br />
moved to the mission. Tragically, much of the village was lost in an influenza epidemic in 1900. By 1929, the site was deserted, although Russian Orthodox members continued to hold<br />
services at the mission. In 1954, the Sam Phillips family from Crow Village resettled the mission, and were joined later by individuals from Aniak and Crooked Creek. The Church was<br />
rebuilt in the late 1950s, and a state school opened in the 1960s. The City was incorporated in 1975.<br />
http://www.subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us/TechPap/tp108.pdf Wild Resource use and Economy of Stony River Village by Priscilla Russell Kari, Technical Paper No. 108, Alaska Department<br />
of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence, Juneau, Alaska, March 1985<br />
Appendix 1: native Place Names in the Central kuskokwim and Stony River Village Land use Area Chuathbaluk: Curarpalek (Y= Yup’ik)(‘one with big blueberries’), Ch’inihay Dinechoxdi<br />
(DH= Deg Hit’an, Kuskokwim Ingalik) ‘ that which we pick is big’)<br />
Wilhelm Bright: Native American Placenames of the United States, 2004, sa: 204<br />
Chuathbaluk (Alaska, Russian Mission C-1). Yupik (<strong>Eskimo</strong>) curarpalek, from curaq ‘blueberry’ (Jacobson 1984).<br />
Chase Hensel: Telling our Selves : ethnicity and discourse in southwestern Alaska, New York 1996<br />
Curarpalek (place with huckleberries, literally, place with big blueberries)= Chuatbaluk<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 191
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
43<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=k<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
YOK<br />
M.KARA I 1511-1512 / I 1508<br />
4. İñu. Karluk "Alaska'da bir yer adı". Clauson, karlıg kelimesinin anlamını "karlı, karla kaplı"<br />
şeklinde vermiştir (CLAUSON 1972: 658). <strong>Bir</strong> Türk boyunun adı olan Karluk "kelimesini "kar" ile açıklamaya<br />
çalışanların görüşünden çok Doerfer'in görüşü gerçeğe yakındır. Doerfer, karışık boy ve sülâlelerden<br />
oluşan bir boy olarak düşündüğü Karluk boyunun adını, karıl- fiiliyle ilişkilendirmektedir<br />
(SALMAN 1981: 169). Bu durumda söz konusu kelime, bir fiilden fiil yapma ekinin ardından fiilden<br />
isim yapma eki almış görünüyor.<br />
Biz, zaman zaman ayrı ve düşmanca yaşamalarına rağmen Uygur-Karluk birlikteliği tarihte<br />
önemli bir yer tuttuğu için (SALMAN 1981: 176-180, 184-186) Moğol istilâsı yüzünden Alaska'ya kaçan<br />
Uygur Türkleri arasında Karluk Türklerinin de bulunduğu kanaatini taşıyoruz. Çünkü Karluk Türkleriyle<br />
ilgili araştırmaları bulunan Hüseyin Salman, bu konuda yazmış olduğu uzun makalesinde Doğu<br />
Karluklarının 12. yüzyıldan sonra Çin kaynaklarında izine rastlanmadığını belirtir (SALMAN 1981:<br />
189). Ethel G. Stewart'in yukarıda zikrettiğimiz eserinde Moğol istilâsı yüzünden Türklerin Amerika'ya<br />
kaçış tarihi MS. 1233 olarak verilir.<br />
Kanaatimizce 12. yüzyıldan sonra Çin kaynaklarında izlerine rastlanmayan Doğu Karlukları,<br />
13. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Amerika'ya kaçmak zorunda kaldıkları için Çin kayıtlarından düşmüşlerdir.<br />
Karlukların Alaska'ya kaçışlarının en önemli delili Alaska'da bulunan yer adlarıdır: Karluk Köyü, Karluk<br />
Irmağı, Karluk Gölü (http://www.ankn.uaf.edu/AEB.html, http://www.blacktailpointlodge.com/freshwater king salmon.htm ).<br />
M.KARA I 1522<br />
Ek-1: Asya Karluklarının bulunduğu yeri gösteren harita<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
YOK<br />
Kara’nın İñu. (=İñupiaqça) kaydıyla verdiği Karluk dayanağında bulunmuyor.<br />
Bulunamaz, çünkü İnyupik değil Supik bölgesine aittir.<br />
Mehmet Kara'nın "Asya Karluklarının bulunduğu yeri gösteren harita" olarak sunduğu haritadaki Karluk,<br />
İrkutsk yakınlarındakidir. Kara'nın kullandığı haritaya ulaşamadım ama onun bir değişiğini sunalım:<br />
http://www.weather-forecast.com/locations/Irkutsk<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 192
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Rusya Federasyonuna ait Sibirya Federal Bölgesi'nin (Сибирский федеральный округ Российской<br />
Федерации) İrkutsk oblastı'na (Иркутский область) bağlı üç "köy/kasaba" var: Карлук село [Качугский район],<br />
Карлук деревня [Иркутский район], Большой Карлук деревня [Заларинский район]<br />
Buryatya (Республика Бурятия = Буряад Республика)'ya çok yakın olan bu bölgede ayrıca küçük bir dağ<br />
adı olarak da Aşağı Karluklar geçiyor<br />
http://nature.baikal.ru/files/141/%E3%F3%F0%F3%EB%E5%E2.doc<br />
Нижние Карлуки — а) от бур. хара алаг — черно-пегий, б) от тюрк. кар — снег,<br />
карлук — снежный (более вероятно), в) от этнонимов карлуки или коралас (ТБ)<br />
http://ilin-yakutsk.narod.ru/2002-1/48.htm Борис ЧАРПЫКОВ: «Топонимика —<br />
язык земли»... О географических названиях Иркутской области<br />
Карлуки. «а) от бурятского «хара алаг» — черно-пегий; б) от тюркского «кар»<br />
— снег, карлук — «снежный» (Гурулев). Тоже неубедительное объяснение.<br />
Если топоним относится к гидрониму, правильнее будет предположить, что он<br />
происходит от якутского «Хара уулаах» — черная вода. Можно построить и<br />
другие версии: «Хара олох» — черное место, «Хара ала» — черно-пестрая, что,<br />
впрочем, очень маловероятно, так же, как и «Хара алаг».<br />
http://nature.baikal.ru/text.shtml?id=113&sec=12 Географические названия<br />
Восточной Сибири<br />
Карлук, названия небольших гор, отсюда и сел в Иркутском и Качугском р-нах -<br />
от бур. хараалаг - "черно-пегая"; черно-пегая гора, для которой характерна<br />
пестрота растительного покрова: чередование на склонах лесных (темных) и<br />
степных (просветленных) участков. Некоторые объясняют от тюрк. кар - "снег",<br />
карлук или каролок - "снежный".<br />
Rusya Federasyonuna ait Taymır Özerk Bölgesi'nde (Таймырский *Долгано-Ненецкий+ автономный<br />
округ) Kara Denizi'nde (Карское море) Taymır Körfezinin (Таймырский Залив) kuzeyinde yeralan Karluk Burnu<br />
(Мыс Карлук / Mys Karluk Latitude: 76°42'42'' N Longitude: 97°23'30'' E) ile İrkut bölgesindeki<br />
Карлук yer adları eşkökenli değildir.<br />
Rusçadaki eskimiş *стар.+ bir söz olarak "balık tutkalı = isinglass" anlamına gelen карлук ile İrkut bölgesindeki<br />
Карлук yer adları eşkökenli değildir:<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 193
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/vasmer/40687/%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA<br />
& http://starling.rinet.ru/cgibin/response.cgi?root=/usr/local/share/starling/morpho&morpho=0&basename=%5Cusr%5Clocal%5Cshare%5Cstarling%5Cmorpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&first=5161<br />
Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary :<br />
карлу́к харлу́к "рыбий клей", диал. ко́рлух, уральск. (Даль), укр. кару́к, польск., чеш. karuk. Русск.<br />
слово, вероятно, явилось источником англ. саrlосk – то же и польск. слова; см. Бернекер 1, 490; Мi.<br />
ЕW 112; Брюкнер 221. Неправильно предполагает Маценауэр (196) заимствование в русск. из англ.<br />
Вероятно, вост. происхождения.<br />
Rusçadan Fransızca yoluyla İngilizceye de geçmiş:<br />
Carlock — Car"lock, n. [F. carlock, fr. Russ. Karl['u]k'.] A sort of Russian isinglass, made from the air<br />
bladder of the sturgeon, and used in clarifying wine. *1913 Webster+…<br />
Hazar alabalığı (Salmo trutta caspius)'nın erkeğine (самец) verilen Rusça карлук adı, “balık tutkalı” anlamındaki<br />
карлук ile eşkökenli olabilir.<br />
Rus kürk tüccarlarının Alaska'nın keşfinde ve keşfin sonrasında oynadıkları rol bir tarih gerçeğidir.<br />
Acaba, İrkutsk bölgesindaki Karluk adını taşıyan yerlerden gelen avcı ve tüccarlar<br />
(промышленник) var mıydı. Belki geldikleri yerin adı *ve de Rusçadaki balık tutkalı anlamına gelen<br />
adaşıyla örtüşümlü kontaminasyon yapılarak+ Alaska'nın Kodiak adasında bulunan Karluk şehrine<br />
verilmiş olabilir: In 1786, Russian traders established a workstation with a salmon saltery on north side of Karluk Lagoon. Tıpkı<br />
Uzenkie yerleşiminin Rusça olması gibi. Eğer <strong>Eskimo</strong>lara uzaktan masa başında bir önyargıyla, “karlı<br />
buzlu evlerde yaşayan, şehirleşme kültürü oluşturmamış, ilkel göçebe halk” biçiminde ırkçı yaklaşırsam yukarıdaki kurgumu<br />
çok rahat kabul ettirebilirim. Benim bu kurgum, Mehmet Kara'nın farazî "Moğol istilâsı yüzünden<br />
Alaska'ya kaçan Uygur Türkleri arasında Karluk Türkleri de vardır " kurgusundan daha sağlam ve dayanaklıdır.<br />
Asyadan kazın bacağı böyle gözüküyor.<br />
Amerikadan nasıl gözükecek, bakalım.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 194
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.servantair.com/villages/karluk.html<br />
Alaska’nın Kodiak adasındaki Karluk yeredları<br />
(Histories from http://alaska.hometownlocator.com/features/countyfeatures,scfips,02150,c,kodiak%20island.cfm)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 195
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Village of Karluk (Karluk Village) (Latitude: 57.56. Longitude: -154.48 )<br />
Cape Karluk (Latitude: 57.5763893127 Longitude: -154.51361084) History: Name derived from village of Karluk and published by U.S.<br />
Coast and Geodetic Survey (USC&GS) in 1868. This point was called "Cape Karloutskoi" by Captain Lutke (1836, p. 276), Imperia l Russian<br />
Navy (IRN), and Baker (1906, p. 350) says "locally known as 'Karluk head'."<br />
Karluk Anchorage (Latitude: 57.5763893127 : -154.470550537) History: Name derived from village of Karluk and reported in 1897<br />
by Lieutenant Commander J. F. Moser, U.S. Navy (USN), commander of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries (USBF) steamer Albatross.<br />
Karluk Lagoon (Latitude: 57.5663871765 Longitude: -154.418060303) History: Name derived from village of Karluk and reported in<br />
1897 by Lieutenant Commander J. F. Moser, U.S. Navy (USN), commander of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries (USBF) steamer Albatross.<br />
Karluk Lake (Latitude: 57.3655548096 Longitude: -154.04083252) History: Name derived from village of Karluk and reported by U.S.<br />
Bureau of Fisheries (USBF) in 1889.<br />
Karluk River (Latitude: 57.5716667175 Longitude: -154.462219238) History: Name derived from village of Karluk and published by<br />
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (USC&GS) in 1868.<br />
Karluk Indian Reservation (historical) (Latitude: 57.5571670532 Longitude: -154.439315796)<br />
Karluk Lagoon Dam (Latitude: 57.5883331299 Longitude: -154.440002441)<br />
Old Karluk Dam (Latitude: 57.5699996948 Longitude: -154.471664429)<br />
Karluk Airport (Latitude: 57.5669441223 Longitude: -154.450271606)<br />
Karluk Lake Seaplane Base (Latitude: 57.3669433594 Longitude: -154.027496338)<br />
Karluk Reef (Latitude: 60.44417 Longitude: -151.40194)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 196
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm?Comm_Boro_name=Karluk<br />
Karluk<br />
(KAR-luck)<br />
For a Map of Karluk click here<br />
Current Population: 38 (2008 Estimated Population (not Certified))<br />
Incorporation Type: Unincorporated<br />
Borough Located In: Kodiak Island Borough<br />
Taxes: Sales: None, Property: 10.5 mills (Borough),<br />
Special: 5% Bed Tax (Borough); 1.05% Severance<br />
Tax (Borough)<br />
Coastal Management District: Kodiak Island Borough<br />
Location and Climate<br />
Karluk is located on the west coast of Kodiak Island, on the Karluk River, 88 air miles southwest of Kodiak and 301<br />
miles southwest of Anchorage. The community lies at approximately 57.570210° North Latitude and -<br />
154.454330° West Longitude. (Sec. 17, T030S, R032W, Seward Meridian.) Karluk is located in the Kodiak<br />
Recording District. The climate of the Kodiak Islands is dominated by a strong marine influence. There is little or<br />
no freezing weather, moderate precipitation, and frequent cloud cover and fog. Severe storms and winds are<br />
common from December through February. Annual precipitation is 23 inches. Temperatures remain within a<br />
narrow range, from 31 to 54.<br />
History, Culture and Demographics<br />
The mouth of the Karluk River is thought to have been populated by Natives for more than 7,000 years. 36<br />
archaeological sites exist in the area. Russian hunters established a trading post here in 1786. At that time, the<br />
village was located on both sides of the Karluk River, in the area of Karluk Lagoon. Between 1790 and 1850, many<br />
tanneries, salteries and canneries were established in the area. By 1900, Karluk was known for having the largest<br />
cannery and the greatest salmon stream in the world. A post office was established in 1892. In the early 1900s,<br />
canneries were constructed by the Alaska Packers Association. Over-fishing of the area forced the canneries to<br />
close in the late 1930s. After a severe storm in January 1978, the village council decided to relocate the<br />
community to the present site, upstream on the south side of the lagoon. HUD constructed 23 houses at the new<br />
community location. A few high school students attend Mount Edgecumbe in Sitka.<br />
A federally-recognized tribe is located in the community -- the Native Village of Karluk; Kodiak Island Inter-Tribal<br />
Council. The population of the community consists of 96.3% Alaska Native or part Native. Karluk is an Alutiiq<br />
village with a fishing and subsistence lifestyle. The school was closed during the 1999/2000 year and again for the<br />
2002/2003 year due to low enrollment. During the 2000 U.S. Census, total housing units numbered 24, and vacant<br />
housing units numbered 15. Vacant housing units used only seasonally numbered 11. U.S. Census data for Year<br />
2000 showed 11 residents as employed. The unemployment rate at that time was 0 percent, although 47.62<br />
percent of all adults were not in the work force. The median household income was $19,167, per capita income<br />
was $13,736, and 0 percent of residents were living below the poverty level.<br />
Facilities, Utilities, Schools and Health Care<br />
Water is supplied by a creek, is treated and stored in a 50,000-gallon tank. All occupied homes are fully plumbed.<br />
There is no refuse collection service, and the landfill is a temporary, unpermitted site. The school organizes<br />
aluminum recycling. Electricity is provided by Alutiiq Power Company. There are no state operated schools located<br />
in the community. Local hospitals or health clinics include Karluk Health Clinic (907-241-2212). Karluk is classified<br />
as an isolated village, it is found in EMS Region 2G in the Kodiak Region. Emergency Services have coastal,<br />
floatplane and air access Auxiliary health care is provided by Karluk Village Response Team (clinic 907-241-2222).<br />
Economy and Transportation<br />
While fish processing was a primary source of livelihood at one point, today many residents participate in other<br />
types of work as well as subsistence hunting and fishing activities. Salmon, trout, ducks, seals and deer are<br />
harvested.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 197
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Karluk is accessible by air and water. Regular and charter flights depart from Kodiak. There is both a State-owned<br />
2,000' long by 50' wide gravel airstrip and a seaplane base at Karluk Lake. Barge service is available twice a month<br />
from Kodiak, and goods are lightered to shore by skiff. Funds have been requested to construct a dock.<br />
Organizations with Local Offices<br />
Electric Utility - Alutiiq Power Company<br />
P.O. Box 42<br />
Karluk, AK 99608-0022<br />
Phone 907-241-2228<br />
Fax 907-241-2208<br />
Village Council - Native Village of Karluk<br />
P.O. Box 22<br />
Karluk, AK 99608<br />
Phone 907-241-2218<br />
Fax 907-241-2208<br />
E-mail a96lynn@aol.com<br />
Koniag Alutiiq Place Names<br />
Supikçe İngilizce Rusça<br />
Agisaq Pilot Point<br />
Afognak<br />
(Afognac, Odinochka Rubyets,<br />
Ag'uaneq (Aggw’aneq)<br />
Ratkovsky, Rubertz, Rubtsovskaya,<br />
Rubtzovskaia, Rubyets, Rutkovsky,<br />
Seleniye Volnyk Promyshlen)<br />
Афоньяк<br />
Aluuwik Alaska Peninsula<br />
полуостров<br />
Аляска<br />
Cing'iyak Chiniak<br />
Cirniq Chignik<br />
Curyuk Silty water, Dillingham<br />
Igya'iq Egegik *Yupik böl.+<br />
Nanwarpak Illiamna Lake *Yupik böl.+<br />
Irak Eagle Harbor<br />
Kal'uq (Kal’ut) Karluk Карлук<br />
Kangiyak (Kangiyaq) Kaguyak<br />
Kasukuak Akhiok Ахиок<br />
Nakniq Naknek *Yupik böl.+<br />
Masiqsiraq (Masiqsirraq) Port Lions<br />
Masrriq Port Heiden<br />
Nuniaq Old Harbor Олд-Харбор<br />
Qikertaq Kodiak Island Кадьяк<br />
Sun'alleq Three Saints Bay<br />
Бухта Трёх<br />
Святителей<br />
Sun'aq City of Kodiak<br />
Suyurat (Suyurrami) Shuyak Islands Шуйак<br />
Tangirnaq Woody Island<br />
Ugassaq Ugashik<br />
Ukamuk Chirikof Island<br />
остров<br />
Чирикова<br />
Uusenkaaq Ouzinkie<br />
Uyaqsaq Larsen Bay<br />
Aleksashkina<br />
Aleneva<br />
Aleut Village<br />
Ikolik<br />
Katmai Катмай<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 198
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Kiliuda<br />
Kukak<br />
McCord<br />
Nunamiut<br />
Onihitsk<br />
Pestriak<br />
Port Hobron<br />
Port O'Brien<br />
Port Wakefield<br />
Port William<br />
Uyak<br />
Womens Bay<br />
Chugach Alutiiq Place Names<br />
Supikçe İngilizce Rusça<br />
Agayuim Cingia 'Church Point'<br />
Agayuut Misngawiat (SM) 'shag's perch' or Agayuut<br />
Sakairturwiat Nanwalem Cingia 'shag's resting place'<br />
Aggtarnaaq 'Mountain with skin drum'<br />
Agwiillquq<br />
Akaam Cingia 'Akaa's point'<br />
Akaam Kuiya 'Akaa's river'<br />
Akanengaam Qutii 'Akanengaaq's beach'<br />
Akatarwiaq '(island) made to look like lupine'<br />
Akurwik 'wrestling place'<br />
Alimalenguasaaq 'Fred Ukatish's grandfather's mountain'<br />
Amikum Yaami (SM) 'octopus rocks, octopus den'<br />
Antuun Kuiya, Kia'iwia 'Tony's beach' Antuun<br />
Aneryaaqunguaq 'small sighing (rock)'<br />
Apaalaayiim Qutii 'Apaalaayak's beach' Apaalaayiim<br />
Yaasii'l 'Apaalaayak's boxes'<br />
Apaalaayiim Qutii Kayaq (SM,JT)<br />
Aqllatulia'aq (JT) 'extended windy bay' Chugach Bay<br />
Aqllatuliaraam Kuiya 'Chugach Bay River'<br />
Arrulaa'iggaalleq 'old first Portlock'<br />
Arrulaa'ik Portlock, Port Chatham<br />
Ar'ulleq (SM) Arwalleq (JT) 'old whale'<br />
Arwartiliq Cordova<br />
Ashivak Cape Douglas<br />
Atanenguaq 'small fish backbone' or Nuutqat 'reefs'<br />
Atqernaq 'sudden going out to open water'<br />
Caqallaqaarsurwik 'place to get seaweed'<br />
Caniqaq Chenega<br />
Carwatuqaq 'place where the current is strong' Pt. Bede<br />
Carwatuqam Ingria 'Pt. Bede Mountain'<br />
Carwatuqam Yaamaa 'Pt. Bede Rock'<br />
Cingia'at 'row of points'<br />
Cingyacungam 'young sibling' 4th of July Creek (point)<br />
Cuka'arliq<br />
Cuka'arlim Kuiya 'Cuka'arliq River'<br />
Culurlleg or Mayuruutak 'landing'<br />
Cuqllirpaaq Kuik 'first creek'<br />
Cuquus Cingia 'Cuquus Point'<br />
Cuquus Nagaayui 'rock islands'<br />
Enem Cingia 'house point'<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 199
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Etgalleq Mummy Island<br />
Et'um Kuiya 'pass river'<br />
Et'unguaq 'small portage"<br />
Glliiparuaq 'mountain that looks like bread'<br />
Iqai'iwik (JT) 'washing place'<br />
Igya'aq Eyak Lake<br />
Ilutuqkcin Ingria or Ilutuqanguasagaaq Ingria or<br />
Luutuqam Ingria Ilutuqabguasaaq 'little hollowed-out<br />
mountain' 'hollowed out mountain' 'hollowed out mountain'<br />
Ing'ircaaq 'way to ascend mountain'<br />
Ing'ikcak or Ing'ircaaq 'big mountain' near<br />
Initaallret 'old drying racks'<br />
Iwanum Qutii 'John Moonin's beach'<br />
Kakilaguit (JT) 'places to stab? or pincushions' ?<br />
Kangiak Day Harbor<br />
Kangiliq Port Dick<br />
Kaniagaluq Picnic Harbor<br />
Kangirtulia'aq (JT) 'extended (bay) with a long head'<br />
Kangirtuliaraam Cingia 'Kangirtulia'aq point'<br />
Kangiyanguaq 'small bay'<br />
Kangiyanguam Cingia 'Point of Kangiyanguaq'<br />
Kani’lik Two Bays<br />
Kanuyaq 'copper'<br />
Kaslofskiim Qutii 'Kaslovski beach'<br />
Kayaa'am Kuiya 'whetstone (Chrome) river'<br />
Kep'arkat Cingiat 'land otter point'<br />
Kicarwik 'place to anchor'<br />
Kuik 'creek' English Bay River<br />
Kui'ik Cingiak 'two rivers point'<br />
Kuikcak 'large creek' or Apaasuum Kuiya 'Dan Anahonak<br />
Creek'<br />
Kui'ik (JT) 'two rivers'<br />
Cullirpaaq kuik 'first river'<br />
Kiikia kui'in 'second river'<br />
Kui'naq 'point of the river'<br />
Kuuliam Kuiya 'Nikolai Moonin's river'<br />
Kuuliam Qutii 'Nikolai Moonin's beach'<br />
Laugkaalleg 'Old Store'<br />
Laugkaallrem Kuiya 'Creek of the Old Store'<br />
Laugkaallrem Qikertaawai 'Islands of the Old Store'<br />
Liivakaa<br />
Liivakaam Cingia<br />
Liivakaam Qutii<br />
Lugsurwik 'place to get wild chives'<br />
Luulenguasaaq (JT) Luulek (JT) 'having wild chives'<br />
Luutim Nanwaa 'Luuti's lake"<br />
Luutim Tangirnaa 'Luuti's spit'<br />
Macanertuqaq 'sunny beach'<br />
Mayurwik<br />
Megnii'inguaq 'small bald(ish?) hill'<br />
Miitriim Cingia 'Demetrie (Moonin's) Point' or Miitriim<br />
Nunii 'Demetrie M.'s Land'<br />
Morfiim Ingria 'Murphy's Land'<br />
Nagaayuut 'rock islands' Nagahut Rocks<br />
Nalltuliq<br />
Nanwakcak 'large lake' Second Lake<br />
Nanwakciim Keluqllia 'the one farther from Nanwakcak' Third Lake<br />
Nanwaq 'lake' English Bay Lagoon<br />
Nanwalek "place by lagoon" English Bay<br />
Nanwalem Ingria 'English Bay Mountain' English Bay Mountain<br />
Nanwalem Mer'a 'English Bay water'<br />
Nanwalenguasaaq 'place-having-lake' Little English Bay<br />
Nanwalenuasagaam Pehngua 'Little English Bay Hill'<br />
I (B27) Nanwanguasaaq ‘small lake’<br />
II (B74) Nanwanguasaaq 'Small Hole' First Lake<br />
C39. Nanwarnaq 'lagoon'<br />
C45. Nanwarnaq 'lagoon' or Pitruuskaam Nunii (JT)<br />
"Petrushka's land'<br />
B12. Nanwarnaq 'lagoon' Selenie Lagoon<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 200
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Nanwarnam Kuiya 'lagoon creek'<br />
Nasquruaq 'head-like (point)'<br />
Nauaq 'waiting for seals'<br />
Nisllaaq<br />
Nuna 'village'<br />
Nunacungaq 'small 'cute' village'<br />
Nunalleq 'old village’ Windy Bay village<br />
Nuuciq Nutchek<br />
Nuuya 'hide'<br />
Paluwik Port Graham<br />
Paluwiim Ingria 'Port Graham Mountain' Port Graham Mountain<br />
Perngaqaq Nanwaq 'bent lake' Horseshoe Lake<br />
Pilalleq 'old saw'<br />
Pingayuat Kui'it 'third creek'<br />
Pitruuskaa 'Petrushka'<br />
Qaigyartalek '(island) having killed a seal'<br />
Qanglluq 'Hole in River' First Hole<br />
Qaterqaq Cingik 'white point'<br />
Qayarwiq 'place for boats (kayaks)<br />
Windy Bay (including Rocky<br />
Qesanarliq 'lazy people (bay)'<br />
Bay?)<br />
Qiciisllaam nuni 'Fred Ukatish's land'<br />
Qikertaawaq 'island'<br />
Qikertaawam Nuutqai 'Passage Island Reefs'<br />
Qikertarlluaq 'bad island' Elizabeth Island<br />
Qikulek 'muddy'<br />
Quglerquik 'English Bay Point'<br />
Qugyugtuliq '(bay) having lots of swans' Koyuktulik Bay, Dogfish Bay<br />
Qugyugtulim Cingia 'Koyuktolik Point'<br />
Qugyugtulim Etuu 'Koyuktolik Pass'<br />
Qugyugtulim Nuutqai 'Koyuktolik reefs'<br />
Qugyugtulim Tangirnaa Koyuktolik Spit<br />
Qugyugtuliq Yaamiqtuliq Rocky Bay<br />
Quikcak 'large rock bluff'<br />
Qukaqllia Kui'it 'middle creek'<br />
Qukaqlliq 'middle (island)' Perl Island<br />
Qultuucaaq Fourth Lake<br />
Qultuucaam Keluqllia 'the one farther up from Qaltuucaaq' Fifth Lake<br />
Qungut 'graves'<br />
Ququulqiig<br />
Qurllaggwik or Qurllurneg 'waterfall'<br />
Qurllurta 'waterfall'<br />
Qutekcak 'large beach'<br />
Qutnguasaaq 'small beach'<br />
Saagtaaq 'rocks' Russian Mine<br />
Sali'ilek 'Creek Having Shale'<br />
Satuut 'weirs' or Satullret 'old weirs'<br />
Taalangaayiim Qutii 'Taalangaayaks's Beach'<br />
Taatiillaaq Tatitlek<br />
Tagaluq Rocky Bay<br />
Taglu or Tagluq<br />
Talmillraaq 'dilapidated--?'<br />
Tamarwik 'getting lost place" 'old village'<br />
Tamarwim Nanwaa 'Tamarwik Lake'<br />
Tamarwim Nuutqui ‘Tamarwik reefs'<br />
Tamarwim Qikertaawaa 'Tamarwik Island'<br />
Tangirnaq 'spit' The Strip and English Bay<br />
Tar'iwik 'place for making salt'<br />
Taugtaalek (SM) '(bay) having cockles'<br />
Teklegem Namwarnaa 'Dick Anahonak's lagoon' or<br />
Nanwarnaq<br />
Tunkuin Kangiqulua (SM) Tunkuin (JT) 'Duncuns Cove<br />
Duncon Slough<br />
or Duncun's'<br />
Waaskaam Qutii 'Wilie's beach’ or Waaskaam Nunii<br />
Seldovia, Ostrovski<br />
'Willie's land'<br />
Thuumes Kuiya (SM) Anderson Kuiya (JT) 'Thomas<br />
Anderson's river'<br />
To’qakvik ‘a place for stepping ashore’ Chrome Village<br />
To’qakvik ‘a place for stepping ashore’ Coal Village<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 201
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Tuq'aqgwik 'mine' Coal Cove<br />
Ucinguluguam Qutii (SM) 'silly old lady's beach' or<br />
Ucingum Qutii (JT) 'old lady's beach'<br />
Uksiilalriit 'left over (?) place for spending the winter'<br />
Ulukaq 'fish knife'<br />
Urr'aq or Urrarneq 'harbor" ?<br />
Watmen Caumaqaq Quta 'beach that faces out toward<br />
bay'<br />
Wiinaq or Wiinlleg 'sea lion'<br />
Yaaliq Yalik Bay<br />
Yaamaat <strong>Bir</strong>d Reef<br />
Yuuyaak Pt. Adam<br />
Yuuyaa'am Cingia 'Pt. Adam Point'<br />
Yuuyaam Ingria 'Pt. Adam Mountain'<br />
Yuuyaa'am Qutai 'Pt. Adam beaches'<br />
Wilhelm Bright: Native American Placenames of the United States, 2004, sa: 203<br />
KARLUK (Alaska, Karluk C-2) \kär´ luk\ The Alutiiq (<strong>Eskimo</strong>)<br />
name was reported in 1805 (Orth 1967).<br />
http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/marcus-baker/geographic-dictionary-of-alaska-eka/1-geographic-dictionary-of-alaskaeka.shtml<br />
Marcus Baker, Geographic dictionary of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 187, 446 p. 1901*<br />
Karluk; cape, at mouth of the Karluk river, on the northwestern shore of Kodiak.<br />
Native name, from the Russians. It is a precipitous mountain mass al)out 1,600 feet<br />
high, locally known as Karluk Head.<br />
Karluk; lake, drained by the Karluk river, in the western part of Kodiak. Native<br />
name.<br />
Karluk; reef, on the eastern shore of Cook inlet, between Kaknu and Kasilof river<br />
mouths. Name published by the Coast Survey in 1900.<br />
Karluk; river, draining from Karluk lake, in the western part of Kodiak. Native name.<br />
Karluk, strait; see Kupreanof.<br />
http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~akgenweb/Kodiak.htm<br />
Karluk; village, at mouth of Karluk river, Kodiak. Native name, from the Russians.<br />
IJsianski, 1805, spells it Carlook and Karlooch. Shelikof, according to Coxe, called it<br />
Karluta. There are several canneries here, and the place is locally known as Karluk<br />
spit. A post-office called Karluk was established here in March, 1895.<br />
Kunakakvak. The Russian-American Company's map of 1849 shows a native village<br />
of this name near Karluk, on the north shore of Kodiak.<br />
*NOT Baker’in yazısının ikinci baskısı (1906 GSB: 299)’na ulaşamadım.<br />
ALASKA GENWEB PROJECT<br />
KODIAK ISLAND BOROUGH , ALASKA<br />
Afognak History: The village of this name was destroyed by the March 27, 1964, earthquake; the residents were moved to Kodiak<br />
Island and were set up in a new village named Port Lions. The name derives from Afognak Island; reported in the 11th<br />
Census of 1890 (1893, p. 73-74) as "Afognak Village (Adognak)" consisting of a series of settlements extending in a row<br />
of dwellings, somewhat widely scattered, about three-fourths of a mile along the long, curving beach. In the first quarter of<br />
the nineteenth century, the name Rutkovsky village was applied by pensioned employees of the Russian American<br />
Company. Description: At the S end of Afognak Island 2.5 mi SE of Litnik Mountain, Kodiak Islands.<br />
Akhiok History: Native name reported by Petroff in 1880 (10th Census, p. 30). This village may be the same as Oohaiack<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 202
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
reported by Lisianski (1814, p. 169). The U.S. Post Office Department established the Alitak post office here in 1933 but<br />
discontinued it in 1945 (Ricks, 1965, p. 3). Description: on Akhiok Bay, W of Alitak Bay, at S end of Kodiak I.<br />
Aleksashkina History: Name published by Captain Tebenkov (1852, map 23), Imperial Russian Navy (IRN), as Seleniye Chiniak<br />
(Aleksashkina) or Chiniak Settlement (Aleksashkina). Lieutenant Sarichev (1826, map 16), Imperial Russian Navy (IRN),<br />
published the name Aleutskoye Aleksashkino Zhilo or the Aleut dwellings of Aleksashkino, but applied this name 2 miles<br />
to the southeast, at Lake Una. This is probably the village referred to by Ameigh and Chaffin (1962, p. 53) who said, the<br />
157 natives living on Woody Island in a little village of approximately fifteen log cabins, made their living during the<br />
summer months as sea otter hunters***. See Woody Island. Description: at Icehouse point, on W coast of Woody I., 2 mi.<br />
E of Kodiak, Kodiak I<br />
Aleneva No info available. Located on USGS Afognak A-3 map.<br />
Aleut Village History: Published in 1943 by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (USC&GS). In 1849 the Russian American Company<br />
called this Aleutskoye Seleniye Kattagmyut or The Aleut village of Kattag (the ending myut is <strong>Eskimo</strong> for people). The<br />
same year, on Chart 1425, the Russian Hydrographic Dept. published the name Afognakskaya Odinochka meaning a<br />
separate part of Afognak. See Afognak. Description: 0.6 mi. N of Afognak, on S coast of Afognak I., Kodiak I.<br />
Chiniak No info available. Located on USGS Kodiak C-1 map.<br />
Eagle Harbor<br />
(historical)<br />
History: Former <strong>Eskimo</strong> village reported in 1890 in the 11th Census (1893, p. 76), which stated "The native village on<br />
Eagle Harbor was named Orlova by the Russians, and erroneously renamed St. Orloff on our coast survey maps. It<br />
(Eagle Harbor) is now popularly known only by the name of the bay. The Kodiak <strong>Eskimo</strong> inhabiting this village number<br />
between 60 and 70." Petroff (1881, p. 32) wrote, "The next inhabited point * * * is Orlovsk village, situated on * * * Eagle<br />
Harbor. Here is a large settlement of 278 natives and creoles." This village was called "S(eleniye) Orlovsk," or "Orlovsk<br />
Settlement," by Captain Tebenkov (1852, map 23), Imperial Russian Navy (IRN), which was misinterpreted as "St.<br />
Orlovsk" in 1868 by USC&GS. Description: on Eagle Harbor, on S shore of Ugak Bay, E coast of Kodiak I.<br />
History: Name reported by Captain Lisianski (1814, p. 169), Imperial Russian Navy (IRN), as the settlement of Icolick.<br />
Description: on S shore of Gurney Bay, 23 mi. SW of Karluk, on W coast of Kodiak I.<br />
Ikolik<br />
(historical)<br />
Kaguyak History: Native name reported in 1880 as "Kaguiak" by Petroff (10th U.S. Census, p. 31). This village may be "Aleutsk<br />
Selen Kaniyagmyut," meaning "Aleut village of Kaniyagmyut;" reported by the Russian American Company in 1849. In<br />
1868 USC&GS recorded the name "Alsentia". Description: at head of Kaguyak Bay, on SE coast of Kodiak I.<br />
Karluk History: Native name reported in 1805 by Captain Lisianski (1814, p. 186), Imperial Russian Navy (IRN), as "Carlook" and<br />
as "Karloock" (map p. 169). The Russian American Company in 1849 reported a village at or near this location called<br />
"Kunakakhvak." The Karluk post office was established here in 1892 (Ricks, 1965, p. 31). Description: population 129, on<br />
E coast of Kodiak I.<br />
Katmai<br />
History: This once important <strong>Eskimo</strong> village was reported by von Krusenstern (1827, map 17), Imperial Russian Navy<br />
(historical) (IRN), as "Katmay." The 10th Census in 1880 lists a population of 218; 11th Census in 1890 lists 132. Katmai was<br />
abondoned following the 1912 eruption of Mount Katmai and the people were resettled in Perryville, near Mitrofania Bay.<br />
Description: site of a village near Katmai Bay, on S ocast of Alaska Peninsula, in Katmai National Monument 16 mi. S of<br />
Mount Katmai, Aleutian Range<br />
Kiliuda<br />
History: <strong>Eskimo</strong> name reported as "Killuden" in 1805 by Lisianski (1814, map facing p. 169). The name may be derived<br />
(historical) from the Aleut "Kiliak" (morning) and "Uda" (bay). Description: site of <strong>Eskimo</strong> village, at head of Boulder Bay, on SE coast<br />
of Kodiak I.; Kodiak I.<br />
Kodiak History: Local name derived from Kodiak Island and first published by the U.S. Post Office Department when the Kodiak<br />
post office was established in 1869 (Ricks 1965, p. 35). The post office was discontinued in 1875 and reestablished in<br />
1888. The town was founded in 1792 by Alexander Baranov, Manager of the Shelikov (later the Russian American)<br />
Company from 1792 to 1808. He named it "Pavlovsk Gavan" or "Paul's Harbor." Baranov moved Shelikov's settlement at<br />
Three Saints Harbor to this location because "the land surrounding it was higher and drier * * * it was surrounded by the<br />
timber needed to build boats, buildings and better fortifications * * *." (Ameigh and Chaffin, 1962, p. 45). The 11th Census<br />
in 1880 (1893, p. 74) reported, "The most important permanent settlement in the Second district is Kadiak, designated on<br />
our charts as St. Paul. The place was selected as a central station and headquarters of the Russian fur-trading<br />
companies in the year 1789 on account of its good harbor and close Description: on NE coast of Kodiak Island.<br />
Kukak History: <strong>Eskimo</strong> village called "Toujajak Village" by von Langsdorf (1814, v. 2, p. 235), and "Kukak," by Ivan Petroff in the<br />
1880 U.S. census. Its population in 1880 was 37. There is a historical locality of the same name four miles to the NE.<br />
Description: on S shore of Kukak Bay, on S coast of Alaska Peninsula, in Katmai National Monument, 29 mi. NE of Mount<br />
Katmai, Aleutian Range<br />
Larsen Bay History: Name derived from Larsen Bay and reported in 1890 to be a native settlement "containing less than 20 people" in<br />
the 11th Census in 1890 (1893, p. 79). The native name was "Uyak." Description: population 72, near mouth of Larsen<br />
Bay, on W shore of Uyak Bay, on NW coast of Kodiak I.<br />
McCord<br />
History: The McCord post office was established in 1929 and moved to Old Harbor in 1931. Description: site of village, on<br />
(historical) E shore of McCord Bay, at head of Port Hobron, on N coast of Sitkalidak I., SE of Kodiak I.<br />
Nunamiut History: Former <strong>Eskimo</strong> village name meaning land people, published as Nunochogamute, population 160, in the 10th<br />
(historical) Census (1884, p. 11). Early Russian sources included this village in thier descriptions of the settlement 1.5 miles to the<br />
southeast established by Shelikov in 1784. See Three Saints Harbor, locality. Description: on W shore of Three Saints<br />
Bay, on SE coast of Kodiak I.<br />
Old Harbor History: Name reported in the 11th Census in 1890 (1893, p. 77) as "Old Harbor, named Staruigavan by the Russians<br />
and Nunamiut by the natives * * *. This settlement, containing now less than 100 people, was once an important station of<br />
the Russian Fur Company * * *." The old Harbor post office was established in 1931 (Ricks, 1965, p. 48). See Three<br />
Saints Harbor, locality. Description: population 193, on W shore of Sitakalidak Strait, 56 mi. SW of Kodiak, Kodiak I.<br />
Onihitsk<br />
History: Name was recorded in 1805 by Lisianski (1814, map facing p. 169). Description: site of village on E end of<br />
(historical) Sitkalidak I., SE of Kodiak I.<br />
Ouzinkie History: Transliteration by Baker (1906, p. 657), of "Uzenkiy," from "uzkiy," meaning "very narrow," derived from the<br />
Russian name given to Narrow Strait, upon which the village is located. The name was reported as "Oozinkie, where<br />
there are 15 creoles." Peteroff (1881, p. 29) published the name "Selen(iye) Rus(kiy) i Kreolovy," meaning "village of<br />
Russians and croles." The name meaning "starling village" was published by Captain Tebenkov, Imperial Russian Navy<br />
(IRN) (1852, map 23). Description: On the W side of Spruce Island and on the N side of Narrow Strait, 10 mi NNW of<br />
Kodiak, Kodiak Island.<br />
Pestriak<br />
History: The Russian American Company published the name "Sel(eniye) Pestryakova" meaning "Eider duck<br />
(historical) Settlement," for this locality in 1849. Description: site of village on SE coast of Spruce I., 7 mi. N of Kodiak, Kodiak Island<br />
Port Hobron Located on USGS Kodiak A-4 map. No information available.<br />
Port Lions History: The village was built in 1964 by the Lions International for the persons of Afognak, displaced by the March 27,<br />
1964, earthquake that destoyed most of their village. Description: On the W side of Settler Cove near mouth of Kizhuyak<br />
Bay, at the N end of Kodiak Island, 18 mi. NW of Kodiak.<br />
Port O'Brien History: Local name published in 1943 by USC&GS. Description: on E shore of Northeast Arm Uganik Bay, N coast of<br />
Kodiak I.<br />
Port Wakefield History: a reduction and saltery plant by this name was reported in 1952 by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).<br />
Port William History: Local name published by USC&GS in 1926. Description: on S coast of Shuyak I., 40 mi. N of Kodiak I.<br />
Uyak History: <strong>Eskimo</strong> village reported in 1805 as "Ooiatsk" by Captain Lisianski (1814, map facing p. 169). Listed in the 10th<br />
Census as "Ooiak," population 76, by Petroff (1884, p. 29); and in the 11th Census as "Uyak," population less than 20<br />
(1893, p. 79). A post office, established in 1900, was discontinued in 1937 (Ricks, 1965, p. 68). Description: village, on W<br />
shore of Uyak Bay S of Harvester I., on NW coast of Kodiak I.<br />
Womens Bay Located on USGS Kodiak C-3 map. No information available.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 203
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://alutiiqmuseum.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=267&Itemid=82<br />
KARLUK - Kal'uq<br />
The Alutiiq village of Karluk lies on the southwestern shore of Kodiak Island. Tucked between treeless rolling<br />
hills, the community rests on the banks of Karluk River. This is the longest fresh watercourse in the archipelago<br />
and one of the region's most productive salmon streams. All five varieties of Pacific salmon spawn in huge<br />
quantities in the Karluk and fish are continuously available from late May through October.<br />
Today less than 30 people live in Karluk. This is perhaps the lowest population in a millennium. Archaeological<br />
data indicate that the area has been intensively occupied for at least 5,000 years. The fish resources that<br />
supported Alutiiq communities also drew Russian and American colonists to this remote corner of the<br />
archipelago. In 1786, Russian traders established a workstation with a salmon saltery on north side of Karluk<br />
Lagoon. Here, fish were processed for shipment to other Russian posts. In 1878, Kodiak's first cannery, the<br />
Karluk Packing Company was built on which quickly filled with many others. By the later 1800s millions of<br />
salmon were being processed in Karluk each summer. This intensive fishing seriously depleted salmon stocks.<br />
Efforts to bolster the population with a hatchery failed and the canneries were forced to close.<br />
http://www.mnh.si.edu/lookingbothways/data/sites/d10.html<br />
Karluk (Kallut)<br />
Villages have existed through history at the mouth of the Karluk River, where great numbers of salmon can be harvested. One of the villages<br />
sites was occupied as long as 5,000 years ago. At a more recent site called Karluk 1 (1250 – 1750 A.D.) archaeologists and Alutiiq students<br />
have excavated hundreds of beautifully-preserved wooden artifacts including masks, tools, and boxes.<br />
Like Alutiiq people today, the ancient residents of Karluk smoked and dried the river salmon they caught during the summer. The dried fish<br />
provided delicious food for family and friends during the long, cold winter. Russian maps often referred to Karluk village (spelled Kallut in<br />
Alutiiq) as Nunakakhvak.<br />
Russians and Americans also benefited from the abundant fish at Karluk. The Russian post founded in 1786 included a salmon saltery. The<br />
first Kodiak cannery, Karluk Packing Company, was built on Karluk spit in 1878. Just four years later, five canneries were operating at Karluk,<br />
bringing many new people to the village. In fact by 1890, only 10% of the people living at Karluk were Alaska Native. At first, seasonal<br />
workers were mostly Chinese followed later by Japanese, Filipinos and Mexicans. Scandinavian, Italian and Native fisherman sold their fish<br />
to the canneries.<br />
By the late 1800’s, millions of fish were being caught and processed each year. Alaska Packers Association finally opened a hatchery in 1896<br />
because officials believed that hatcheries would protect the dwindling salmon runs. But over-fishing continued to reduce the number of<br />
salmon at the Karluk River. Eventually the cannery moved to Larsen Bay and the hatchery was closed in 1917.<br />
Some Karluk villagers traveled to Larsen Bay to carry on their work at the cannery. But fishing also continued to be a main industry at Karluk,<br />
usually done with purse-seine nets from motorized boats with four-man crews. People today also engage in subsistence hunting, fishing and<br />
gathering. The population in 1990 was 71.<br />
http://explorenorth.com/library/communities/alaska/bl-Karluk.htm<br />
The History of Karluk<br />
Karluk is located on the west coast of Kodiak Island, on the Karluk River, 88 air miles southwest of Kodiak and 301 miles southwest of<br />
Anchorage. It lies at approximately 57° 34' N Latitude, 154° 27' W Longitude (Sec. 17, T030S, R032W, Seward Meridian). The community is<br />
located in the Kodiak Recording District. The area encompasses 47 sq. miles of land and 21 sq. miles of water.<br />
The mouth of the Karluk River is thought to have been populated by Natives for more than 7,000 years. 36 archaeological sites exist in the<br />
area. Russian hunters established a trading post here in 1786. At that time, the village was located on both sides of the Karluk River, in the<br />
area of Karluk Lagoon. Between 1790 and 1850, many tanneries, salteries and canneries were established in the area. By 1800, Karluk was<br />
known for having the largest cannery and the greatest salmon stream in the world. A post office was established in 1892. In the early 1900s,<br />
canneries were constructed by the Alaska Packers Association. Over-fishing of the area forced the canneries to close in the late 1930s. After<br />
a severe storm in January 1978, the village council decided to relocate the community to the present site, upstream on the south side of the<br />
lagoon. HUD constructed 23 houses at the new community location.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 204
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Una nunarpet<br />
(This is our land)<br />
Türkçe Qarluq sözüyle Supikçe Kal'uq & Kal'ut arasında sesçe bağlantı kurmamıza engel olan<br />
k sesleridir:<br />
Türk ve <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilleri gibi iki ayrı k sesini [k velar / q uvular+ ayırt eden dillerde k’yi k ile q’yı q ile<br />
birleştirebilirsiniz.<br />
Türkçe -k/q bitimli yapıntıları <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca -q/k bitimli çekintilerle birleştiremezsiniz.<br />
Maamaqa gui sullria Kal’uni ‘mom was born in Karluk’<br />
Anglingan Kal'unun angituq ‘when she grew up he returned to Karluk’<br />
Kal'urmiu'at ‘they are from Karluk’<br />
Kodiak’taki Ouzinkie (Supikçe: Uusenkaaq) yer adı Ruslardan kalmadır: Узинки (от слова<br />
«узенький»). Creoles were the children of Native women and Russian men, or the children of creoles. This group increased in size during<br />
the years of the Russian colony. Many creoles were educated for trades or religious leadership in Russian church-operated schools. Creole<br />
settlements included Afognak and Ouzinkie, in the northern part of the Kodiak Archipelago<br />
Nuniamek ag'llakut Uusenkaamen paRa'guutakun ‘We went by boat from Old Harbor to Ouzinkie’<br />
Fakat Karluk yer adı Ruslardan kalmamıştır. Kökünün daha eskilere gittiği arkeolojik kazılarla<br />
tespit edilmiştir.<br />
http://alutiiqmuseum.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=43&Itemid=122<br />
Wooden dolls wearing labrets from the<br />
Karluk 1 Collection. On loan from<br />
Koniag, Inc.<br />
Ben Fitzhugh, The evolution of complex hunter-gatherers :<br />
archaeological evidence from the North Pacific, New York 2003<br />
Table 3.1. Culture history of the Kodiak Archipelago<br />
Period/tradition Phase Calendar age<br />
Alutiiq<br />
American<br />
Russian<br />
AD 1867-present<br />
AD 1784-1867<br />
Koniag<br />
Developed Koniag<br />
Early Koniag<br />
AD 1400-1764<br />
AD 1200-1400<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 205
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Kachemak<br />
Late Kachemak/Three Saints<br />
Early Kachemak/Old Kiavak<br />
500 BC-AD 1200<br />
1200-500 BC<br />
Ocean Bay<br />
Ocean Bay I<br />
Ocean Bay II<br />
2500-1500 BC<br />
5507?-2500 BC<br />
Paleo-Arctic (unconfirmed for Kodiak) before 5500 BC<br />
Recent archaeological work on Kodiak (in particular at the Old Karluk (KAR 031) and<br />
New Karluk (KAR-001) sites) has moved the koniag period “start date” up to around<br />
AD 125O (Knecht, 1995; Steffian, 1992b).<br />
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/external/reports/01HQGR0022.pdf<br />
Ian Hutchinson and Aron L. Crowell, Great Earthquakes and Tsunamis at The Alaska Subductıon Zone:<br />
Geoarchaeological Evidence of Recurrence and Extent<br />
Sites<br />
KAR-001: “New Karluk” or “Karluk One” is located on a spit at the mouth of Karluk Lagoon on the northwest coast<br />
of Kodiak Island (Fig. 29). A 4m-thick midden is comprised of house floors and collapsed sod roofs, plus shellfish<br />
and other food refuse. Eight radiocarbon ages on wooden planks indicate that the site has been occupied for<br />
about the last 800 years (Fig. 30). A 4cm-thick layer of sterile gravel overlies the lowest house floor, which lies<br />
directly on an old beach (Jordan and Knecht, 1988). Knecht (1995) dismisses the possibility that this is a cultural<br />
product. This may be a tsunami deposit, and “may reflect an earthquake (which) occurred in the Kodiak area<br />
between AD 1000 and 1280” (Knecht, 1995; p. 158). Alternatively, because it is separated from the old beach by<br />
only a thin layer of cultural material, it could be a storm deposit, or represent a brief episode of relative sea-level<br />
rise independent of tectonic influences.<br />
KAR-029: Crozier (1989), excavated a house pit at this small site at the head of Larsen Bay, and obtained seven<br />
radiocarbon samples from a hearth feature. He noted that the house was first occupied about 1300 years ago,<br />
with a “(p)ossible hiatus or decrease in utilization” (Crozier, 1989, p. 88) between 700 to 900 years ago, followed<br />
by abandonment of the house about 450 years ago.<br />
KAR-031: “Old Karluk” is on the northwest corner of Karluk Lagoon, and stratigraphy was mapped from an<br />
extensive beach exposure. A weathered tephra that is inferred to have been deposited about 3800 years ago<br />
separates mid Holocene (Ocean Bay) cultural deposits from late Holocene (Kachemak) cultural levels at this site<br />
(Knecht, 1995). The basal Kachemak occupation levels are dated by four radiocarbon ages (Fig. 30). Jordan and<br />
Knecht (1988) note that the oldest of these dates is derived from alluvial material in which artifacts are scarce. The<br />
more recent dates are from house floors and cultural debris. A layer of gravel that postdates the uppermost<br />
midden extends part way across the exposure, and may be a tsunami deposit. It is overlain by about 0.5m of soil.<br />
The artifact assemblage in the underlying midden, in combination with the most recent radiocarbon age, suggests<br />
that it is less than 800 years old, and may have been laid down at the same time as the inferred tsunami deposit at<br />
KAR-001 on the opposite shore of the lagoon, and at XMK-058 on the Katmai coast.<br />
KAR-039: This fairly large village occupies a sloping terrace to about 8 m above mean sea level on the south shore<br />
of Karluk Lagoon (Jordan and Knecht, 1988). A single radiocarbon age indicates that the site was inhabited about<br />
2800 years ago (Fig. 30).<br />
KAR-048: No descriptions have yet been published for this site, but the single radiocarbon sample indicates an<br />
occupation between about 3100 – 3400 years ago.<br />
http://faculty.washington.edu/fitzhugh/GoAradiocarbon.pdf<br />
Site Name AHRS no. Lab no. Conv date Material Context<br />
Culture Reference<br />
New Karluk KAR 001 Beta 15013 410 ± 70 WD HF 1 (floorplank) KO Mills 1994; rejected by Jordan<br />
New Karluk KAR 001 Beta 15015 480 ± 80 WD HF 8 (floorplank) KO Jordan and Knecht 1988; Mills 1994<br />
New Karluk KAR 001 GX 14670 545 ± 70 <strong>Bir</strong>ch Bark HF 1 KO Mills 1994; rejected by Jordan<br />
New Karluk KAR 001 Beta 25599 630 ± 50 WD HF 9A (floorplank) KO<br />
New Karluk KAR 001 Beta 15016 740 ± 80 WD HF 10 (floorplank) EKO Jordan and Knecht 1988; Mills 1994<br />
New Karluk KAR 001 Beta 25600 780 ± 60 WD ? EKO Mills 1994<br />
Nunakakhnak KAR 037 GX 14672 5115 ± 250 CH Hearth from erosion profile OB I Mills 1994<br />
Old Karluk KAR 031 Beta 15017 320 ± 60 CH exterior hearth; Level 3, miden KO Mills 1994; rejected by<br />
Jordan, accepted by Mills 1994<br />
Old Karluk KAR 031 Beta 15690 430 ± 60 CH midden, L-3, Feature B KO? Mills 1994; rejected by Jordan, accepted<br />
by Mills 1994<br />
Old Karluk KAR 031 Beta 15691 980 ± 60 WD L-7, house floor plank LKA Jordan 1992; Mills 1994<br />
Old Karluk KAR 031 Beta 8946 2010 ± 70 WD post from L-7 house floor LKA Jordan and Knecht 1988; Mills 1994<br />
Old Karluk KAR 031 Beta 8945 2540 ± 60 CH L-9 ? Jordan and Knecht 1988; Mills 1994<br />
Old Karluk KAR 031 Beta 11245 4900 ± 100 CH L-12 hearth OB I Jordan and Knecht 1988; Mills 1994<br />
KAR 039 Beta 8943 2650 ± 60 CH TP KA? Haggarty et al. 1991; Mills 1994<br />
KAR 048 Beta 8944 3050 ± 70 CH pit feature? KA? Mills 1994<br />
Kunakakvak. The Russian-American Company's map of 1849 shows a native village of this name near<br />
Karluk, on the north shore of Kodiak.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 206
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Like Alutiiq people today, the ancient residents of Karluk smoked and dried the river salmon they<br />
caught during the summer. The dried fish provided delicious food for family and friends during the<br />
long, cold winter. Russian maps often referred to Karluk village (spelled Kallut in Alutiiq) as<br />
Nunakakhvak.<br />
Knecht, R.A. (1985) Nunakaxvak: Koniag Society on the Russian American Frontier,<br />
M.A. Thesis,Department of Anthropology, Bryn Mawr College, Philadelphia, PA.<br />
Knecht, R. A. and Jordan, R.H. (1985) 'Nunakakhnak: An Historic Period Koniag<br />
Village in Karluk, Kodiak Island, Alaska', Arctic Anthropology 22(2):17-35.<br />
Knecht’in yukarıdaki yazılarını görmedim ama, Nunakakhnak (Rus haritalarından yanlış aktarmayla:<br />
Nunakakhvak, Nunakaxvak, Kunakakvak) adındaki nuna Supikçede ‘village / land’ anlamına<br />
gelir. İkinci parça da Kal'uq<br />
Tahmini “Нунакахнак, Нунакахвак, Кунакахвак, Кунакаквак” adları internette geçmiyor (Not in the Internet)<br />
Helen J. Simeneoff‟un Ancient village names of Kodiak and Afognak, Alaska and surrounding Sugpiaq area<br />
(2000) adlı çalışmasını da göremedim.<br />
Rus döneminde Karluk adını taşıyan gemi (bot) hakkında Rus kaynakları dışında bilgi bulamadım:<br />
http://rezanov.krasu.ru/epoch/otkr.php А.И. Алексеев, Географические исследования на<br />
Дальнем Востоке и в Русской Америке в 1800-1860 гг.<br />
В экспедиции И. Я. Васильева по Аляске в 1829 г. участвовало 15 человек,<br />
преимущественно местных жителей. П. Ф. Калмыков, С. Лукин, А. Батурин, И.<br />
Андреев, А. Угучик и П. Талькваяк были первыми, остальные определились<br />
позже. Высаженные с бота "Карлук" путешественники прибыли в апреле 1829 г.<br />
на о-в Катмай, откуда Васильев намеревался начать свои исследования с р.<br />
Нушагак. 18 апреля он вышел на лыжах в горы, описав по пути оз. Напуан-Иллюк<br />
и р. Накнек. Затем встретили прибывших с Александровского редута<br />
байдарочников и поплыли вниз по р. Игьяк; выйдя из нее, пересекли<br />
Бристольский залив и пришли 1 мая в Александровский редут. Отсюда на пяти<br />
больших и 18 однолючных байдарах двинулись вверх по р. Нушагак, пройдя ее<br />
всю до оз. Нушагак и описав оба ее берега, протоки и пр.<br />
http://www.rezanov.krasu.ru/fp/book/sailor1.htm<br />
Морские офицеры управляют Русской Америкой, Конец форта Росс<br />
Большое внимание уделялось строительству флота. Чистяков купил у<br />
иностранцев бот «Чичагов» водоизмещением в 150 тонн, строились в 1827 году<br />
палубные боты «Уналашка», «Бобр», «Сивуч», «Карлук», «Алеут», а в 1829 году<br />
— трехмачтовое судно «Уруп» на 300 тонн.<br />
http://zhurnal.lib.ru/g/grinshtejn_b_w/httpzhurnallibrucgi-binzhurnaloperationnew_bookdirggrinshtejn_b_w-4.shtml<br />
2* Это не совсем верно. Даже если не учитывать не подчинявшиеся<br />
непосредственно правителю китобойцы, в 1830г. на Кадьяке потерпел крушение<br />
бот "Карлук", а в 1831г. у о-ва Атха - бот "Сивуч". В обоих случаях команда и груз<br />
были спасены.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 207
tur:<br />
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Amerikan döneminde Kodiak adasındaki Karluk yer adı çok ünlü bir keşif gemisine ad olmuş-<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karluk_(ship)<br />
The Karluk (Aleut for "fish") was a brigantine of 247 tons, 126 feet long, with a steam<br />
auxiliary engine. The Karluk was built in 1884 to be a tender for the salmon fisheries<br />
of the Aleutian Islands. She was subsequently converted for arctic whaling with the<br />
addition of two-inch Australian ironwood<br />
sheathing.<br />
Karluk in the ice off the Alaska coast, 1913<br />
The Karluk was used for Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-1916 led by Vilhjalmur<br />
Stefansson and captained by Robert Bartlett. The ship became icebound several<br />
months into the voyage, at which time Stefansson and five others left the ship and<br />
spent the next five years 1913-1918 exploring the Arctic. The ship meanwhile was<br />
swept toward Siberia, and was eventually crushed by the ice in the Chukchi Sea near<br />
Wrangel Island. The crew camped on the ice until the sun returned and then crossed<br />
the ice to the island under the leadership of Captain Bartlett. They spent the remaining<br />
winter, spring, and summer on the island while Bartlett went overland via sled to get<br />
help. Eleven crew members perished: three on Wrangel island, four on Herald Island,<br />
and four on the ice. The survivors, including two children and the ship's cat<br />
Nigeraurak, were rescued in September 1914. These events were described in the diary<br />
of William Laird McKinlay, one of the survivors of the expedition, who published The<br />
Last Voyage of the Karluk: A Survivor's Memoir of Arctic Disaster in 1976. The<br />
youngest and last living survivor of the Karluk disaster, Ruth Makpii Ipalook, died on<br />
June 2, 2008 at the age of 97.<br />
Wikipedia’da Karluk gemisinin adının Aleutça “fish” olduğuna dair ibare yanlıştır. Aleutçada<br />
balık başkadır: qax̂ (sg) qax (dual) qan (pl)<br />
Batı Supikçesi (Kodiak Alutiiq) iqalluk ‘salmon’ ile Kal'uq ‘Karluk’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz.<br />
http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/karluk.html<br />
The Karluk Disaster<br />
In the summer of 1913, the wooden-hulled Karluk departed Canada for the western Arctic. On board were 10<br />
scientists, 13 crewmembers, four Inuit hunters, one seamstress, her two children, and one passenger. Of these, 11<br />
never returned and most were not heard from again until September 1914. During their 13-month exile, expedition<br />
members survived for seven months amid the drifting and inhospitable Arctic ice floes before establishing camp on<br />
an uninhabited island hundreds of miles north of Siberia.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 208
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
The Karluk, ca. 1913-1914.<br />
The wooden-hulled Karluk departed Canada<br />
for the western Arctic in June 1913. It<br />
became solidly trapped in sea ice in August<br />
and never reached its destination. Most crew<br />
and passengers spent the next 13 months<br />
stranded in the Arctic, where 11 men died.<br />
From Fitzhugh Green, Bob Bartlett Master<br />
Mariner (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons,<br />
1929) 152.<br />
(65 kb).<br />
with more information<br />
Many expedition members lacked any experience in Arctic travel and likely owed their lives to the knowledge and<br />
leadership skills of Karluk captain and polar explorer Bob Bartlett. Under his guidance, survivors built a camp on<br />
the ice, weathered the long Arctic night, and travelled 150 miles by dog sledge to find land. From there, Bartlett and<br />
one other team member completed a perilous 700-mile journey to the Bering Strait, where they searched for a vessel<br />
to save their stranded crewmates..<br />
Canadian Arctic Expedition<br />
After returning to Brigus from the 1913 spring seal hunt, Bartlett received a telegram from Canadian explorer<br />
Vilhjalmur Stefansson asking him to captain the Karluk, flagship of the government-backed Canadian Arctic<br />
Expedition. The vessel's mission was to take a crew of geologists, anthropologists, meteorologists and other<br />
scientists north of the Yukon to Herschel Island, where they would establish a base and survey the region's flora,<br />
fauna, mineral deposits, and other characteristics. The party was also to search for any new land masses north of<br />
Alaska. It was the largest scientific expedition into the north to date and Ottawa hoped it would also help assert<br />
Canada's sovereignty over the Arctic islands.<br />
Bartlett breaks for tea, pre-<br />
1929.<br />
Bartlett was concerned the Karluk<br />
would not be able to navigate<br />
through the dangerous Arctic ice<br />
floes. The ship later sank after sea<br />
ice punched a hole in its side on<br />
10 January 1914.<br />
From Fitzhugh Green, Bob<br />
Bartlett Master Mariner (New<br />
York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1929)<br />
25.<br />
(65 kb)<br />
Although Bartlett agreed to captain the Karluk, he was concerned about the vessel's ability to navigate through the<br />
dangerous Artcic waters. Instead of a new steel-hulled icebreaker, the government acquired for the expedition an<br />
old and underpowered wooden barkentine that had been converted into a whaling vessel in 1899. Workers<br />
reinforced the vessel with crossbeams and extra sheathing and Bartlett accepted the mission under an assumption<br />
that he would not spend the winter in Arctic waters.<br />
The vessel departed British Columbia on 17 June 1913, but encountered heavy sea ice less than two months later.<br />
By 13 August, winds and the water's movement caused the ice to close in and freeze around the Karluk, which<br />
became solidly trapped about 225 miles northwest of Alaska. The vessel drifted helplessly with the pack ice, unable<br />
to free itself and reach Herschel Island.<br />
The ice, however, stopped moving for a few days in mid-September and Stefansson decided to leave the ship with<br />
five other men, 14 dogs, and two sledges to hunt caribou. The group prepared for a 10-day expedition, hoping the<br />
ship's static position would allow them to return safely. Just two days after their departure on 20 September, strong<br />
winds moved the Karluk rapidly to the west, making it impossible for Stefansson and his team to find the vessel.<br />
Instead, they travelled south by dog sledge and eventually reached Alaska.<br />
Scientists on board the Karluk,<br />
1913.<br />
Anthropoligist Diamond Jenness<br />
and magnetician/meteorologist<br />
William Laird McKinley were both<br />
members of the Canadian Arctic<br />
Expedition.<br />
Photograph by Curtis and Miller.<br />
Courtesy of Library and Archives<br />
Canada (C-086412), Ottawa,<br />
Ontario.<br />
information (62 kb)<br />
with more<br />
The Karluk, meanwhile, drifted for months amid the unpredictable Arctic floes until the ice punched a large hole its<br />
side on 10 January 1914. Fortunately, Bartlett had prepared for the sinking weeks earlier when he ordered<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 209
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
crewmembers to build igloos on the ice and transfer to its surface most of the ship's food, fuel, and other supplies.<br />
As the Karluk slowly sank, expedition members removed all remaining supplies and then abandoned ship. Bartlett<br />
stayed onboard until the last possible moment, playing dozens of records on the ship's Victrola. At about 3:30 p.m.<br />
on 11 January, he placed Chopin's ―Funeral March‖ on the turntable, stepped onto the ice, and watched the Karluk<br />
disappear below the water.<br />
Shipwreck Camp<br />
The Karluk sank during the middle of the Arctic night, which lasts from about mid-November until the end of<br />
January. Although Bartlett realized the expedition's best chance of survival was to find land, he did not want to take<br />
expedition members – many of whom had no experience in Arctic travel – across the ice in the dark. Fortunately,<br />
the expedition had enough food and fuel to live off for months; it also had several igloos to serve as shelter. Bartlett<br />
planned to remain at what he called Shipwreck Camp until the light returned in February, at which point he and all<br />
other expedition members would travel by dog sledge to Wrangel Island in the south.<br />
Four men in the group, however, disagreed with Bartlett's plan and decided to travel south on their own. At their<br />
request, Bartlett equipped them with a sledge, dogs, and enough supplies to last 50 days. In return, the men wrote<br />
Bartlett a letter absolving him of any responsibility for their decision. The four left Shipwreck Camp in late January<br />
and were never heard from again.<br />
Map of Shipwreck Camp, ca. 1914-<br />
1916.<br />
After the Karluk sank on 11 January<br />
1914, its crew and passengers lived in<br />
igloos on the Arctic ice for more than a<br />
month. Bartlett named the site<br />
Shipwreck Camp.<br />
Illustration by William Laird<br />
McKinley. From Robert A. Bartlett,<br />
The Last Voyage of the Karluk:<br />
Flagship of Vilhjalmar Stefansson's<br />
Canadian Arctic Expedition of 1913-<br />
16 (Toronto: McClelland, Good-child<br />
& Stewart 1916).<br />
information (66 kb)<br />
with more<br />
In the meantime, Bartlett decided to send small teams of men across the ice to establish a chain of supply caches<br />
toward Wrangel Island. The first group, which consisted of the Karluk's first and second mates as well as two<br />
crewmen, departed on 20 January. Alongside stowing supplies, the men were also to look for Herald Island, which<br />
Bartlett believed lay about 50 miles south of Shipwreck Camp. Although the men eventually reached the island,<br />
they never left – likely because of running ice and open water. Other expedition members came searching for them<br />
about a week later, but falsely assumed they had fallen through the ice and died. It was not until 1929 that a passing<br />
vessel found their skeletons on the island.<br />
Once the sunlight returned and supply caches had been established, Bartlett and all remaining expedition members<br />
left Shipwreck Camp on 19 February and began travelling by dog sledge to Wrangel Island. The group, which now<br />
numbered 17, took with it 12 dogs, three sledges, and enough supplies to last 60 days. Its members reached Wrangel<br />
Island on 12 March after travelling approximately 100 miles through the ice and cold.<br />
Seven-Hundred-Mile Sledge Journey<br />
Six days after arriving, Bartlett and one other expedition member, Inuit hunter Kataktovick, departed on a perilous<br />
700-mile sledge journey to Siberia and then to the Bering Strait for help. Although Bartlett had originally planned to<br />
take all expedition members to Siberia, many were in a severely weakened condition and unable to make such a<br />
difficult and dangerous trip.<br />
―From now on,‖ wrote Bartlett in The Karluk's Last Voyage, ―our journey became a never-ending series of struggles<br />
to get around or across lanes of open water – leads, as they are called – the most exasperating and treacherous of all<br />
Arctic travelling‖ (179).<br />
View from a sledge, ca. 1908-09.<br />
Bartlett and Kataktovick departed Wrangel<br />
Island and travelled by dog sledge to seek<br />
help for the Karluk castaways.<br />
From Robert Peary, The North Pole<br />
(London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1910) 80.<br />
(66 kb)<br />
with more information<br />
In early April, the two men reached a small Inuit village in Siberia where residents gave them food, a bed, and<br />
helped mend their clothing and dog harnesses. Although Bartlett and Kataktovick had already crossed 200 miles in<br />
less than three weeks, they only stayed in the village for two nights before beginning the long journey to the Bering<br />
Strait. This time, they travelled across land, stopping at a few small villages along the way for food, rest, and<br />
sometimes to acquire a new sledge dog.<br />
By the end of April, the two men reached East Cape (also known as Cape Dezhnev) on the Bering Strait, where<br />
Bartlett searched for a vessel that would take him to the closest wireless station at Alaska. Most ships, however, did<br />
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Sayfa 210
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
not begin sailing from East Cape until late spring and it was not until 21 May that Bartlett departed aboard the<br />
Herman. He arrived at St. Michael, Alaska on 28 May and wired government officials in Ottawa of the Wrangel<br />
Island castaways. Bartlett also began searching for a vessel that would take him into the Arctic to rescue survivors,<br />
but he first had to recover from the severe swelling in his legs and feet that made it almost impossible for him to<br />
walk.<br />
Rescue<br />
Although Bartlett departed for Wrangel Island aboard the American vessel Bear on 13 July, it was the Canadian<br />
schooner King and Winge that rescued survivors from Wrangel Island on 7 September 1914 – almost eight months<br />
after the Karluk sank. Bartlett was reunited with his fellow survivors the following day, after the King and Winge<br />
encountered the Bear. Three men, however, died on the island and the remaining 11 expedition members survived<br />
by digging for roots and hunting duck, seals, walrus, and other animals.<br />
Youngest Karluk survivor, 1914.<br />
Three-year-old Mugpie (also Mukpie)<br />
was the youngest member of the Karluk,<br />
which sank in the Arctic on 11 January<br />
1914. She and 20 others survived the<br />
disaster, while 11 men died.<br />
Photograph by Curtis and Miller.<br />
Courtesy of Library and Archives<br />
Canada (PA-105139), Ottawa, Ontario.<br />
information (53 kb)<br />
with more<br />
Although an admiralty commission later criticized Bartlett for agreeing to take the Karluk into the Arctic and<br />
allowing a group of four to travel south on their own, the press and public celebrated him as a hero. The Royal<br />
Geographic Society gave him an award for outstanding bravery and many survivors credited him with saving their<br />
lives, particularly William Laird McKinlay, who later wrote: ―there was for me only one real hero in the whole<br />
[Karluk] story – Bob Bartlett. Honest, fearless, reliable, loyal, everything a man should be‖ (Niven 366).<br />
Article by Jenny Higgins. ©2008, Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site.<br />
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Sayfa 211
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
BOOKS<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 212
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/cae/images/diskarluk.gif<br />
Mehmet Kara’nın İnyupik coğrafyasında bulamayıp Supik coğrafyasında Kodiak adası üzerinde<br />
bulduğu Karluk Köyü, Karluk Irmağı, Karluk Gölü ile adaş olan Karluk adası İnyupik coğrafyasında<br />
bulunuyor: Karluk Island (in North Slope Borough, AK / Latitude: 70.34 Longitude: -147.325 Feature ID: 1404458 ). Daha<br />
önce gayrıresmi olarak Island Number 19 biçiminde adsız anılan adaya bölgeyi keşfe çıkan Karluk<br />
gemisine ithafen Karluk adası adı verilmiş.<br />
http://www.barnard.edu/sfonline/ice/images/palsson/map1.jpg<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 213
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Alaska’nIn sınırları ötesinde Kanada’da <strong>Eskimo</strong> Bölgesi Nunavut’ta Bathurst adası ile Little<br />
Cornwallis adası arasındaki Croizer Boğazı’nda ufacık Karluk adası daha vardır. Buna da bölgeyi keşfe<br />
çıkan Karluk gemisine ithafen Karluk adası adı verilmiş. Adada bir arkeolojik site bulunuyor:<br />
http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic29-3-165.pdf An Archaeological Site on Karluk Island in Crozier Strait, N.W.T.<br />
http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic33-3-427.pdf<br />
Tekrarlayalım: Özbekistan'daki Qarluq ile İran'daki<br />
Qārlūq yeradları Karluk Türkleri'nin adından gelir.<br />
Ama Mehmet Kara'nın iddiasının aksine, Karluk Türkleri<br />
(Orta Türkçe ق لر ق Qarluq, Özbekçe Qarluq, Kazak-<br />
ça Қарлық ; Çince 葛逻禄 or 葛邏祿 géluólù гэлолу;<br />
Rusça Карлук) ile Alaska'nın Kodiak adasındaki Karluk<br />
yerleşimi arasında bir bağlantı kurulamaz. Benzerlik<br />
false cognate'dir.<br />
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Sayfa 214
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Karluk gibi “Türkçe görünümlü" başka bir yed adı da Kanada'da bulunan Kazan Irmağı'dır<br />
http://www.chrs.ca/images/Maps/Kazan_e.gif<br />
Haritaya Mehmet Kara’nın gözüyle bakan birisi rahatlıkla Rus çarı Deli Petrodan kaçan Kazan Tatarlarının<br />
buraya sığındığını söyleyebilir. Hep diyorum ya, görüntü aldatıcıdır diye. Aslı astarı soruşturulmadan<br />
kız verilmez!<br />
Nunavut’taki Kazan River dışında Saskatchewan’da da Kazan River bulunuyor. Saskatchewan’da<br />
ayrıca Kazan Lake, Kazan Bay ve Kazan Island da bulunuyor.<br />
Kazan River ve kaynağı Kasba Lake adlarının Bölgenin yerlisi olan Chipewyan (Sayisi Dene)<br />
Athapaskanlarının dilinde karkekliği anlamına gelen sözden çıktığı kaynaklarda belirtiliyor:<br />
Arctic cairn notes : canoeists' reflections on the Hanbury-Thelon & Kazan rivers (1997 Toronto): The Kazan -<br />
an English corruption of the Chipewyan word for ptarmigan - is truly a river of the of the barrenlands.<br />
http://www.chrs.ca/Rivers/Kazan/Kazan-F_e.htm The Kazan and Kasba Lake both take their names from the Dene<br />
word for “ptarmigan”.<br />
Lagopus lagopus (karkekliği = ptarmigan): Chipewyan (Dìne Sųłiné) k'asba South Slavey k’ámbá North<br />
Slavey k’ahba Dogrib k’àba<br />
Günümüzde ırmağın Yathkyed Lake (Chipewyan ‘white swan’)’den Ennadai Lake’ye kadar olan yukarı kısmı Sayisi Dene boyundan<br />
Chipewyan Kızılderililerin topraklarındadır. Yathkyed Lake (İnuitçe: Hikuligjuaq)’den Baker Lake (İnuitçeİ Qamani’tuaq )’ye kadar<br />
olan aşağı kısmı ise Kivallik İnuitçesi konuşan Harvaqtuurmiut (Ha'vaqtuurmiut, Harvaqtormiut) <strong>Eskimo</strong>larının topraklarındadır ve bu<br />
aşağı kısmın İnuitçe adı Harvaqtuuq (Sagvartok) sözünün anlamının Wikipedia’da (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan_River ) “white<br />
partridge” (= ptarmigan) olarak verilmesi bir karışıklık sonucu olmalı zira aynı kaynakta Harvaqtuurmiut için "whirlpools aplenty people"<br />
anlamı berilmiş. Diğer kaynaklar Harvaqtuuq (ᓴᕐᕙᖅᑑᖅ ) adının anlamı “place of much fast flowing water” olarak doğru biçimde ver-<br />
mektedir. Nunavut’un devlet kuşu (official bird) olan karkekliği (ptarmigan) için Doğu Kanada İnuitçesinde aqiggiq adı kullanılır.<br />
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Sayfa 215
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Tarihçi Ethel G. Stewart (1904-2002)'ın The Dene and Na-Dene Indian Migration 1233 A.D. Escape<br />
from Genghis Khan to America (Institute for the Study of American Cultures, Columbus Georgia,<br />
482p., 1991) [> Dene ve Na-Dene Kızılderilileri -Cengiz Han'dan Amerika'ya Kaçan Türkler MS. 1233,<br />
Çeviren: Eşref Bengi Özbilen, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul, 2000, XXIII + 490<br />
sayfa] adını taşıyan çalışmasından* etkilendiği anlaşılan Mehmet Kara, Stewart’ın iddiasındaki "kaçak"ları<br />
*özellikle Apaçi ve Navajo Athapaskanlarını+ bulmak yerine, daha kuzeyde karlar buzlar diyarındaki<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>lar arasında <strong>Türkçenin</strong> “iz”lerini yeterince sürdükten sonra, başka dillerden de “iz”<br />
aramaktan geri kalmıyor. Tabii ki bulduğu yabancı “iz”lerin “kaçkın” Türkler aracılığıyla yapıldığı ima<br />
ediliyor.<br />
* www.midwesternepigraphic.org/Estewart.html ve www.limina.arts.uwa.edu.au/__data/page/90432/wilson.pdf<br />
Stewart’ın kitabını görmedim ama, Joseph A.P. Wilson’un internette<br />
yüksek lisans tezinden [MA thesis] uyarladığı Relatives Halfway Round the World:<br />
Southern Athabascans and Southern Tarim Fugitives (Limina, Vol. 11, 2005 www.limina.arts.uwa.edu.au/__data/page/90432/wilson.pdf)<br />
adlı çalışmasında ondan alıntılar yapılıyor:<br />
Stewart refuted this, arguing that the divergence between Haida (a Turkic form of Chinese ‘Hei T’a-<br />
T’a,’ or Black Tartar) and Athabascan may reflect the differences between the languages of the<br />
main army of Xi-Xia and those of their later Jurchen allies. Stewart suggested the terms ‘people,’<br />
(Dene or Diné) and ‘black people,’ (Na-Dene), distinguish the Xi-Xia army from their ‘black’<br />
(‘uncivilised’) Jurchen-Khitan (Jin) allies who fled at the same time. 26<br />
26 Stewart, pp.478-479; The Athabascan-Eyak family are Dene, while the Tlingit and Haida families<br />
are Black Dene. Stewart suggests the Jicarilla, ‘Black Apache’, were Buddhist mercenaries of Tartar<br />
ancestry. They were ethnically Black Dene, but spoke Athabascan. See also Stewart, pp.242-244.<br />
Among Southern Tarim fugitives, they would have been in the Xia army for nearly a decade prior to<br />
the treaty with the Jurchen Tartars.<br />
Kendi dillerinde halk anlamına gelen Na (Tlingitçe na ‘people’) ve Dene (Athapaskan dillerinde dene [etc.]<br />
‘people’) sözlerinin dilcilerce birleştirilmesiyle oluşan Na-Dene adıyla Dene adını yan yana kullanmak<br />
[The Dene and Na-Dene Indian] kafa karıştıracak kadar kavram kargaşısına yol açıyor: Dene [Diné] adıyla<br />
Navajo’ları, Na-Dene adıyla da diğer Athapaskanları mı kastediyor, yoksa Diné [Navajo] ve Ndee<br />
[Apache] olarak mı düşünüyor. Wilson’un Stewart’tan yaptığı aktarıma göre Dene [Athabaskan-<br />
Eyak] ve Na-Dene *Tlingit ve Haida+ olarak düşünmesi yanlıştır. Eskiden yakın komşuluktan kaynaklanan<br />
kimi benzerliklere dayanılarak Na-Dene dilleri içinde sınıflandırılan Haida dili, günümüzde<br />
buradan alınarak tek başına izole dil olarak bırakılmaktadır. İnternette Haida dili kaynakları az olsa<br />
da olanlardan edindiğim intiba gerçekten izole olduğu yönündedir. Na (= Tlingit) kültürüyle “ve diliyle”<br />
komşuluktan kaynaklanan benzerlikleri var ama Dene (= Athapaskan) dilleriyle hiç bir benzerliği<br />
yok. Eskiden Ural-Altay adıyla tek ailede toplanan diller arasındaki benzerliğin akrabalıktan değil<br />
komşuluktan kaynaklandığı anlaşıldıktan sonra Ural ve Altay adlarıyla ayrı ayrı aileler olarak ele<br />
alınmasına benziyor.<br />
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Sayfa 216
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Nostratic yaklaşımla daha önce Baskça, Bruşaskice, Çerkez dilleri ve Çin-Tibet dilleri ile birlikte<br />
sınıflandırılıyordu: http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/dene_gr.pdf The Dene-Caucasian (or Sino-Caucasian) language macro-<br />
family is defined here as including the following language families: Vasconic (Basque); North Caucasian; Burushaski; Sino-Tibetan;<br />
Yeniseian; and Na-Dene.<br />
Günümüzde en son, Haida dili çıkarılarak, kalan Na-Dene dilleri [Nuclear Na-Dene] Yenisey<br />
dilleri ile birlikte Denesey (Dene-Yeniseic) adı altında toplanmaktadır.<br />
http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/dy.html<br />
01. TLİNGİT<br />
02. Athabaskan-Eyak<br />
02.01. EYAK [extinct in 2008. Ananız ölürse ağlarsınız, babanız ölürse de ağlarsınız. Peki bir dil ölürse n'aparsınız?<br />
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7206411.stm A woman [Marie Smith Jones] believed to be the last native speaker of the Eyak language in the<br />
north-western US state of Alaska has died at the age of 89]<br />
02.02. ATHABASKAN [DENE] languages<br />
02.02.01. Northern Athabaskan (= Ahtna, Dena'ina, Deg Xinag, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim,<br />
Lower Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Tanana, Southern & Northern Tutchone, Gwich'in, Hän, Tagish, Tahltan, Kaska, Sekani, Daneẕaa<br />
[Beaver], Dene Tha [South Slavey+, North Slavey (= K’áshogot’ine *Hare+, Sahtúgot’ine *Bear Lake+, Shihgot’ine *Mountain+), Tłįch ǫ<br />
*Dogrib+, Dìne Sųłiné *Chipewyan+, Babine, Witsuwit'en, Dakelh *Carrier+, Tsilhqot’in *Chilcotin+, Nicola, Sarsi)<br />
02.02.02. Pacific Coast Athabaskan(= Hupa, Mattole, Bear River, Eel River, Sinkyone, Wailaki, Nongatl,<br />
Lassik , Cahto, Upper Umpqua, Tututni, Coquille, Galice, Tolowa)<br />
02.02.03. Southern Athabaskan (Apachean)(= Kiowa-Apache [Dena], Jicarilla, Lipan *Ndé+, Chiricahua,<br />
Mescalero, Western Apache [Ndee, Nnee]; Navajo *Dene, Diné)<br />
Na-Dene Kızılderililerinin diğer Kızılderililerden oldukça farklı ve Asyalı olduğunu yıllardır biliyoruz,<br />
yeni bir şey değil. Yalnız bunları Türkistan Orta Asyası ve Tibet ile bağlantılı göstermek gerçekçi<br />
değil.<br />
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Sayfa 217
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/002587/bookpart.pdf<br />
Brigitte Pakendorf (2007): Contact in the prehistory of the Sakha (Yakuts): Linguistic and genetic perspectives<br />
↑Figure 1.2: The approximate distribution of the language families of Siberia at the time of first Russian contact. Map adapted from Dolgix<br />
(1960) and Wurm et al. (1996: map 106). © MPI for Evolutionary Anthropology.<br />
↓Figure 1.3: The approximate current-day distribution of the languages of Siberia. Map adapted from Wurm et al. (1996: map 109). ©<br />
MPI for Evolutionary Anthropology<br />
.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 218
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
44<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=n<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
napaaqtuq tree, spruce tree<br />
napabiaq upright (vertical)<br />
napabiaq (3) upright (3)<br />
napaqti mast<br />
naparuq sticks up<br />
naparuq (4) rib (4)<br />
M.KARA II 285<br />
napaaqtuq tree, spruce tree<br />
napaġiaq upright (vertical)<br />
napaġiaq (3) upright (3)<br />
napaqti mast<br />
naparuq sticks up<br />
naparuq (4) rib (4)<br />
İñupiaqça Moğolca İngilizce<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 219
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
naparuq “kaburga, eğe” < kabirga “kaburga, eğe” rib<br />
Hasan Eren, Türkiye Türkçesindeki kaburga kelimesinin etimolojisi üzerinde dururken, bu<br />
kelimenin aslının Moğolca kabirga olduğunu belirtmiştir (EREN 1999: 199)<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
naparuq of umiak<br />
Kara’nın yararlandığı web sitesinde İngilizce karşılığı rib (= kaburga ) olarak verilen naparuq<br />
[orijinal kitapta: naparuḳ], umiaq denen büyük av ve taşıma kayığı yapılırken yanlarda dikine eklenen<br />
tahta parçalarına denir. İnyupikçede kaburga ya da kaburgayı oluşturan kemiklerden herhangi biri<br />
için naparuq adı asla kullanılmaz, ama insan ya da hayvan kaburgası için kullanılan tulimaaq (sg) ~<br />
tulimaat (pl) adı naparuq anlamında da kullanılmaktadır.<br />
tulimaat of seal<br />
Kaburganın diğer bölümlerinin başka adları var: isatigich (pl) ‘connecting cartilage ribs to breast bone’,<br />
nuvuliksrat (pl) ‘floating ribs’ (North Slope dialect), nuŋŋich (Kara’nın yararlandığı web sitesinde fontsuz olarak: nuffich) (pl)<br />
‘floating ribs’(Kobuk River dialect). Ayrıca pirzola olarak ipkaq ‘boiled ribs’ bulunur.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 220
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Kaburgayla hiç ilgisi olmayan naparuq adı, qiḷġich [orijinal kitapta: ḳiḷġich / Kara’nın yararlandığı<br />
web sitesinde fontsuz olarak: qixbich] ‘basket sled’ denen kızağın yanlarda dikine eklenen tahta<br />
parçalarına verilen napaġiaq (Kara’nın yararlandığı web sitesinde fontsuz olarak: napabiaq ‘upright’)<br />
adıyla kökteş olup napa- (dikelmek, dik durmak, kalkık olmak) filinin +ruq ekiyle yapılmış türevidir<br />
Diğer bazı <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde kaburga : Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᑐᓕᒫᑦ tulimaat 'ribs' Labrador<br />
İnuitçesi tulimaik ‘rib on body’ sakiak ‘front ribs’ Grönland İnuitçesi tulimaaq *eski yazı:<br />
tulimâq](pl: tulimaat; rel: tulimaap)<br />
Diğer bazı <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde kayak-kızak dikmesi : Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᓇᐸᕆᐊᖅ napariaq<br />
'everything that stands upright, which is vertical (small ladder on a wagon, vertical stanchion at the<br />
back of a sled)' Grönland İnuitçesi napariaq ‘stanchion (on a Greenland sledge); rib (on the side of<br />
a loaded umiak) (S.G.)’ Nunivak Çupikçesi napallageg 'group of seven ribs in a boat'<br />
Diğer bazı <strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde dik*il+me’li türevler: Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᓇᐹᖓᔭᖅ napaangajuq<br />
'partly raised upright' ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ napaaqtuq (pl: napaaqtut) , ᓇᐹᕐᑐᖅ napaartuq (napaaqtuq) 'tree'<br />
ᓇᐸᔪᖅ napajuq '(1) who holds himself straight: is said of a man who balances on his hands; seal<br />
that pulls his bust out of water (2) any object that stands straight: post, (radio) mast. pl. -it'<br />
ᓇᐸᔪᕐᑕᖅ napajurtaq (napajuqtaq) 'mast for boat, flag, windcharger, flagstaff, flag pole' ᓇᐸᖅᑕᖅ<br />
napaqtaq 'candle' ᓇᐸᕈᑕᓕᖅ naparutalik '(word for word, what has a mast) kind of cetacean with a<br />
high vertical dorsal fin probably the killer whale)' ᓇᐸᕈᑕᖅ naparutaq 'boat mast, flagstaff' ᓇᑉᐸᐹ<br />
nappapaa 'he puts it upright' ᓇᑉᐸᑐᖅ nappatuq '(1) he stands upright, is fized upright (post, etc.)<br />
(2) (man) balances on his hands (3) (seal) lifts his bust out of the water' ᓇᐳ napu 'qamutiik [=dog<br />
sled] cross-bar, cross boards' Labrador İnuitçesi napagutak ‘mast of ship’ napajuk ‘pole, mast;<br />
standing’ napak ‘stand; antenna’ napâttuk ‘tree’ Grönland İnuitçesi napavoq 'stands upright<br />
(mostly about inanimate things)' napasoq (eski yazı: napassoq) 'upright; projecting' napaartoq (eski<br />
yazı: napârtoq) 'mountain ash (Sorbus)' napparut (eski yazı: náparut) 'mast' naparutaq (eski yazı:<br />
naparutaq) 'dorsal fin (on a whale)' Nunivak Çupikçesi napa 'tree' Napamiut 'Napamute (lit.'people<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 221
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
of the trees')' napackarte- 'to get stuck penetrating into something into' Napanguyar 'rock<br />
protrusion on the cliffy west coast of Nunivak Island, meaning an upright projection' napaqer<br />
'northern pintail = kılkuyruk ördek, Anas acuta' napaqutarat 'eight sled posts (posts other than<br />
pingutakug)' naparta 'mast of a boat' napartar 'barrel; keg' naparte- 'to construct; to erect; to put<br />
up' naparyar 'post' Naparyarer 'Napakiak' Naparyarmiut 'Hooper Bay (lit.'stake village people')'<br />
Supikçe napaq 'Christmas tree'<br />
NOT dikme → ağaç ilşkisini kavrayabilmek için Türkçedeki ‘dik durumda ekmek” olarak kullandığımız<br />
mecazî dikmek fiilini ve onun örneklerini düşünelim: ağaç dikmek, fide dikmek [Wikipedia:<br />
'Tree/Wood' Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong> *napar- Sirenik napax Siberian Yupik napartuq Alutiiq napaq Yup'ik napa<br />
Seward Inupiaq napaaqtuq Qawiaraq Inupiaq napaaqtuq Malimiutun Inupiaq napaaqtuq North<br />
Slope Inupiaq napaaqtuq Uummarmiutun napaaqtuq Siglitun napaaqtuq Inuinnaqtun napaaqtuq<br />
Natsilik napaaqtuq Kivalliq napaaqtuq Aivilik napaaqtuq North Baffin napaaqtuq South Baffin<br />
napaaqtiq Nunavik napaattuq Labrador Inuttut napaattuk North greenlandic napaaqtuq West<br />
Greenlandic napaartoq East Greenlandic napaartuq].<br />
Nostratic’çilerin <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca napa- kökünü birtakım Altay sözleriyle birleştirmeleri bana inandırıcı<br />
gelmiyor:<br />
Oleg A. Mudrak: Kamchukchee and <strong>Eskimo</strong> Glottochronology and Some Altaic Etymologies Found in<br />
the Swadesh List)<br />
http://www.nostratic.ru/books/(67)krugly-enke1.pdf & http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/eskalt.pdf<br />
120) PE311 *oapa-(ʁ-) ‛to stand erected, pole, mast’ > PYup. *oapa-ʁ- ‛to erect, to set upright;<br />
pillar, pole, mast’, PInup. *napa- (*-ru-, *-ʁ-ia-), *nappa-ʁ- ‛to stand erected, to be upright; to erect,<br />
to raise up; sth. upright, post’ (CED 216, 217). Not necessarily connected with *Napa-(ʁ-) ‛tree’ (CED<br />
216).<br />
Altaic *lép̔ó (~ *ĺ-) ‛to rise, high’ > T.-M. *lep- / *lupu-, Kor. *nòph-, Jap. *nmpr- (EDAL 873).<br />
Hele hele <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca napar sözünü Türkçe yaprak ile birleştirmeleri hiç doğru değil:<br />
106) PE310 *Napar ‛tree (foliar)’ > PYup. *Napa ‛tree (growing); asp’, PInup. *napaaqtu-,<br />
*napar- ‛tree; moutain ash’ (CED 216). The conjuction with the root *oapa-(ʁ-) ‛to stand erected,<br />
pole, mast’ is probably secondary.<br />
Altaic *li̯àp̔*à+ ‛leaf’ > Turk. *japur-gak, Mong. *labči, Kor. *níph, Jap. *nàpài (EDAL 874).<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
napa- (i) to be standing upright, e.g. a house, pole, tree<br />
*napaaq (root) to continuously be upright<br />
napaaqsiaq- (i) to go to the tree line | +aq- 1 vv perhaps +siuq- nv =Iaq- vv<br />
napaaqtuayaaq vine | +aq- 1 vv +tuq 5 vn -ayaaq<br />
napaaqtuq tree, spruce tree | +aq- 1 vv +tuq 5 vn<br />
napaaqtum aqargia spruce grouse (Canachites canadensis) +aq- 1 vv +tuq 5 n -m (rel mkr) aqargiq ‘ptarmigan’ | :a (poss 3s--s)<br />
napaaqtum qargia sharp-tailed grouse (Pediocetes phasianellus)<br />
napaat- (Ti) (t) to stand it up | +aq- 1 vv -t- 1 vv<br />
napaatchak(-) dart game; (i) to play darts, mumblety-peg<br />
napaatchaq(-) (Ti) a dart; to play a game with two sticks, the point being to fit one into a hole in the other; also, a game where a stick with a needle must be made to fall so it stands straight<br />
up in a board (like darts) | +aq- 1 vv -t- 1 vv +saq- 2 vv<br />
napaġiaq vertical support; post holding something up; one of many vertical pieces (stanchions) which support side rails of sled; something which is upright | -q- 7 vv +Iaq 2 vn<br />
napaksraq (Nu) mast | +ksraq vn<br />
napaqsraq pole, post, mast | +qsraq 2 vn<br />
napaqti mast | ? -q- 7 vv +t/ri 3 vn<br />
napaqutaq signpost; gravestone | -qutaq vn<br />
napaqutchIq- (t) to provide it with a signpost or gravestone | -qutaq vn ‘=Iq- 1 nv<br />
napaquyuk (Nu) circular tent with single pole staked to ground | -quyuk vn<br />
naparaġaaq- (i) to turn somersaults; to do a handstand | +raġaaq(-) vv<br />
naparaq clay pottery | +raq- 1 vv § rel. qikuyyaq<br />
naparaq- (i) to tumble over, turn a somersault | -raq- 4 vv<br />
naparaqtaq- (i) to tumble more than once | -raq- 5 vv +t/raq- 1 vv<br />
naparuq sled stanchion, boat “rib” of wood, vertical frame support inside boat | +ruq 1 vn § rel. tulimaaq<br />
napaugaq- (i) to be standing upright still (not of person) | -ugaq- vv<br />
napautaq one pole of a tripod used to suspend pot above fire | -utaq 1 vn<br />
napauttat tripod used to suspend pot above fire | -utaq 1 vn –t (pl mkr)<br />
nappaqutaq log driven into ground to support a structure vertically<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 222
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
nappaqutat pilings | ‘q- 1 vv -utaq 1 vn<br />
nappaq- (t) to erect, build it=building, monument; to set it upright @ nappaI- | ‘-q- 1 vv<br />
nappaqsuġaaġun (Ti) knife, implement for playing mumblety-peg | ‘-q- 1 vv +suġaaq- vv +un 1 vn<br />
nappaqsuġaaq- (Ti) (i) to play mumblety-peg | ‘-q- 1 vv +suġaaq- vv<br />
nappaqtaq circular tent with one central pole | ‘-q- 1 vv +t/raq 4 vn<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=+310&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *Napar<br />
Meaning: tree (foliar)<br />
Russian meaning: дерево (лиственное)<br />
Proto-Yupik: *Napa<br />
Meaning: tree (growing) 1, asp 2<br />
Russian Meaning: дерево (растущее) 1, осина 2<br />
Chaplino: napǝńa (t) 2<br />
Naukan: napáẋtuq 1<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: napaq 1<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: napa 1<br />
Nunivak (Peripheral): napalẹʁia* 3sg.? 1<br />
Proto-Inupik: *näpạaqtu-, *napar-<br />
Meaning: tree 1, moutain ash 2<br />
Russian meaning: дерево 1, горный ясень 2<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: navåqtuq 1<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq naváqtoq 1, W nävåẋtu(q)* (ūk, ut)<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: napåqtuq 1<br />
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl näpåqtoq* 1, Qaw naparut pl. 1<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: napåqtuq 1<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor nẹpåqtoq* 1, M näpåqtoq* 1<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: napåqtuq 1<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: napåʁtuq (napârtoq*) 2<br />
Comments: The connection with *oapa-(ʁ-) 'to stand erected, pole, mast' may be secondary.<br />
Nostratic etymology :<br />
Eurasiatic: *lVṗV<br />
Meaning: leaf, bark<br />
Borean:<br />
Indo-European: *lep- (Gr. lépō, lepís, lopís, Lith. lãpas etc.; WP II 429f) + *loup-, *loubh- (?); also *lap- 2720<br />
Altaic: *li̯àp`[a]<br />
Meaning: leaf<br />
Russian meaning: лист<br />
Turkic: *japur-gak<br />
Mongolian: *labči<br />
Korean: *níph<br />
Japanese: *nàpài<br />
Uralic: *lEpV (*lepV)<br />
Kartvelian: *lapan-<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut: *Napar<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 223
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
45<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=q<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
qaafa its topside, dorsal area<br />
qaafa its top side, dorsal area of a fish<br />
qaafani on top<br />
qaafaniittuq is on top<br />
qaafiajausrimaruq veers away, goes to excess (K)<br />
qaafiqsuq passes by<br />
qaafiujaafavaitchuq veers away, goes to excess (N)<br />
qixam qaafa roof (lit. ceiling's top)<br />
M.KARA II 286 / I 1507<br />
qaaŋa its topside, dorsal area<br />
qaaŋa its top side, dorsal area of a fish<br />
qaaŋani on top<br />
qaaŋaniittuq is on top<br />
qaaŋiajausrimaruq veers away, goes to excess (K)<br />
qaaŋiqsuq passes by<br />
qaaŋiułaaŋavaitchuq veers away, goes to excess (N)<br />
qiḷam qaaŋa roof (lit. ceiling's top)<br />
İñupiaqça Arapça İngilizcesi<br />
qaafa "bir şeyin üst tarafı, geminin<br />
suyun dışındaki kısmı; balığın sırt<br />
bölümü"<br />
< kafâ “kafa, baş” topside, dorsal area, dorsal area of a<br />
fish<br />
qaafani "en üstte, tepede, başta" on top<br />
qaafaniittuq "en üstte, tepede, başta" on top<br />
qixarn qaafa "çatı, dam, tavanın üst<br />
kısmı"<br />
roof, ceiling's top<br />
İñupiaqçanın Asya kökenli bir dil olduğunu veya Asya'da doğup gelişen ya da konuşulan dillerden<br />
etkilendiğini gösteren bazı kelimeler bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan biri, nuna "dünya, yer yüzü"<br />
kelimesidir. Bunun Arapça dünyâ ile ilişkili olduğunu düşünüyoruz. <strong>Bir</strong> diğer Arapça kökenli kelime<br />
"bir şeyin üst tarafı, geminin suyun dışında kalan kısmı" anlamına gelen qaafa'dır. Bu kelime de<br />
Arapça kafa ile ilişkili olmalıdır. Aynı kelimeyle ilişkili diğer bir örnek de qaafani "en üstte, tepede,<br />
başta" kelimesidir. Bu dilde qixam qaafa da "çatı, dam, tavanın üst kısmı" anlamını vermektedir.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Fontsuz qaafa görüntüsünün gerçek şekli olan qaaŋa ile Arapça ḳafâ ( aafaq افﻗ)<br />
arasında<br />
ilgi kurulamaz.<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
qa r a 1 top side; surface; cover; limit; dorsal area of fish; ventral surface of whale under jaw toward “chest” (this share is taken by the second that helps kill whale); right side of fabric<br />
qaagIk- or qaaġIk- (i) to have a good, flat, smooth surface, a good, sturdy cover | +[g]Ik- nv | ant. qaagIIt-, qaaġIIt-<br />
qaagrak roughly filed cutting edge of ulu or knife which needs smoothing with a flint stone | +rak(-) nn<br />
qaaġraIt- (Nu) (i) to be smooth, even (of edge, blade) | +rak(-) nn :It- nv<br />
qaaġraq- (Nu) (i) to be rough, uneven (of edge, blade) | +ġraq nv<br />
qaakutaq extra covering (for tent, etc.) | +kutaq nn<br />
qaaliġIq (Nu) fish with small hump on back of head (found in Colville River); (Ti) tough white fish / qaaliqqit isakkit get the fish with the small hump on the back | -liġIq nn ?<br />
qaalIq- (t) to put a roof on it; to put a covering on it=parka, etc. @ qaaliqsI- | -lIq- 1 nv<br />
qaalu dried or spoiled outside part of piece of meat; (Nu) birch bark § rel. amiġaq | +lu(q) 2 nn<br />
qaaluku snipped off dried or spoiled outer part of meat | +lu(q) 2 nn +ku nn<br />
qaamit- (i) to emerge and flow spreading over a surface (of liquid); to seep through a crack and overflow on top of ice (of water) | -mit nv<br />
qaaminniQ area covered by emerging liquid; overflow water from crack in ice on river or ocean | -mit nv +niQ 1 vn<br />
qaamniQ water-filled hole in ice | -mniQ nn<br />
qaamniQ or qaaptinniQ water overflowing from crack in ice | -mniQ nn or tit- 1 vv +nniQ 1 vn<br />
qaanaaq eroded cave in ice or land | -naaq 3 nn<br />
qaanarrI- to scoop out a hollow place in (it=snowbank) | =rrI- 2 nv<br />
qaaniQ space under sleeping platform in sod house, empty space under something, e.g. couch, hollow in snowbank; (Nu) gentle slope at base of mountain as it levels off to a plain /<br />
qaanġagun igluliruagut we built a house at the base of the mountain | +niQ 1 nn<br />
qaaŋIq- (i) to pass by; to go over the limit; to be past, done; (t) to pass by her/him/it; to surpass her/him/it, to become taller than her/him @ qaaŋiqsI- / aapiyani qaaŋiŋagaa he is taller<br />
than his older brother | +ŋIq- nv<br />
qaaŋiqsaaq- (i) to pass, go by without stopping; (Ti) (i) to pass by fast; (t) to pass, go by her/him/it without stopping; (Ti) (t) to pass by her/him/it fast | +ŋIq- nv -saaq- vn<br />
qaaŋiulaak- or qaaŋiułaak- (i) to overdo excessively; to overdo one’s activity; (t) to overdo it excessively | +ŋIq- nv –u- 4 vv + laak- vv<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 224
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
qaaŋiummati- (i) to stay ahead; to surpass all others | +ŋIq- nv<br />
qaaŋiuti- (t) to be deliquent, past due (of bill to be paid, action); to take her/him/it past the goal or destination | +ŋIq- nv :uti- 2 vv § rel. killI<br />
qaapaaksimaaq- (i) to sit on chair with legs crossed at the knees; (t) to sit on chair with them=legs crossed at the knees [would this be with your legs crossed over the chair?] | ? -paak- nv<br />
+simaaq- vv<br />
qaapiaq highest point | -piaq(-) 3 nn<br />
qaapquak two twigs used to prop an owl or ptarmigan snare | -pquaq nn -k (dual marker) § rel. aŋarrat<br />
qaaptit- (i) to spread over a surface (of liquid); to overflow from a crack in ice (of water) | -ptit- vv<br />
qaaq or qarraaq skin mattress, mattress, mat | -rraaq nn<br />
qaatchiaq the top, highest level<br />
qaatchiaġaq- (i) to walk along the top of a ridge | -tchiaq 3 nn perhaps +aq 8 nv<br />
qaati upper front part of boot | -ti 3 nn<br />
qaatikIt- to be narrow (of upper front part of boot) | -ti 3 nn -kIt- nv<br />
qaatitu- (i) to be wide (of feet, of upper front part of boot) | -ti 3 nn -tu- nv<br />
qaligluk(-) (Ti) scab; (i) to form a scab | -gluk(-) vn § rel. amiġluk<br />
qaliġiiktitaq- (Ti) (t) to pile, stack them<br />
qaliġiiksimaaq- (i) to sit on floor with ankles crossed | -liQ(-) 5 vn +*ġ+IIk- nv +simaaq- vv<br />
qaliġuaq outer clothing, outer cover; extra blanket covering one; fabric blanket; quilt, bedspread, shawl | -liQ(-) 5 rn –ġuaq 1 nn<br />
qaliġuuraq(-) dress; shirt; to put a dress or shirt on (her/him) | -liQ(-) 5 rn -ġuaq nn =uraq 1 nn<br />
qalipquaq (Ti) shirt | -pquaq nn<br />
qaliQ(-) top covering; rust; (i) to rust | -liQ(-) 5 rn<br />
qallI scab | ‘=I- nv<br />
qalliġIIk(-), (Nu) qalliġIk- two things lying one on top of the other; (i) to lie one on top of the other | -liQ(-) 5 rn ‘=Iq- 1 nv +*ġ+IIk- nv<br />
qalliñaaq upper eyelid | -liQ(-) 5 rn ‘=Iq- 1 nv -naaq 3 vn<br />
qalliñiaq- (Nu) to pile up fish § rel. qaluusiñiaq-<br />
qallIQ(-) outermost part, top part, topmost one; (i) to be now covered; (t) to cover, top her/him/it with something | -liQ(-) 5 rn ‘=Iq- 1 nv<br />
qalliqpiaq highest point; topmost object | -liQ(-) 5 rn ‘=Iq- 1 nv +piaq(-) 3 nn<br />
qarġun seine; long fish net dragged behind boat | -ġut- nv ‘-n 1 vn<br />
qarġut- (i) to go over the top surface; (t) to go over its top surface ? | -ġut- nv<br />
qarġutaurraq- to bid higher | -ġut- nv +t/raq- 1 vv -urraq- vv § rel. nallitchi-, atqunałhaaq-<br />
qarraaq or qaaq skin mattress; mattress; mat | -rraaq nn<br />
qasalluq thick cottonwood bark; scab | -salluq nn<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=++39&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *kaŋǝʁ<br />
Meaning: top, crown of head<br />
Russian meaning: вершина, макушка<br />
Proto-Yupik: *kaŋǝʁ<br />
Meaning: top 1, crown of head 2<br />
Russian Meaning: вершина 1, макушка 2<br />
Chaplino: kánɨk* 2<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: kaŋǝq 1<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: kaŋǝq (ʁ) 1<br />
Proto-Inupik: *kaŋǝʁ<br />
Meaning: top, upper end 1, head 2, promontory, point 3<br />
Russian meaning: вершина, верхний конец 1, голова 2, оконечность мыса 3<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: kaq (kaʁʁa 3sg.) 1<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq kåʁa 3sg. 1, 3, W kaq (kåk, kåʁit) 4, KI kaẋẋa* 3sg. 3<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: kaŋiq 2, 3<br />
WCI Dialects: Sig kaʁʁa 1 [Pet.]<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: kaŋiq 1<br />
ECI Dialects: Igl kangersuaq* 2 [Ras.]<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: kaŋiq (ʁ) (kaẋẋa 3sg.), kaŋeq* (karra* 3sg.) 1, 3, ˜ kåviq (ʁ) (kårfa* 3sg.) 1<br />
Comments: Probably a derivative from < "kakŋǝʁ < *kakǝŋ- with the same sense.<br />
an Inupiaq woman<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 225
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
46<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/Language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=n<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/Language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=a<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/Language/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=i<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
nuna land, earth<br />
nunaaqqiq city, town, village, nation<br />
nunafiak alder tree, rust colored dye from alder bark<br />
nunagiksuq is a good land<br />
nunagluk wilderness (bad land)<br />
nunauruat country, nation<br />
nunavak walrus on ice<br />
nunavik undulating tundra<br />
nunuqsibiixaq buffle-head duck (Bucephala albeola)<br />
nunuuraqtuq is remorseful<br />
aularuq nuna earthquake (N)<br />
ixiqsaqtuq nuna earthquake (K)<br />
M.KARA II 286 / I 1505, 1507<br />
nuna land, earth<br />
nunaaqqiq city, town, village, nation<br />
nunaŋiak alder tree, rust colored dye from alder bark<br />
nunagiksuq is a good land<br />
nunagluk wilderness (bad land)<br />
nunauruat country, nation<br />
nunavak walrus on ice<br />
nunavik undulating tundra<br />
nunuqsiġiiḷaq buffle-head duck (Bucephala albeola)<br />
nunuuraqtuq is remorseful<br />
aularuq nuna earthquake (N)<br />
iḷiqsaqtuq nuna earthquake (K)<br />
İñupiaqça Arapça İngilizcesi<br />
nuna "dünya, yer yüzü" < dünyâ “dünya, yer yüzü” land, earth<br />
aularuq nuna "yer sarsıntısı, zelzele,<br />
deprem"<br />
earthquake<br />
ixiqsaqtuq nuna "yer sarsıntısı, zelzele,<br />
deprem"<br />
earthquake<br />
nunauruat "millet; ülke, yurt, memleket"<br />
country, nation<br />
Arapça dünyâ, en Kuzey'deki Türk lehçelerinden biri olan Çuvaşçada da tĭnçe (CEYLAN 1996:<br />
160) şeklini almıştır.<br />
İñupiaqçanın Asya kökenli bir dil olduğunu veya Asya'da doğup gelişen ya da konuşulan dillerden<br />
etkilendiğini gösteren bazı kelimeler bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan biri, nuna "dünya, yer yüzü"<br />
kelimesidir. Bunun Arapça dünyâ ile ilişkili olduğunu düşünüyoruz. <strong>Bir</strong> diğer Arapça kökenli kelime<br />
"bir şeyin üst tarafı, geminin suyun dışında kalan kısmı" anlamına gelen qaafa'dır. Bu kelime de<br />
Arapça kafa ile ilişkili olmalıdır. Aynı kelimeyle ilişkili diğer bir örnek de qaafani "en üstte, tepede,<br />
başta" kelimesidir. Bu dilde qixam qaafa da "çatı, dam, tavanın üst kısmı" anlamını vermektedir.<br />
İsim tamlamasıyla ilgili olarak da bir örnek verelim: İñu. aularuq nuna "yer sarsıntısı" tamlamasında<br />
ana nesne olan nuna "dünya, yer yüzü" (< Ar. dünyâ) sonra, onun bir durumunu anlatan<br />
aularuq "hareket etme, sarsıntı" önce gelmiştir. Türkçede "sarsıntısı yer" gibi bir tamlama şekli yoktur.<br />
Yani isim tamlamasında ana varlığın bir özelliğinden veya parçasından bahsedilir ve ana varlık<br />
önce, özelliği ya da parçası aradından verilerek isim tamlaması oluşturulur.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 226
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Hayatlarını deniz (taġiuq) ve kara (nuna) ana kavramları üzerine inşa eden North Slope<br />
İnyupikleri iki kültür grubuna ayrılır : Taġiumiut ‘people of the sea’ ve Nunamiut ‘people of the land’.<br />
Grönland İnuitleri yaşadıkları yere/Grönland’a Kalaallit Nunaat ‘lands of humans’ derler. Kanada<br />
İnuitleri de özerk bölgelerini nuna (‘land’)’lı adlandırırlar: Nunavut ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ‘our land’ (Kanada İnuit<br />
bölgesi), Nunavik ᓄᓇᕕᒃ ‘the land where we live’(Quebec İnuit bölgesi), Nunatsiavut ‘our beautiful<br />
land’(Labrador İnuit bölgesi). Nunivak Çupikleri de adalarını Nuniwar olarak adlandırırlar<br />
Sibirya Yupiklerinden Grönland İnuitlerine kadar uzanan o geniş coğrafyada kullanılan ve<br />
sapınakadar <strong>Eskimo</strong> olan nuna’yı anlam farkını yok sayarak ve de n/d ses değişiminin zorluğunu<br />
göz ardı ederek götürüp Arapça dünya (ای ند) ’ya bağlamak hangi akla hizmettir bilemem!<br />
Bırakın bu amatörlüğü Allah’ınızı severseniz Hocam!<br />
Nostratic teorisyenlerinin <strong>Eskimo</strong> nuna’sını Türkçe anız (< aŋız) ‘biçildikten sonra tarlada<br />
kalan ekin sapı’ sözüyle birleştirmeleri şarlatanlıktan başka bir şey değildir.<br />
Yupikçe nuna ‘land, village, country’ sözünün çekim tablosu:<br />
http://www.defectiveness.surrey.ac.uk/Presentations/Mithun-Regularity.pdf<br />
YUP‘IK possessed→ SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL<br />
possessor↓ nuna nunak nunat<br />
1Sg nunaka nunagka nunanka<br />
2Sg nunan nunagken nunaten<br />
3Sg nunii nunak nunai<br />
3RSg nunani nunagni nunani<br />
1Du nunavuk nunagpuk nunapuk<br />
2Du nunasek nunagtek nunatek<br />
3Du nunangak nunagkek nunakek<br />
3RDu nunasek nunagtek nunatek<br />
1Pl nunavut nunagput nunaput<br />
2Pl nunasi nunagci nunaci<br />
3Pl nunangat nunagket nunait<br />
3RPl nunaseng nunagteng nunateng<br />
ABSOLUTIVE<br />
ERGATIVE<br />
LOCATIVE<br />
ABLATIVE<br />
TERM<br />
INALI<br />
S<br />
nunam nunak nunat<br />
1Sg nunama nunagma nunama<br />
2Sg nunavet nunagpet nunavet<br />
3Sg nunaan nunagken nunain<br />
3RSg nunami nunagmi nunami<br />
1Du nunamegnuk nunagmegnuk nunamegnuk<br />
2Du nunavtek nunagpetek nunavtek<br />
3Du nunaagnek nunagkenka nunakenka<br />
3RDu nunamek nunagmek nunamek<br />
1Pl nunamta nunagemta nunamta<br />
2Pl nunavci nunagpeci nunavci<br />
3Pl nunaata nunagketa nunaita<br />
3RPl nunameng nunagmeng nunameng<br />
nunami nunagni nunani<br />
1Sg nunamni nunagemni nunamni<br />
2Sg nunavni nunagemni nunavni<br />
3Sg nunaani nunagkeni nunaini<br />
3RSg nunamni nunagmini nunamni<br />
1Du nunamegni nunagemegni nunamegni<br />
2Du nunavtegni nunagpetegni nunavtegni<br />
3Du nunaagni nunagkegni nunakegni<br />
3RDu nunamegni nunagmegni nunamegni<br />
1Pl nunamteni nunagemteni nunamteni<br />
2Pl nunavceni nunagpeceni nunavceni<br />
3Pl nunaatni nunagketni nunaitni<br />
3RPl nunameggni nunagmeggni nunameggni<br />
nunamnek nunagnek nunanek<br />
1Sg nunamnek nunagemnek nunamnek<br />
2Sg nunavnek nunagemnek nunavcenek<br />
3Sg nunaanek nunagkenek nunainek<br />
3RSg nunamnek nunagminek nunamnek<br />
1Du nunamegnek nunagmegnek nunamegnek<br />
2Du nunavtegnek nunagpetegnek nunavtegnek<br />
3Du nunaagnek nunagkegnek nunakegnek<br />
3RDu nunamegnek nunagmegnek nunamegnek<br />
1Pl nunametenek nunagemtenek nunamtenek<br />
2Pl nunavcenek nunagpecenek nunavcenek<br />
3Pl nunaatnek nunagketnek nunaitnek<br />
3RPl nunameggnek nunagmeggnek nunameggnek<br />
nunamun nunagnun nunanun<br />
1Sg nunamnun nunagemnun nunamnun<br />
2Sg nunavnun nunagemnun nunavcenun<br />
3Sg nunaanun nunagkenun nunainun<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 227
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
VIALIS<br />
AEQUALIS<br />
3RSg nunamnun nunagminun nunamnun<br />
1Du nunamegnun nunagmegnun nunamegnun<br />
2Du nunavtegnun nunagpetegnun nunavtegnun<br />
3Du nunaagnun nunagkegnun nunakegnun<br />
3RDu nunamegnun nunagmegnun nunamegnun<br />
1Pl nunametenun nunagemtenun nunamtenun<br />
2Pl nunavcenun nunagpecenun nunavcenin<br />
3Pl nunaatnun nunagketnun nunaitnun<br />
3RPl nunameggnun nunagmeggnun nunameggnun<br />
nunakun nunagnegun nunatgun<br />
1Sg nunamkun nunagemkun nunamkun<br />
2Sg nunavkun nunagpegun nunavkun<br />
3Sg nunaakun nunagkenkun nunainek<br />
3RSg nunamikun nunagmikun nunamikun<br />
1Du nunamegnegun nunagmegnegun nunamegnegun<br />
2Du nunavtegnegun nunagpetegnegun nunavtegnegun<br />
3Du nunaagnegun nunagkegnegun nunakegnegun<br />
3RDu nunamegnegun nunagmegnegun nunamegnegun<br />
1Pl nunamteggun nunagemteggun nunamteggun<br />
2Pl nunavcetgun nunagpecetgun nunavcetgun<br />
3Pl nunaatgun nunagketgun nunaitgun<br />
3RPl nunamegteggun nunamegteggun nunagmegteggun<br />
nunatun nunagtun nunacetun<br />
1Sg nunamtun nunagemtun nunamtun<br />
2Sg nunavtun nunagpetun nunavtun<br />
3Sg nunaatun nunagketun nunaitun<br />
3RSg nunamitun nunagmitun nunamitun<br />
1Du nunamegtun nunagmegtun nunamegtun<br />
2Du nunavtegtun nunagpetegtun nunavtegtun<br />
3Du nunaagtun nunagkegtun nunakegtun<br />
3RDu nunamegtun nunagmegtun nunamegtun<br />
1Pl nunamcetun nunagkecetun nunamcetun<br />
2Pl nunavcetun nunagpecetun nunavcetun<br />
3Pl nunaacetun nunagkecetun nunaicetun<br />
3RPl nunamegtun nunagmegtun nunamegtun<br />
Athapaskan Kızılderili dillerindeki örneklerle <strong>Eskimo</strong> nuna'sı arasındaki görünürdeki benzerlik<br />
gerçekten yanıltıcı mı yoksa doğru mu bilemiyorum (??? false or true cognate ???):<br />
Ahtna nen‘ 'land, ground' Deg Xinag ngan‘ 'earth, ground, land' Upper Kuskokwim nin‘ 'earth' Lower Tanana<br />
nen‘ 'land' Tanacross nén‘ 'land, country' Tłįchǫ [Dogrib] dèe, ndè Tsilhqot’in *Chilcotin+ nèn 'land'<br />
Hupa nin‘ 'ground, earth'<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
nuna land, earth; inland<br />
nunaaqqIq village, town | ? -qqIq nn<br />
nunagluk- (i) to be rocky land [lit. “bad land”] | ? -gluk- nv<br />
nunalIt- or nunnIt- (i) to reach land | -lIt- nv ‘=It- 3 nv<br />
nunamiut inland dwellers | miu nn -t (pl mkr)<br />
nunasiraq- (i) to travel on snowless tundra | -siraq- nv<br />
nunat(-) a place with people; (t) to cache it=usually caribou meat in a hole dug in ground and covered with sod @ nunatchI- | -t- 2 nv<br />
Nunataaġmiu person who used to live on the east side of the river from Noatak, Alaska.???<br />
nunataq- (i) to fetch sod | +taq- 5 nv<br />
nunataq meat (usu caribou) cached in a hole and covered with sod | -t- 2 nv aq 4 nn<br />
nunataqaġvIk cache where food is buried in ground | -t- 2 nv aq 4 nn -qaq- 1 nv +vIk 1 vn<br />
nunauraq map | :uraq 1 nn<br />
nunauruat nation of people | :u- 2 nv +t/ruaq (part.) -t (pl mkr)<br />
nunavaIt herd of walrus on ice [are they called thus because they resemble land from a distance?] | -vak 1 nn :It (pl mkr)<br />
nunavIk rolling tundra | -vIk 2 nn<br />
nunavviaq- (i) to go after a herd of walrus on ice or land, in hunting | -vak 1 nn ‘-Iaq- 4 nv<br />
nunnI- to plot and claim land (for her/him/it) | ‘=I- 13 nv<br />
nunniqi- (i) to be surveyoring | ‘=Iqi- 1 nv<br />
nunniqirI surveyor | ‘=Iqi- 1 nv +t/rI 3 vn<br />
nunniqun plow; surveyor’s transit | ‘=Iqi- 1 nv -un 3<br />
nunnIt- or nunalIt- (i) to reach land | ‘=It- 3 nv<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=+420&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *luna<br />
Meaning: land, eart, country<br />
Russian meaning: земля, страна<br />
Proto-Yupik: *luna<br />
Meaning: land, earth, country 1, tundra 2<br />
Russian Meaning: земля, страна 1, тундра 2<br />
Chaplino: nuná 1, nunåq (ʁǝt) 'settlement'; nunátuqaq 'wide (room, tundra)', nunáŋiɫúni adv. 'narrowly, tight', ˜ nunı ́vak 2 (with vowel metathesis)<br />
Naukan: núna 1<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: nuna 1<br />
Chugach (<strong>Bir</strong>ket-Smith): nuna 'land', nunat 'village'<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: nuna 1, nunapik 2<br />
Nunivak (Peripheral): nuna* 1, luna 1 [Curtis] !<br />
Proto-Inupik: *nụnạ (-viɣ)<br />
Meaning: land, earth, inland<br />
Russian meaning: земля, страна<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: nuna<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 228
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq núna 'land, earth', núnaq 'settlement', W nuna* (åk, ąt)<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: nuna, nunavik 'rolling tundra'<br />
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl nuna*, Qaw nunavik 'large fertile area'<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: nuna<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor, M nuna*, Sig nunavåq 'mainland'<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: nuna<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: nuna (nuna*)<br />
GRI Dialects: EG nunakkåq 'stone'<br />
Eurasiatic: *ni̯VnV<br />
Meaning: original place<br />
Borean:<br />
Indo-European: *yAun- (˜ hy-)<br />
Altaic: *ni̯àŋu / *ŋi̯àŋu<br />
Turkic: *(i)aŋɨs<br />
Mongolian: *nuntug / *nintug<br />
Tungus-Manchu: *ŋuŋi<br />
Korean: *npn<br />
Japanese: *nùa<br />
…..<br />
Nostratic etymology :<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 229
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
47<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=t<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
timi body<br />
timi boot upper (lit. body)<br />
M.KARA II 285 / I 1507<br />
İñupiaqça Sogdca/Orta Farsça İngilizcesi<br />
timi "ten, vücut, beden" < tan "ten, vücut, beden" body<br />
Eski Hintçeden dünya dillerine yayılan bir kelime sayılan papa "biber" (EREN 1999: 52), Çince<br />
kaynaklı bir kelime olan saiyu "çay", Soğdca unsurlar olabileceğini düşündüğümüz timi "vücut, ten"<br />
ve tammabvik "cehennem; ıstırap/acı yeri" Asya kaynaklı diğer kelimelerdir.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
İnyupikçe timi sözü ile Türkçe ten (< Soğutça tn) arasında ilgi kurulamaz.<br />
Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᑎᒥ timi 'body' Nunivak Çupikçesi tema ‘body’ Doğu Supikçesi tema (NW, PG)<br />
'body'<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
timi body; body of boat; part of boot above the sole<br />
timaut- (t) to shoot her/him/it in upper part of body; to carry it=kayak between two bodies of water, to portage | +ut- 1 nv<br />
timmaaq- (t) to shoot it=animal in upper part of body @ timmaaqsI- | ‘-aq- 3 nv<br />
tivlI- (i) to sew on the body of the boot | ~lI- 1 nv<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=1083&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *tǝmǝ<br />
Meaning: basic part of sth., body<br />
Russian meaning: основная часть, тело<br />
Proto-Yupik: *tǝmǝ<br />
Meaning: basic part of sth. 1, body 2<br />
Russian Meaning: основная часть 1, тело 2<br />
Sirenik: tǝ́ma 1, 'stem'<br />
Chaplino: tǝmá (ǝt) 1, 'stem of tree, shank of foot'<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: tǝma (tǝmǝ-) 'torso'<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: tǝma (tǝmǝ-) 2, 1<br />
Nunivak (Peripheral): timi* 2<br />
Proto-Inupik: *tǝmǝ<br />
Meaning: body 1, shank of boot 2, main part of sth. 3<br />
Russian meaning: тело 1, основа, голенище обуви 2, основная часть чего-либо 3<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: timi 1, 2<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq tɨmɨńɨq 'back part of walrus'<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: timɨ 1, 2<br />
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl timi* 1<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: timi 1, 3<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: timi 1, 2<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: timi (timå 3sg. *Fab.+, time* *Jen.+) 1, 2<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
id<br />
Sayfa 230
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
48<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=t<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
tammabaa lost it<br />
tammabasrugigigaa thinking he is lost<br />
tammabvik hell (place of suffering)<br />
tammaqtuq is lost<br />
M.KARA II 285 / I 1507<br />
tammaġaa lost it<br />
tammaġasrugigigaa thinking he is lost<br />
tammaġvik hell (place of suffering)<br />
tammaqtuq is lost<br />
İñupiaqça Sogdca/Orta Farsça İngilizcesi<br />
tammabvik "cehennem (ıstırap/acı<br />
yeri)"<br />
< tmw "cehennem" hell (place of suffering)<br />
Eski Hintçeden dünya dillerine yayılan bir kelime sayılan papa "biber" (EREN 1999: 52), Çince<br />
kaynaklı bir kelime olan saiyu "çay", Soğdca unsurlar olabileceğini düşündüğümüz timi "vücut, ten"<br />
ve tammabvik "cehennem; ıstırap/acı yeri" Asya kaynaklı diğer kelimelerdir.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Şamanizm inancına göre kaybolmuş ruhların yeraltında toplandığı yer olan cehenneme kaybolmak<br />
(tammaq-) fiilinden köken alan tamma*ġ+-vik ‘place of being lost’ adının verilmesi doğaldır.<br />
Bunu tamu (< Soğutça tmw)’ya bağlamak kalem döküntüsünden başka bir şey değil.<br />
Jr. Ernest S. Buch’un 1994’te yayımlanan The Inupiat and the christianization of Arctic Alaska adlı makalesini<br />
bilgilenmek için okuyabilirsiniz: http://www.alaskool.org/native_ed/research_reports/christianization/burch.htm<br />
Ayrıca anonim bir <strong>Eskimo</strong> şiirini (Heaven and Hell) okuyabilirsiniz: http://www.horrormasters.com/Text/a_021.pdf<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
tammaq- (i) to be lost; (t) to lose it, not be able to find it<br />
tammaa- (i) to be lost, lose one’s way | -a- vv<br />
tammaġniQ lost person out on ice, tundra; adopted child ? | +niQ 1 vn<br />
tammaġvIk [lit ‘place of being lost’] hell | +vIk 1 vn<br />
tammaI- (i) to lose something; (t) to lose her/him/it | -I- 7 vv<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/esqet&text_number=1048&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *tamHa-ʁ (-mr-?)<br />
Meaning: to lose, to be lost<br />
Russian meaning: терять(ся)<br />
Proto-Yupik: *tama-ʁ- (-mH-)<br />
Meaning: to lose<br />
Russian Meaning: терять<br />
Naukan: tamåqa<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: tamaʁ-<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: tamaʁ-<br />
Nunivak (Peripheral): tamaẋtoẋ*<br />
Proto-Inupik: *tamma-ʁ-<br />
Meaning: to lose, to be lost<br />
Russian meaning: терять(ся)<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: tamma(q)-<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq tamálåʁɨɣa, tamálåtoq, W tammatoq*<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: tammaq-<br />
NAI Dialects: B, Ingl tammaqtoq*<br />
WCI Dialects: M tammaqtoq*<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: tamma(q)-<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: tammaʁ- (támarpâ*) 'to be lost, to lose way, to make a mistake', tammå- 'to have lost'<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 231
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
49<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=p<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
papa pepper<br />
M.KARA II 286 / I 1507<br />
İñupiaqça Eski Hintçe İngilizcesi<br />
papa "biber" < pippali "biber" pepper<br />
Hasan Eren, biber'in Eski Hintçe olduğunu belirtir (EREN 1999: 52).<br />
Eski Hintçeden dünya dillerine yayılan bir kelime sayılan papa "biber" (EREN 1999: 52), Çince<br />
kaynaklı bir kelime olan saiyu "çay", Soğdca unsurlar olabileceğini düşündüğümüz timi "vücut, ten"<br />
ve tammabvik "cehennem; ıstırap/acı yeri" Asya kaynaklı diğer kelimelerdir.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
nız.<br />
İngilizceden İnyupikçeye geçen bu yakın zaman alıntısını götürüp Eski Hintçeye bağlayamazsı-<br />
FARAZİ OLARAK; Patagonya’nın güney komşusu ve eski bir İngiliz sömürgesi olan Filanistan'da konuşulan<br />
Filanca adlı yerli dilde bulduğumuz shunguru (‘şeker’) teya (‘çay’) guwwe (‘kahve’) pupburu<br />
(‘biber’) yungurtu (‘yoğurt’) örneklerini, İngilizceden Filancaya geçmiş alıntılar olarak mı görmeliyiz,<br />
yoksa Mehmet Kara'nın yaptığı gibi şunguru'yu Eski Hintçe’ye, teya'yı Çince'ye, guwwe'yi Arapçaya,<br />
pupburu'yu Eski Hintçe'ye, yungurtu'yu Türkçe’ye bağlayıp şu sonuca mı ulaşırız: Hintlilerin, Çinlilerin,<br />
Arapların ve Türklerin karışımını Filancada çok açık bir şekilde görüyoruz!<br />
Sayın Kara, okumanızı tavsiye edebileceğim Daria Morgounova’nın iki Yupik dilindeki Rusça ve<br />
İngilizce kökenli alıntılar üzerine güzel bir çalışması var: Language Contact on Both Sides of the Bering Strait, A<br />
Comparative Study of Central Siberian Yupik-Russian and Central Alaskan Yupik-English Language Contact, Københavns Universitet, 2004<br />
http://www.connexion-dte.dk/eksp/pdf/MA-thesis_october2004.pdf<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
papa(-) [ENG] pepper; (i) to season with pepper; (t) to season it with pepper<br />
pappIt- (i) to sneeze because of pepper | ‘=It- 3 nv § rel. tagiuq(-)<br />
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000861/086162E.pdf<br />
Arctic Quebec (Tarramiut)<br />
Borrowings from English<br />
vaini < wine<br />
paisikal < bicycle<br />
aisikirim < ice cream<br />
talavisia < television<br />
saasa < saucer<br />
paniuppaaq < frying pan<br />
papa < pepper<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
id<br />
Sayfa 232
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
50<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=s<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=t<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
saiyu tea<br />
saiyutubvik tea pot (K)<br />
tii tea (N)<br />
tiiliubun tea pot (N)<br />
M.KARA II 286 / 1507<br />
saiyu tea<br />
saiyutuġvik tea pot (K)<br />
tii tea (N)<br />
tiiliuġun tea pot (N)<br />
İñupiaqça Çince İngilizcesi<br />
saiyu "çay" < ç’a “çay” tea<br />
(EREN 1999: 82).<br />
Dialect Note: (N) after a word or meaning indicates use in the North<br />
Slope villages, (K) after a word or meaning indicates use in the<br />
Kobuk River villages. (q) after a word indicates it is used in Kotzebue<br />
Eski Hintçeden dünya dillerine yayılan bir kelime sayılan papa "biber" (EREN 1999: 52), Çince<br />
kaynaklı bir kelime olan saiyu "çay", Soğdca unsurlar olabileceğini düşündüğümüz timi "vücut, ten"<br />
ve tammabvik "cehennem; ıstırap/acı yeri" Asya kaynaklı diğer kelimelerdir.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
North Slope İnyupikçesine İngilizceden, Kobuk lehçesine ise Alaska’yı “keşfeden” Ruslardan<br />
(İñu. Uruusiq) geçen saiyu sözünü doğrudan Çinceye bağlamak hiç de akademik değil:<br />
Rusça чай < Türkçe (Turkic) çay < Moğolca çai < Çince 茶(► Alaska Yerli Dillerinde Türkçe<br />
Kökenli Rusça Alıntılar)<br />
Yine Kobuk lehçesinde geçen sassaq 'clock, watch, hour = saat' sözü de Rusça [часа (gen.)<br />
час (nom.)] alıntıdır.<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
saiyu [Russian chaiyu] tea<br />
tii [ENG] tea<br />
tiiġruaq tea leaves | -ġruaq nn<br />
tiiliuġun teapot | -liuq- nv :un 1 vn<br />
tiitchiġiiyaun (Ti) tea strainer | -q- 5 nv +[t]sIq- vv +[g]IIt- vv =Iyaq- vv :un 1 vn<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 233
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
51<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=p<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
palapkaaq tent (K)<br />
panapkaaq tent (q,s)<br />
M.KARA II 285<br />
palapkaaq tent (K)<br />
panapkaaq tent (q,s)<br />
İñupiaqça Rusça İngilizcesi<br />
palapkaaq "çadır" < palátka "çadır" tent<br />
panapkaaq "çadır" < palátka "çadır" tent<br />
Dialect Note: (N) after a word or meaning indicates use in the North<br />
Slope villages, (K) after a word or meaning indicates use in the<br />
Kobuk River villages. (q) after a word indicates it is used in<br />
Kotzebue, (s) after a word indicates it is used in Selawik<br />
Yukarıdaki Rusça kelime (ŞÇERBİNİN 1989: 347), Yakutçada da balaakka "çadır" (VASİLÎEV -<br />
CARGISTAY- 1995: 50) şeklinde kullanılmaktadır. İñupiaqcada "çadır" anlamına gelen bir başka kelime<br />
daha vardır: tupiq.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Nihayet! Doğru bir şey söyledi Mehmet Kara. Malimiut İnyupikçesine Rusçadan (пала́тка)<br />
geçtiği açıktır. Yalnız, Yakutça’yı (балаакка) araya sıkıştırmanız işi berbat ediyor.<br />
Yazısı boyunca Rusların (İñu. Uruusiq) Alaska’yı keşfinden ve etkisinden hiç bahsetmeyen<br />
Mehmet Kara’nın bu tarihi gerçeği belirtmemesi kasıtlıdır (► Alaska Yerli Dillerinde Türkçe Kökenli<br />
Rusça Alıntılar)<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
panapkaaq [RUSS] wall tent<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 234
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
M.KARA I 1516-1517<br />
SONUÇ VE DEĞERLENDİRME<br />
İñupiaqcadaki Türkçe öğeler ve bunların giriş yollarıyla ilgili varsayımlarımızı şöyle sıralayabiliriz. Bu varsayımlar;<br />
kelimelerle alâkalı olmayıp bunların giriş yollarıyla ilgilidir:<br />
1. İñupiaqca içinde gelişen alt türevleri hariç, bu dildeki Türkçe türemiş kelimelerin sayısı yirmi beş (25)'tir.<br />
2. İñupiaqlar; Alaska'nın çok eski yerlileri olabilir ve bu dildeki Türkçe kelimeler, Asya'dan Alaska'ya geçen<br />
Türklerin dilinden alınmış olabilir.<br />
3. İñupiaqlar; Alaska'nın çok eski yerlileri değil de Asya'dan göçmüşlerse, İñupiaqcadaki Türkçe kelimeler,<br />
íñupiaqlann Asya'da yaşadıkları dönemde Türklerden aldıkları kelimeler olarak kabul edilebilir ve bu kelimeleri, Amerika'ya<br />
geçtikten sonra da muhafaza etmiş olabilirler.<br />
4. İñupiaqlar; Türkçe öğeleri, Türklerle siyasî ve kültürel işbirliği yapmış ve onlardan kelime almış bir başka<br />
kavmin dilinden de almış olabilirler.<br />
5. İñupiaqlar, değişik sebeplerden dolayı hep Türklerle iç içe yaşamış bir kavim olabilir ve Asya'dan<br />
Alaska'ya da birlikte geçerek yaşamaya devam etmiş olabilirler. Bu kelimeler de onların ortak yaşantısının mirası<br />
olarak günümüze kadar yasayagelmi§. olajbilir. Nitekim son yıllarda yapılan bazı araştırmalarda bu geçişin özellikle<br />
Moğol akınları sırasında olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Bu araştırmalarda bir grup Uygur Türkünün Tunguzlarla ve başka<br />
milletlerden olan topluluklarla birlikte Moğollardan kaçarak Alaska'ya geçtiği vurgulanmıştır (STEWART 2000: 7, 38,<br />
89, 119-125, 162, 173-174, 261, 279-181, 296-299, 359). Zaman zaman ayrı ve düşmanca yaşamalarına rağmen<br />
Uygur-Karluk birlikteliği tarihte önemli bir yer tutar. Alaska' daki Karluk yer adını da dikkate alarak bu geçişte Uygur<br />
Türklerinin yanı sıra Karluk Türklerinin de rol aldığını düşünüyoruz. Dolayısıyla bu kelimeler, Uygur ve Karluk Türklerinden<br />
kalma kelimeler olarak düşünülebilir.<br />
6. nuna "dünya", timi "ten, vücut", qaafa "bir şeyin üst kısmı", tammabvik "cehennem" örnekleri;<br />
İñupiaqcadaki Türkçe kelimelerin Uygur-Karluk Türkleriyle ilişkisini gösterecek diğer veriler olarak değerlendirilebilir.<br />
Verilen kelimeler, Arapça ve Soğdcadır. Eski Uygur Türkleri, Soğdcadan bazı kelimeler almışlardı. Karluklar, Araplarla<br />
Çinliler arasında yapılan savaşta Arapların yanında yer almışlardı. Arapça kelimeler de bu dönemde ve sonrasında<br />
Karluk Türkçesine girmiş kelimelerin íñupiaqcaya geçmiş biçimleri olabilir. Ancak Arapça kelimelerin, İpek Yolu tüccarları<br />
aracılığıyla Uygurlar veya bölgedeki diğer milletler tarafından alındıktan sonra değişik iletişimlerle Alaska'da<br />
yaşayan İñupiaq <strong>Eskimo</strong>larmın diline geçmiş olması da muhtemeldir.<br />
7. Eğer çok önceleri Altay kavimleri ve bunlar arasında Türkler, Alaska'ya geçmiş iseler, o zaman bu Türkçe<br />
öğelerin bir kısmının daha eski Türkçe döneminden kalmış olduğu da düşünülebilir. Toplumlar birbiriyle farklı zamanlarda<br />
iletişim içinde olabilmektedirler. Buna paralel olarak kelime alış verişleri de birkaç farklı zaman diliminde gerçekleşmiş<br />
olabilir.<br />
8. İñupiaqlar ve diğer <strong>Eskimo</strong> gruplarıyla Türklerin kültür ve dil ilişkileri konusunda daha derin araştırmaların<br />
yapılmasının faydalı olacağını düşünüyoruz.<br />
M.KARA II 294<br />
SONUÇ<br />
1. İñupiaqcadaki Türkçe kelimeler; íñupiaqlann Asya'da yaşadıkları dönemde Türklerden aldıkları kelimeler<br />
olabileceği gibi, Asya'dan Alaska'ya geçen Türklerin dillerinden alınmış kelimeler de olabilir.<br />
2. Asya'dan Alaska'ya geçişin zamanı, değişik biçimlerde değerlendirilmekle birlikte son zamanlarda yapılan<br />
araştırmalarla bu geçişin özellikle Moğol akınları sırasında olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Bu araştırmalarda bir grup<br />
Uygur Türkünün Moğollardan kaçarak Alaska'ya geçtiği vurgulanmıştır. Biz, Uygur-Karluk ilişkilerinin tarihte önemli<br />
bir yer tuttuğunu ve Alaska'daki Karluk yer adını da dikkate alarak bu geçişte Uygur Türkleri yanında Karluk Türklerinin<br />
de bulunduğunu belirtmek istiyoruz.<br />
3. Çok daha önceki zamanlarda Asyalı kavimlerin Aleut adaları yoluyla Amerika'ya (Alaska) göç ettiklerini<br />
düşünenler bulunmaktadır. Bu dikkate alındığında, o dönemlerde bu göçe katılan Türklerden alınan bazı kelimeler de<br />
íñupiaqcada yaşıyor olabilir. Öte yandan bazı Türkçe kelimeler Moğol püskürtmesi sonucu Alaska'ya kaçan Uygur/Karluk<br />
Türklerinden alınmış da olabilir. Toplumlar, birbirleriyle farklı zamanlarda iletişim içinde olurlarsa, kelime<br />
alış verişleri de birkaç farklı zaman diliminde gerçekleşebilir.<br />
4. nuna, timi, qaafa gibi kelimeler; íñupiaqcadaki Türkçe kelimelerin Uygur-Karluk Türkleriyle ilgisini gösterecek<br />
diğer verilerdir. Kartuklar, Müslüman Araplarla Çinliler arasında yapılan savaşta Arapların yanında yer almışlardı.<br />
Kartukların İlk Müslüman Türk grubu olabileceği yolunda görüşler de vardır. Bu kelimeler, Araplarla yüzleşen ve<br />
onlardan kelime alan Türk toplulukları aracılığıyla geçmiş olmalıdır.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
SONUÇ<br />
<strong>Türkçenin</strong> izlerini sürdüğü bir <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilinde bulduğu izlerin hiç biri <strong>Türkçenin</strong> izi değildir.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 235
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Kendi sitesinde (http://www.mehmetkara.com/) kendini tanıtırken Türk<br />
Dil Kurumu tarafından düzenlenen ―V. Uluslararası<br />
Türk Dili Kurultayı‖na sunduğu ―<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong><br />
<strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>-I‖ adlı bildirisiyle Türkçe-<strong>Eskimo</strong>ca<br />
ilişkilerini dünyada ilk defa gündeme getiren kişi oldu<br />
ve bu bildirisi büyük yankı uyandırdı. diyor.<br />
O “ilişkiyi” yukarıda gösterdik.<br />
Bildirisinin uyandırdığı yankıyı görmek içinse gazete arşivlerine<br />
bakmak gerek:<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 236
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
kırıntı<br />
DAYANAK<br />
http://www.alaskool.org/LANGUAGE/dictionaries/inupiaq/natwords.asp?lookup=q<br />
font yüklenmemiş bilgisayar görüntüsü fontlu gerçek görüntü<br />
qubvik chamber pot<br />
quġvik chamber pot<br />
M.KARA’nın demecinin Türk Basınına yansıması<br />
http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=129272<br />
Bu da <strong>Eskimo</strong> Türkçesi!<br />
Alaska'nın kuzeyinde yaşayan Inupiaqların besin kaynağı ren geyiği ve balık. 13 bin Inupuaq'tan artık sadece 3 bini anadilini<br />
konuşuyor. FOTOĞRAF: AP<br />
Kuzey Alaska'da yaşayan Inupiaqların dilinde Türkçe ile benzeşen kelimelerden bazıları:<br />
Aana: anne, aapa: baba, aata: dede, kiiraq: kıvrık, kırık, qabruq: kabuk, qayaq:<br />
kayak...<br />
27/09/2004 (2790 kişi okudu)<br />
ANKARA - 'Aana, qaluk, qayaq, aata, qabruq, adak'... Bunlar Türkiye'den binlerce kilometre<br />
uzakta kullanılan sözcükler. Kuzey Alaska'da deniz memelileri, kuş ve balık avlayarak geçinen<br />
ve toplam nüfusu 13 bin olan soğuk dünyanın insanları Inupiaq <strong>Eskimo</strong>larının günlük hayatta<br />
kullandığı pek çok kelime Türkçedeki bazı kelimelerle ses ve anlam yönünden aynı.<br />
Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü öğretim üyesi Doç.<br />
Dr. Mehmet Kara'nın araştırması, Türkçe ile çok benzeşen bu kelimeleri ortaya çıkardı.<br />
Kızılderili dilleriyle ilgili araştırma yaparken internette bir <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilinin karşılıkları Ġngilizce verilmiş<br />
kapsamlı sözlüğüne rastlayan Kara, bu sözlüğü aylar boyunca inceledi. Başta bu dilin Türkçe<br />
kökenli olup olmayacağı yönünde şüpheye düşen Kara, daha sonra Kuzey Alaska'da konuşulduğu<br />
belirtilen bir <strong>Eskimo</strong> dili olan Inupiaqça ile Türkçe<br />
arasındaki bağlantıları kurdu:<br />
Öğrenilmesi çok güç<br />
Eklemeli dil özelliği taşıdığı izlenimi veren Inupiaqça ve buna yakın <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilleri, en zor diller<br />
arasında sayılıyor. Dilin bu nedenle bütün çabalarına rağmen kâşif ve tüccarların çok azı tarafından<br />
öğrenilebildiği tarih kitaplarında ifade ediliyor.<br />
Dillerini korumuyorlar<br />
Inupiaqlar, Kuzey Alaska'nın kıyı bölgeleri ile kutup bitki örtüsüyle kaplı iç kesimlerde yaşıyor.<br />
Deniz memelileri, ren geyiği, kuş ve balık avcılığıyla geçimini sağlayan Inupiaqların yaşamında<br />
bitki ve sebze günlük ihtiyaç besinleri arasında az yer tutuyor.<br />
Bugün toplam nüfusu 13 bin olan Inupiaq topluluğunun sadece 3 bin 100'ü anadilini konuşuyor,<br />
bunların çoğu 40 yaşın üzerinde. Yaygın olarak Ġngilizce konuşan Inupiaqların dillerini çok iyi<br />
koruyamadığı biliniyor.<br />
İki dilde ilginç ortaklıklar<br />
Kara'nın verdiği bilgiye göre isim tamlamaları Türkçeden çok farklı bu dildeki soru kelimeleri<br />
şaşırtıcı. 'Ki' sesleriyle başlayan 'Kia-kimin', 'kiea- kim', gibi soru kelimeleri var.<br />
Türkçedeki meslek yapan 'çi-çı' ekine benzeyen 'ti' eki Inupiaq dilinde bulunuyor. 'Avcı' anlamına<br />
gelen 'afuniaqti', 'savaşçı'(aafuyakti) gibi. 'Taaq' eki, Türkçe isimden isim yapma eki 'lık' ile fonksiyon<br />
bakımından büyük benzerlik gösteriyor. Olumsuz anlam taşıyan 'değil' kelimesi ile 'ma' ve<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 237
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
'sız' ekleri Inupiaq dilinde 'chuk' ekiyle karşılanıyor. Karluk Türklerinden izlerin bulunduğu bölgede<br />
'Karluk Irmağı', 'Karluk Gölü gibi yerler var. Ġki dildeki bazı benzer kelimeler şöyle:<br />
Aana: Anne<br />
Aapa: Baba<br />
Aapiyaba: Ağabeyim<br />
Aata: Dede, ata<br />
Akiruk: Aykırı, zıt<br />
Akmaaq: Çakmaktaşı<br />
İsiq: Ġs, sis<br />
Kiiraq: Kıvrık, kırık<br />
Qabruq: Kabuk<br />
Qayaq: Kayak, kayık.<br />
Qiruk: Kurumuş ölü ağaç.<br />
Sauniq: Kemik (Eski Türkçede sünük kelimesi de kemik anlamına geliyor)<br />
Titiq: Çizik, çizgi, işaret<br />
Qubvik: Göbek<br />
http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2004/09/26/son/sonyas06.html<br />
09:40 26 Eylül 2004 / Pazar<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>lardaTürkçekelimelerkullanıyormuş...<br />
''Aana, qaluk, qayaq, aata, qabruq, adak''... Kuzey<br />
Alaska'da deniz memelileri, kuş ve balık avlayarak geçinen,<br />
toplam nüfusu 13 bin olan soğuk dünyanın insanları Inupiaq<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>ları'nca kullanılan bu kelimelerin, Türkçe'deki bazı<br />
kelimelerle ses ve anlam yönünden benzeştiği bildirildi.<br />
Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Türk Dili ve<br />
Edebiyatı Bölümü öğretim üyelerinden Doç. Dr. Mehmet<br />
Kara'nın yaptığı araştırma, Türkçe ile çok benzeşen bu kelimeleri<br />
ortaya çıkardı. Kızılderili dilleriyle ilgili araştırma yaparken<br />
internette bir <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilinin karşılıkları Ġngilizce verilmiş<br />
kapsamlı sözlüğüne rastlayan Kara, bu sözlüğü aylarca inceledi.<br />
Başta bu dilin Türkçe kökenli olup olmayacağı yönünde<br />
şüpheye düşen Kara, daha sonra Kuzey Alaska'da konuşulan<br />
bir <strong>Eskimo</strong> dili olan Inupiaqça ile Türkçe arasındaki bağlantıları<br />
kurdu.<br />
''KELİMETÜRETMESİBENZİYOR''<br />
Kara, AA muhabirine bilgi verirken, isim tamlamaları Türkçe'den çok farklı bu dildeki soru kelimelerinin<br />
şaşırtıcı olduğunu söyledi.<br />
''Ki'' sesleriyle başlayan ''Kia-kimin'', ''kiea-kim'', gibi soru kelimelerinin bulunduğunu vurgulayan Kara,<br />
Türkçe'deki meslek yapan ''çi-çı'' ekine benzeyen ''ti'' ekinin Inupiaq dilinde yer aldığını ifade etti. Kara,<br />
''avcı'' anlamına gelen ''afuniaqti'', ''savaşçı'' anlamına gelen ''aafuyakti'' sözcüklerinin buna örnek olduğunu<br />
kaydetti.<br />
Benzer şekilde ''taaq'' ekinin Türkçe isimden isim yapma eki ''lık'' ile fonksiyon ve anlam bakımından<br />
büyük benzerlik gösterdiğine işaret eden Kara, ''tazelik'' anlamına gelen ''nutaaq'', ''beyazlık'' manasını<br />
taşıyan ''qatiqtaaq'' gibi sözcüklerin bunu en iyi şekilde ortaya koyduğunu belirtti.<br />
Olumsuz anlam taşıyan ''değil'' kelimesi ile ''ma'' ve ''sız'' eklerinin Inupiaq dilinde ''chuk'' ekiyle karşılandığını<br />
ifade eden Kara, Karluk Türkleri'nden izlerin bulunduğu bölgede ''Karluk Irmağı'', ''Karluk Gölü'',<br />
''Karluk Köyü'' gibi yerlerin bulunduğunu söyledi. Kara'nın verdiği bilgiye göre, iki dilin benzeşen sözcüklerinden<br />
bazıları şöyle:<br />
-Aana: Anne.<br />
-Aapa: Baba.<br />
-Aapiyaba: Ağabeyim.<br />
-Aata: Dede, ata.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 238
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
-Akiruk: Aykırı, zıt.<br />
-Akmaaq: Çakmaktaşı.<br />
-Ġsiq: Ġs, sis.<br />
-Kiiraq: Kıvrık, kırık.<br />
-Qabruq: Kabuk.<br />
-Kayak: Kayak, deriyle kaplanmış, uzun, hafif tekne, <strong>Eskimo</strong> kayığı.<br />
-Qiruk: yakacak kuru odun, kurumuş ölü ağaç.<br />
-Qupiruq: Koparır.<br />
-Sauniq: Kemik (Eski Türkçe'de sünük kelimesi kemik demektir).<br />
-Titiq: Çizik, çizgi, işaret.<br />
-Qubvik: Göbek.<br />
-Adak: Alaska'da bir yer adı.<br />
KİMDİRBUINUPIAQ'LAR?<br />
Inupiaqlar, Kuzey Alaska'nın kıyı bölgelerinde ve kutup bitki örtüsüyle kaplı iç kesimlerde yaşıyor.<br />
Deniz memelileri, ren geyiği, kuş ve balık avcılığıyla geçimini sağlayan Inupiaqlar'ın yaşamında bitki ve<br />
sebze günlük ihtiyaç besinleri arasında az yer tutuyor.<br />
Bugün nüfusu 13 bin olan Inupiaqlar'ın ancak 3 bin 100'ü kendi dilini konuşurken, bunların çoğunluğu<br />
40 yaşın üzerinde bulunuyor. Yaygın olarak Ġngilizce konuşan Inupiaqlar'ın dillerini çok iyi koruyamadıkları<br />
biliniyor.<br />
Eklemeli dil özelliği taşıdığı izlenimi veren Inupiaqça ve buna yakın <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilleri, en zor diller arasında<br />
sayılıyor. Dilin bu nedenle bütün çabalarına rağmen kaşif ve tüccarların çok azı tarafından öğrenilebildiği<br />
tarih kitaplarında ifade ediliyor.<br />
http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2004/09/27/yasam/yas09.html<br />
Türkçeile<strong>Eskimo</strong>ca 'ikiz' gibi<br />
Kuzey Alaska'da avcılıkla geçinen ve toplam nüfusu 13 bin olan Inupiak<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>larınca kullanılan bazı kelimelerin, Türkçedeki bazı kelimelerle ses ve<br />
anlam yönünden benzeştiği belirtildi. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi öğretim üyesi<br />
Doç. Dr. Mehmet Kara, Karluk Türklerinden izlerin bulunduğu bölgede, "Karluk<br />
Irmağı" ve "Karluk Köyü" gibi yerlerin de olduğunu söyledi.<br />
Benzeşensözcükler<br />
Aana: Anne<br />
Aapa: Baba<br />
Aapiyaba: Abim<br />
Aata: Dede, ata<br />
Akiruk: Aykırı, zıt<br />
Akmaaq: Çakmaktaşı<br />
Ġsiq: Ġs, sis<br />
Kiiraq: Kıvrık, kırık<br />
Qabruq: Kabuk<br />
Qaluk: Balık<br />
Qayaq: Kayak, deriyle kaplanmış, uzun, hafif tekne, <strong>Eskimo</strong> kayığı<br />
Qiruk: Yakacak kuru odun, kurumuş ölü ağaç.<br />
Qupiruq: Koparır<br />
Sauniq: Kemik (Eski Türkçede sünük kelimesi kemik demektir)<br />
Titiq: Çizik, çizgi, işaret<br />
Qubvik: Göbek<br />
Artıkİngilizcekonuşuyorlar<br />
Inupiaklar, Kuzey Alaska'nın kıyı bölgelerinde ve kutup bitki örtüsüyle kaplı iç kesimlerde yaşıyor. Deniz<br />
memelileri, ren geyiği, kuş ve balık avcılığıyla geçimini sağlayan Inupiakların yaşamında bitki ve sebze,<br />
günlük besinleri arasında az yer tutuyor. Nüfusu 13 bin olan Inupiakların ancak 3100'ü kendi dilini konuşuyor.<br />
Yaygın olarak Ġngilizce konuşan Inupiakların dillerini çok iyi koruyamadıkları biliniyor.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 239
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2006/02/12/pazar/yazural.html<br />
Motorize <strong>Eskimo</strong>lar<br />
Köpeklerin,geyiklerinçektiği<strong>Eskimo</strong>kızaklarınınyerini,artıkmotorizekızaklaraldı...<br />
yural@milliyet.com.tr<br />
Kış gelince çocukların aklına ilk önce pencere önüne toplanan<br />
küçük kuşlar ve <strong>Eskimo</strong>lar gelir. Günümüzde her ne kadar<br />
onlar da kentlere göçmüşlerse de, araştırmalar bugün nüfuslarının<br />
13 bin civarında olduğunu gösteriyor. Oysa 1950'lerde<br />
yapılan bir araştırmada, toplam <strong>Eskimo</strong> nüfusu 50 bin civarındaymış.<br />
Bunların 23 bini Grönland'da, 10 bini Kanada'da, 16<br />
bin kadarı da Alaska'da yaşarmış. Bugün motorize kızaklarla<br />
bu yaşam biçimi de farklılaşmış. Artık eskisi gibi bütün yaşamlarını<br />
buz evlerde geçirenlerin sayısı azalmış.<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>ların soylarının nereden geldiği kesin olarak bilinmiyor.<br />
Bilim adamları Asya'dan geldikleri üzerinde ısrarlı olsalar da, etnoloji uzmanları onların kuzey kavimleri<br />
topluluğundan olduğunu söylüyorlar. Bundaki gerekçeleri de <strong>Eskimo</strong>ların adından kaynaklanıyor. Çünkü<br />
Kızılderili dilinde <strong>Eskimo</strong> sözcüğü "çiğ et yiyenler" anlamına geliyormuş.<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>lar ilkel şartlar içinde, dondurucu soğuğa karşın yaşamlarını avcılıkla geçiren insanlar. Yüz çizgileri<br />
Moğollara benzeyen bu insanların, dünyanın başka yörelerinde yaşayan insanlara oranla farklı özellikleri<br />
var. Örneğin ayakları küçük, burun delikleri dar, boyları kısa, gözleri ve gözkapakları yağlı ve bir çizgi kadar<br />
kısık. Ama en önemli özelliklerinden biri, özellikle de Grönland ve Labrador'da yaşayanların vücutlarındaki<br />
beyaz kan değerlerinin fazla olmasıymış.<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>ların Avrupa ve Asya'daki adları Laponlar ve Yaklardır. Buzdan evlerde yaşarlar, iyi deri giysilerle<br />
örtünürler, ama vücutları gerçekten de soğuğa dayanıklıdır. Başlıca besinleri balık ve fok etidir. Fok balığının<br />
etini yedikten sonra yağıyla da hem ısınır, hem de aydınlanırlar. Süt, taze sebze meyve yemezler. Vücutları<br />
için gerekli vitamini bol bol çiğ et ve balık yiyerek sağlarlar.<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>larla ilgili yapılan son araştırmalardan biri de, Kırklareli Üniversitesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü<br />
öğretim üyelerinden Doç. Dr. Mehmet Kara'ya ait. Kara, karşılıkları Ġngilizce verilmiş <strong>Eskimo</strong> dili ve onlarla<br />
ilgili sözlük üzerine aylar süren bir araştırma ve inceleme yaptıktan sonra, özellikle Kuzey Alaska'da konuşulan<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dili olan Ġnupiaqça ile Türkçe arasında yakın bağlantılar kurmuş. Kara'nın söylediği benzer<br />
sözcükler şunlar: aane/anne, aapa/baba, aapiyaba/ağabeyim, aata/dede-ata, akiruk/aykırı-zıt,<br />
akmaaq/çakmaktaşı, isiq/is-sis, kiiraq/kıvrak-kırık, qabruq/kabuk, kayak/kayak (deriyle kaplanmış, uzun,<br />
hafif tekne. <strong>Eskimo</strong> kayığı), qupirup/koparır, sauniq/kemik (eski Türkçede sünük sözcüğü kemik demektir),<br />
titiq/çizik-çizgi-işaret, qubvik/göbek, adak/Alaska'da bir yer adı.<br />
Bazı bilim adamları, Asya Türklerinin Bering Boğazı'ndan Amerika'ya geçtiğini, hatta Kızılderililerin bile<br />
Asya'dan göçmüş insanlar olduğunu söylüyorlar. Bilim belki daha sonra, daha kanıtlanmış verilerle bu gerçekleri<br />
doğrulayacaktır.<br />
http://arsiv.aksam.com.tr/arsiv/aksam/2004/09/27/gundem/gundemprn1.html<br />
www.aksam.com.tr<br />
27 Eylül 2004<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>larTürkçekelimelerkullanıyormuş<br />
Doç. Dr. Mehmet Kara'nın yaptığı araştırma Kuzey Alaska'da yaşayan Inupiaqlar'ın sözlüklerinde<br />
pek çok Türkçe kelimenin bulunduğunu ortaya çıkardı<br />
Aana, qaluk, qayaq, aata, qabruq, adak ... Anlamsız gibi görünen bu kelimeler, Kuzey Alaska'da<br />
deniz memelileri, kuş ve balık avlayarak geçinen 'soğuk dünyanın insanları Inupiaq<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>ları'nca kullanılıyor. Ġşin enteresan yanı ise bunların Türkçe'deki bazı kelimelerle ses ve<br />
anlam yönünden benzeşmesi....<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 240
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Bu benzerlik, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü öğretim<br />
üyelerinden Doç. Dr. Mehmet Kara'nın yaptığı araştırmayla ortaya çıktı. Kızılderili dilleriyle<br />
ilgili araştırma yaparken internette bir <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilinin karşılıkları Ġngilizce verilmiş kapsamlı sözlüğüne<br />
rastlayan Kara, bu sözlüğü aylarca inceledi.<br />
Başta bu dilin Türkçe kökenli olup olmayacağı yönünde şüpheye düşen Kara, daha sonra Kuzey<br />
Alaska'da konuşulan bir <strong>Eskimo</strong> dili olan Inupiaqça ile Türkçe arasındaki bağlantıları kurdu.<br />
KELİMETÜRETMESİBENZİYOR<br />
Mehmet Kara, isim tamlamaları Türkçe'den çok farklı bu dildeki soru kelimelerinin şaşırtıcı olduğunu<br />
söylüyor. 'Ki'' sesleriyle başlayan 'Kia-kimin'', 'kiea-kim'', gibi soru kelimelerinin bulunduğunu<br />
vurgulayan Kara, Türkçe'deki meslek yapan 'çi-çı'' ekine benzeyen ''ti'' ekinin Inupiaq dilinde<br />
yer aldığını ifade ediyor. Kara, 'avcı'' anlamına gelen 'afuniaqti'', 'savaşçı''<br />
anlamına gelen 'aafuyakti'' sözcüklerinin buna örnek olduğunu kaydediyor.<br />
Benzer şekilde 'taaq'' ekinin Türkçe isimden isim yapma eki 'lık'' ile fonksiyon ve anlam bakımından<br />
büyük benzerlik<br />
gösterdiğine işaret eden Kara, 'tazelik'' anlamına gelen 'nutaaq'', 'beyazlık'' manasını taşıyan<br />
'qatiqtaaq'' gibi sözcüklerin bunu en iyi şekilde ortaya koyduğunu belirtiyor.<br />
Mehmet Kara'nın verdiği bilgiye göre, iki dilin benzeşen sözcüklerinden bazıları şöyle:<br />
Aana: Anne<br />
Aapa: Baba<br />
Aapiyaba: Ağabeyim<br />
Aata: Dede, ata<br />
Akiruk: Aykırı, zıt<br />
Akmaaq: Çakmaktaşı<br />
Ġsiq: Ġs, sis<br />
Kiiraq: Kıvrık, kırık<br />
Qabruq: Kabuk<br />
Titiq: Çizik, çizgi, işaret<br />
Qubvik: Göbek<br />
Kimdirbuİnupiaqlar?<br />
Inupiaqlar, Kuzey Alaska'nın kıyı bölgelerinde ve kutup bitki örtüsüyle kaplı iç kesimlerde yaşıyor.<br />
Deniz memelileri, ren geyiği, kuş ve balık avcılığıyla geçimini sağlayan Inupiaqlar'ın yaşamında<br />
bitki ve sebze günlük ihtiyaç besinleri arasında az yer tutuyor. Nüfusu 13 bin olan Inupiaqlar'ın<br />
ancak 3 bin 100'ü kendi dilini konuşurken, bunların çoğunluğu<br />
40 yaşın üzerinde bulunuyor. Yaygın olarak Ġngilizce konuşan Inupiaqlar'ın dillerini çok iyi koruyamadıkları<br />
biliniyor. Eklemeli dil özelliği taşıdığı izlenimi veren Inupiaqça ve buna yakın <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
dilleri, en zor diller arasında sayılıyor.<br />
Ü.ÇINAR<br />
Türkçe göbek sözüyle ilgi kurulamaz, çünkü:<br />
1) Değerlendirmeye aldığınız fontsuz qubvik sözünün fontlu gerçek görüntüsü sesçe ilgi<br />
kurulamıyacak kadar farklıdır: quġvik<br />
2) Türk ve <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilleri gibi iki ayrı k sesini [k velar / q uvular+ ayırt eden dillerde k’yi k ile<br />
q’yı q ile birleştirebilirsiniz.<br />
Mehmet Kara'nın fontsuz gözlükle qubvik olarak görüp Türkçe göbek ‘navel’ sözüyle<br />
birleştirdiği İnyupikçe quġvik ‘idrar kabı, lâzımlık = chamber pot’ sözü, quq ‘sidik =urine’ sözünden<br />
köken alan quġi- ‘sidiklemek = to urinate’ fiilinin -vik ekli türevidir.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 241
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde idrar kabı (chamber pot) : Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi ᖁᕐᕕᒃ qurvik 'toilet'<br />
Labrador İnuitçesi Kupvik* 'chamber pot ; toilet bowl ; bed pan ; urine bottle' Grönland<br />
İnuitçesi qorfik 'chamber pot; urine tub'<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde göbek (navel, belly button, umbilicus) : İnyupikçe (North Slope)<br />
qalasiq İnyupikçe (Malimiutun) qalasriq İnyupikçe (Uummarmiutun) qalahiq İnyupikçe (Bering<br />
Strait) qalaziq İnyupikçe (Qawiaraq) qalachiq Batı Kanada İnuitçesi (Siglitun) qalasiq Batı Kanada<br />
İnuitçesi (Inuinnaqtun, Natsilik) qalahiq Doğu Kanada İnuitçesi (Kivalliq) qalahiq Doğu<br />
Kanada İnuitçesi (Aivilik, North & South Baffin, Nunavik) qalasiq Labrador İnuitçesi Kalasik*<br />
Grönland İnuitçesi (Batı) qalaseq Grönland İnuitçesi (Kuzey) qalahiq Nunivak Çupikçesi qallacir<br />
Yupikçe, Supikçe qallaciq Sibirya Yupikçesi qasaɫeq Sirenik Yupikçesi qaɫasex Aleutça qiihliqdax̂<br />
* Labrador İnuit alfabesi biraz ilginçtir: KAF (kalın k = q) için büyük K harfi, KEF (ince k) için ise<br />
küçük k harfi kullanılır.<br />
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/alavie/Nice/Inupiaq/combined%20dictionary.doc<br />
qu ġ i- to urinate (on her/him/it) § rel. quq<br />
quġġivIk penis; urethra | ‘-vIk 1 vn | also usuk<br />
quġliaq(-) sap, resin, saliva drooling out; (i) to drool, slobber; to ooze (of pitch or sap) | perhaps ~lI- 2 aq 4 vn § rel. ivsaq,<br />
utŋuq, utratchiaq<br />
quġluq- (i) to rush, cascade (of water) | ~luq- 5 vv<br />
quġluqtaq waterfall | ~luq- 3 vv +t/raq 4 vn<br />
quġluula- (i) to drip extensively | ~luq- 5 vv -ula- vv<br />
quġmaala- (i) to urinate in small amounts at frequent intervals | +mmaala- vv<br />
quġmi- (i) to drip extensively; to flow rapidly | perhaps ~mi- 3 vv<br />
quġmiattuq- (i) to urinate accidentally (in undergarment) | perhaps ~mi- 3 vv -aq- 1 vv tuq- vv<br />
quġriñiQ(-) urine stain, as in toilet or honey bucket; (i) to become stained with urine (e.g. of chamber pot, toilet, honey<br />
bucket) | perhaps -rI- 3 vv +niQ 1 vn<br />
quġvIk chamber pot | -vIk 1 vn<br />
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/esq/yupet&text_number=+910&root=config<br />
Proto-<strong>Eskimo</strong>: *quʁ(r)ǝ-, *quʁri<br />
Meaning: to urinate, urine stain<br />
Russian meaning: мочиться, пятно от мочи<br />
Proto-Yupik: *quʁ(r)ǝ-, *quʁri, *qúʁr-unt<br />
Meaning: to urinate 1, sediment of urine 2, urine 3, chamber pot 4<br />
Russian Meaning: мочиться 1, осадок мочи 2, моча 3, ночной горшок 4<br />
Sirenik: //qux-tǝqǝ- [Rub.] 1, quʁǝ́saẋ 4<br />
Chaplino: uẋáquq 1, quʁrí (t) 2, ẋukáʁak (t), //ẋ(ʷ)uta 4<br />
Naukan: quẋún 4<br />
Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: quẋǝ- 1, quẋǝq 3<br />
Central Alaskan Yupik: quẋǝ- 1, quẋun 4, quẋsūn 'penis'<br />
Nunivak (Peripheral): quẋ 3 [Lantis]<br />
Proto-Inupik: *qu(ʁ)ǝ-, *qųịʁ, *quʁri-, *qųʁ-vịɣ<br />
Meaning: to urinate 1, penis 2, urine 3, urine stain 4, chamber pot 5<br />
Russian meaning: мочиться 2, пенис 2, моча 3, пятно от мочи 4, ночной горшок 5<br />
Seward Peninsula Inupik: qui- 1, quq 3, quʁriq 4, quʁvik 5<br />
SPI Dialects: Imaq qúʁvik 5, W qoiq* 3<br />
North Alaskan Inupik: qu[ʁ]i- 1, quʁʁivik 2, quq 3, quʁrińɨq 4, quʁvik 5<br />
NAI Dialects: B qoiq* 3, qoʁvik* 5, Ingl qoi* 3<br />
Western Canadian Inupik: qui- 1, quiqivik 2, quq, [Ras.] qūq 3, quʁvik 5<br />
WCI Dialects: Cor, M qoiq* 3<br />
Eastern Canadian Inupik: qui- 1, quik 3<br />
ECI Dialects: NBI, SSB quʁvik 5<br />
Greenlandic Inupik: qui- (quivoq*) 1, qūq (qôq*) 3, quʁšiniq (ʁ), quššiniq (ʁ) 'yellow patch of urine on snow ot ice',<br />
quʁvik 5<br />
GRI Dialects: EG qūqqūq 2, quppik 5, quʁtuq 'bladder'<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 242
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Aleut adalarının Andreanof adaları (Niiĝuĝin tanangis /Andreanof Islands /<br />
Андреяновские острова) grubundan olan ve Niiĝuĝis boyundan Aleutların yaşadığı Adak adası<br />
(Adak Island; Aleutça Adaax; Rusça Адах) ve onun üzerindeki şehir (Adak city), Aleutça adax̂<br />
‘baba’ sözünden gelir.*<br />
Mehmet Kara’nın bu adı hangi Türkçe sözle birleştirdiğini bilemiyoruz. Farketmez, hangi<br />
sözle birleştirirse birleştirsin, yanlış olduğu kesindir!<br />
http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/marcus-baker/geographic-dictionary-of-alaska-eka/1-geographic-dictionary-ofalaska-eka.shtml<br />
Marcus Baker, Geographic dictionary of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 187, 446 p. 1901<br />
Adagdak; cape, the northernmost point of Adak island, Andreanof group, middle Aleutians. Aleut name from Tebenkof, 1849.<br />
Has also been written Adaciidach.<br />
Adak; island (5,(578 feet high), one of the principal islands of the Andreanof group, middle Aleutians. This is apparently the<br />
Ayagh or Kayaku island of Lazaref in 1761. Also written Ajaga or Kejachu. It is Adak and Adach of Billings, 1790, and often<br />
written Adakh. According to Dall, adak is the Aleut word for rral), while ddnk means fatlier.<br />
Adak; strait, bt'tween Adak and Kanaga islands, Andreanof group, middle Aleutians. Ajiparently so named l)y the British<br />
Admiralty on chart 2460.<br />
*The word Adak is from the Aleut word adaq, which means "father." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adak_Island)<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 243
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
GOROPISM<br />
ya da<br />
IRKÇILIĞIN DİLCE KUSUNTUSU<br />
Türkmen dili ve edebiyatı uzmanı Mehmet Kara'nın <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilini Türkçe<br />
çözümlemesi gibi, ethnomaniac Dr. Edo Nyland (1941-2009, professor emeritus of<br />
geo-physics at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada) da 2001 yılında Kanada’da yayımlanan<br />
Linguistic Archaeology : an introduction adlı kitabında Ainu dilinden<br />
İngilizceye bazı dilleri Baskça çözümlemeye çalışıyor. Bask ülkesi<br />
Euskadi'yi Dünyanın merkezinde sanan Nyland, Bask (Euskara) dilini de<br />
Yaradılışın (the Genesis) ana dili olarak görüyor. Kitabın bizi ilgilendiren<br />
The Relationship between Basque and the <strong>Eskimo</strong> (Inuit) Language adını<br />
taşıyan bölümü baştan sona ırkçılığın dilce kusuntusudur. 435. sayfada A<br />
Basque Pidgin in Eastern Canada başlığını taşıyan alt bölümünde For at least 500<br />
years, the Basques have been fishing the Grand Banks of New Foundland for cod, w hile their whalers<br />
were actively harpooning off Labrador iddiasını ortaya atan Nyland, <strong>Eskimo</strong>-Basque<br />
Vocabulary Comparison başlığı altında verdiği Batı Kanada İnuitçesine ait<br />
örnekleri, kitabın bütününde olduğu gibi, tamamen görünür benzerliğe (!)<br />
dayanarak Baskça çözümlemeye çalışıyor. Bask milliyetçiliğini tatmin<br />
etmekden öteye geçmeyen bu GOROPISM örneği olan çalışma E. F. Legner<br />
tarafından ufak tefek rötuşlarla bilimlik bilgi olarak sunuluyor [bir bilim yuvasında<br />
yayımlanıyor olması BİLİM ADINA UTANÇ VERİCİ] :<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 244
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
The Academic Lies from the University of California, Riverside<br />
GÜNEŞ-DİL TEORİSİNİN BASK VERSİYONU:<br />
http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/bronze/eskimo.htm<br />
[Note: All Basque words are in Italics and Bold-faced Green]<br />
BASQUE ASSOCIATED WITH ESKIMO *<br />
[Contacts]<br />
*Grammar, spelling, format adjustments and additional links have been applied to this section by Dr. E. F. Legner<br />
[Contacts]<br />
Messages may be received at:<br />
edonon@islandnet.com & discoverfl@live.com<br />
Further details for this review may be found at:<br />
Nyland, Edo. 2001. Linguistic Archaeology: An Introduction. Trafford Publ., Victoria, B.C., Canada.ISBN 1-55212-668-4. 541 p.<br />
Nyland, Edo. 2002. Odysseus and the Sea Peoples: A Bronze Age History of Scotland Trafford Publ., Victoria, B.C., Canada. 307 p.<br />
Introduction<br />
An ancient language form that originated in the North African area of our most ancient civilizations has been studied<br />
by Nyland (2001). He found that many words used to describe names of places and things in <strong>Eskimo</strong> languages seem to<br />
be closely related to the ancient language, which is being called Saharan. It appears that the Basque language is a close<br />
relative to the original Saharan. Following is a discussion of this relationship:<br />
It has been claimed that there are many names in use by the <strong>Eskimo</strong> people of Arctic Canada that appear to be related to<br />
Basque Nyland (2001). The land north of the tree line is called Ungava, which in Basque would be Ungaba, Unagaba. Many<br />
Basque names are assembled from several words by agglutinating the first letters of these words. Unagaba sounded like it came<br />
from unagarri (boring) gaba (night). Calling the long, dark, northern night, a "boring night" made very good sense, but the<br />
apparent relationship with Basque seemed to be accidental. The North American reindeer is called "caribou", spelled karibu in<br />
Basque; from kari-bu, kari (reason, purpose, destination) burdun (roasting spit): "Destination roasting spit" again made good<br />
sense. The indigenous people of the Arctic call themselves the Dene; dena in Basque means "all of us" and is the same word as in<br />
Denmark. Having been alerted to the possibility of an unsuspected and unlikely link between Europe and the eternally frozen land<br />
of the <strong>Eskimo</strong>s, Nyland looked for a possible path the <strong>Eskimo</strong> language could have taken. Both the names Alaska and Canada<br />
looked promising; Alaska, alas-ka, from alatz (miracles) -ka (suffix denoting continuous action, unending), "Miracles unending" is<br />
exactly the reason why so many tourist ships cruise along the Alaska coast. Canada, spelled Kanada in Basque, clearly is<br />
assembled with the vowel-interlocking formula: .ka-ana-ada, akabu (ultimate, extreme end) anaitu (to get together) ada (noise<br />
of...),<br />
"At the far end we'll have a noisy-get-together" i.e. "On the other side we'll have a party".<br />
In the far northern village of Old Crow lives a native woman who writes a regular newspaper column about life in the far<br />
north. She is no <strong>Eskimo</strong> but her people have been living side-by-side with them, possibly for millennia. Her name is Edith Josie;<br />
the Basque word josi means "to sew" and that was exactly what she was doing when Nyland first met her. She was embroidering a<br />
pair of beautiful mukluks for one of the caribou hunters while Nyland told her about the Canadian government's plans to build a<br />
forest-ranger station (conservation officer) in her village. Not all these Basque connections in the Arctic could be accidental. What<br />
was going on here?<br />
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BASQUE & ESKIMO LANGUAGES<br />
The following may sound implausible, but this is how Edo Nyland believes it could have happened. To answer the above<br />
question, it is necessary to dig deep into the origin of the "Basque" language. The story started during the Ice Age, which had<br />
peaked 16,000 bce. (see Climate) The melting of the massive glaciers covering the Alps had caused profound changes in aircirculation<br />
over North Africa. It is estimated that by 10,000 bce. the effect was starting to be felt by the people living in the central<br />
Sahara. By 8,000 bce. the increasingly dry conditions caused serious droughts there, and by 5,000 bce. the tribes living in the<br />
affected areas had to escape to the shores of Africa, the higher elevation areas and the major river valleys like the Senegal, Niger<br />
and Nile.<br />
Tribes that had traditionally lived along the ocean shores of the Sahara had long been involved in long distance ocean travel<br />
and had discovered many lands. They were also developing star navigation into a science. While bringing this into practice, they<br />
were well on their way to discover all the continents of the world, with the likely exception of Antarctica. By the time the refugees<br />
from the central Sahara reached the coast, the Sea Peoples living there were ready to ferry them to new homes on the north coast of<br />
the Mediterranean and to the fertile and beautiful lands around the Black Sea, especially the Danube and Dnepr River valleys and<br />
also the Caucasus region. The seafarers living along the coasts of Arabia and Mesopotamia had scouted out the entire south coast<br />
of Asia and discovered Indonesia, Formosa (Taiwan) and the Japanese islands.<br />
Around 6,000 bce., a Caucasian-like tribe which became the Ainu of Japan probably sailed, probably from the mouth of the<br />
Euphrates river, to settle on one or more of the beautiful and richly forested islands of Japan (see Sea Peoples). A risky migration<br />
required a strong commitment of support from the people back in Mesopotamia. There may have been a good reason for this<br />
particular group to migrate so far away. The Ainu had adhered to the extremely ancient religion of the bear worshippers, evidence<br />
of which has been found as far back as 200,000 bce. [This date certainly involved a precursor of Homo sapiens -- email].<br />
Changing times and religion in Mesopotamia may have caused them to leave civilization to seek a country where they could<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 245
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
practice their bear sacrifices without obstruction. Trade prospects may have had something to do with the support they received<br />
from the mercantile class back home. The Japanese islands, which were already sparsely populated, mu st have appealed to these<br />
intrepid pioneers. The newcomers, with their superior technical and linguistic skills taught their Saharan language, boat building,<br />
leather tanning, ocean navigation etc. to the native population with whom they appear to have been on generally good terms.<br />
The long ocean voyages necessary to stay in touch with the homeland, as well as their long discovery trips in the Pacific,<br />
required an active boat-building and sail-making industry. Wood was no problem in Japan, the country was full of it in all sizes<br />
and qualities. The problem was skins for sails. These people were still hunter-gatherers and wove no cloth, so leather was the best<br />
alternative. Back home in the Sahara, this problem had been solved by the Berbers who set up a large hunting camp in Arctic<br />
Norway near Mount Komsa in Finnmark around 8,000 bce. There they annually took large numbers of reindeer out of the herds<br />
migrating through the area and sent the skins to the oak forests of southern Sweden and Conamara in Ireland for tanning with oak<br />
bark. This example was followed by the Ainu whose scouts had discovered the astonishing wildlife riches of Alaska, especially the<br />
many herds of caribou migrating through Alaska and the Yukon. Their numbers were in the hundreds of thousands. Camps were<br />
established in the arctic tundra of Alaska and the hunt began. The skins were either tanned locally with the brain of the killed<br />
animals, or taken back to Japan and possibly Korea for bark tanning. Thus equipped they explored everywhere and it is likely that<br />
the west coast of North America was discovered by Caucasian type people long before the east coast was. It is well possible that<br />
the west coast of America was reached by 8,000 bce. [see Climate for conditions at the time]<br />
RELIGION OF THE EARLY ESKIMOS<br />
The hunters, who later became the <strong>Eskimo</strong>s, do not appear to have established a religious center similar to Mount Komsa in<br />
the Norwegian Arctic. The people involved in this hard work were mostly the native population of the Aleutian Islands, who did<br />
not share exactly the same religious traditions with the Ainu. However, both the Ainu and the <strong>Eskimo</strong>s practiced the ancient<br />
religion of the Goddess, who represented the life-generating and nurturing powers of the earth. In other words, the Goddess was<br />
nature as created and sustained by the living earth. To the Ainu black was the color of life, the rich black soil that sustained all<br />
living things and in itself was alive. Black was also the holy darkness of the sacred cave, regarded as the womb of the Goddess, the<br />
central point of their worship. However, the eternally frozen earth of the Arctic and the absence of caves was not representative of<br />
the Goddess and thus required an adaptation in belief. In the Arctic it was not the land, but the ocean which was vibrantly alive and<br />
which provided all the riches necessary to sustain life in the far north. To this day some <strong>Eskimo</strong> elders teach that the Goddess<br />
"Sedna" lives at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean. The Goddess controls the seals, the Beluga whales, the arctic char swimming up<br />
the rivers to spawn, the drifting ice floes and the winter storms. In Alaska, this Goddess is known as Nulirahak and in the Central<br />
Canadian Arctic as Nuliaguk. The <strong>Eskimo</strong> did not worship her exactly as the Ainu did, but they had great respect for her, trying to<br />
secure her cooperation and goodwill by persuasion and sometimes by threats.<br />
There is little doubt that some Ainu individuals were among the hunters and that Ainu blood became mixed in during the<br />
long and dreary Arctic nights. Although living conditions were difficult, once the housing and travel problems had been solved the<br />
population thrived because there was abundant food in the ocean. The skin boat technology developed by the Sea Peoples of North<br />
Africa was adapted to arctic conditions by the <strong>Eskimo</strong>s and has been maintained up to now, both for the one-man kayak and for<br />
the large family boat, the umiak. As the population grew, the people became more confident of their ability to cope with the<br />
extremely uncooperative climate and the annually repeated extended periods of darkness. Then the population spread ever farther<br />
eastward until they had populated the entire arctic coast of North America from the Bering Strait to Labrador and Greenland,<br />
where they met seafarers speaking Basque. To the surprise of the Basques they found they could communicate with the <strong>Eskimo</strong>s to<br />
some extent. The language had traveled clear around the earth, carried by population migration. No people on earth ever had to do<br />
more creative adapting to their environment than the <strong>Eskimo</strong>s.<br />
It must be clear by now that the language at the root of the <strong>Eskimo</strong> language cannot be Basque because these seafarers were<br />
never active in the northern Pacific. Instead, the relationship lies with the Saharan language from which Ainu, Basque, <strong>Eskimo</strong> and<br />
a host of other languages derive. The name Inuit, which many <strong>Eskimo</strong>s prefer for themselves, may come from inu-it, inular<br />
(sunset, low-angle sun) itsu (blind), sun-reflection blindness, or "snow-blind". Their reputation of staunch independence and high<br />
self-esteem may have given the <strong>Eskimo</strong>s their name "ezki-mo", from ezkibel (easily offended) molde (manner, behaviour), "They<br />
are easily offended" a name likely given to them by the Basques in Labrador.<br />
BASQUE WORDS IN EASTERN CANADA<br />
For at least 500 years, the Basques have been fishing the Grand Banks of Newfoundland for cod, while their whalers were<br />
actively harpooning off Labrador. Many early visitors had commented over the years that the indigenous people living south of the<br />
St Lawrence estuary and the <strong>Eskimo</strong>s living to the north used a Basque pidgin language to communicate with the visitors. The<br />
pidgin's existence was explained by the many years of contact with Basque fishermen and whalers. This could have been the case<br />
with the indigenous people. However, the <strong>Eskimo</strong>s, generally, kept their distance and avoided unnecessary contact. Yet, they could<br />
also talk with the Basques.<br />
A linguist from the University of Amsterdam, Peter Bakker, documented historical and linguistic evidence of the Basque<br />
elements he found in the pidgin and published this in the fall 1989 issue of "Anthropological Linguistics". His article was entitled<br />
"The Language of the Coast Tribes is Half Basque", which was an exaggeration because he gave only a handful of examples. Edo<br />
Nyland suggested to him that he could have found many more Basque-related words in the <strong>Eskimo</strong> language spoken all the way to<br />
Alaska, thousands of miles to the west, but he wouldn't hear of it. This left Nyland no choice but to document the existence of<br />
Basque throughout the range of the <strong>Eskimo</strong> language and to provide an explanation for this startling phenomenon.<br />
To show that Basque vocabulary can also be recognized in the high Western Arctic, where no other races ever came, Nyland<br />
examined two dictionaries for Basque-related words. He could not have found a more isolated and unaffected part in the north:<br />
1) The "Kangiryuarmiut" dialect, spoken in Holman on Victoria Island; published 1983.<br />
2) The "Siglit Inuvialuit" dialect spoken in Aklavik, Paulatuk and in Sachs Harbor on Banks Island; published in 1984.<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 246
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Both dictionaries were written by Ronald Lowe of Laval University and were published by the Committee for Original<br />
Peoples Entitlement.<br />
LANGUAGE OF THE ESKIMOS<br />
Linguists have been at a loss to explain the development of the language. The <strong>Eskimo</strong> people have a rather small population,<br />
totaling about 100,000 in 2004. These are scattered over an enormous area from Eastern Siberia to Greenland. The number and<br />
diversity of <strong>Eskimo</strong> dialects and sub-dialects surely points to centuries, if not millennia, of groups living in isolation. Even dialects<br />
spoken in relatively close proximity, such as the two named above, show extreme differences. Ronald Lowe writes about one of<br />
them: "Siglitun seems to belong to no recognized family of <strong>Eskimo</strong> dialects and its loss would mean the permanent loss to the<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> language of those characteristics that are uniquely Sigliq". The speakers often have difficulty communicating with nearby<br />
tribes. Therefore, it is surprising that some <strong>Eskimo</strong> words like amaruq (wolf) have survived almost unaltered through the millennia;<br />
in Basque the word amarruki means "cunningly". Another obvious one is aqittuq (weak), in Basque akitu(tired); also ipun (ear)<br />
and ipuin (story).<br />
There is a clear difference in pronunciation between k and q; the q is a uvular stop sound, pronounced like a k but much<br />
farther back in the throat. The r sounds like the French uvular r. The g is pronounced halfway between h and g. The l is more like<br />
the French l.<br />
COMPARISON OF BASQUE & ESKIMO VOCULABARIES<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> English Basque English<br />
aliak to please alaia pleasing<br />
amaamak mother ama mother<br />
amaruq wolf amarruki cunningly<br />
aming skin for kayak mintz skin<br />
angi tall andi tall<br />
angiak spirit of a murdered child angaila stretcher<br />
angun man ango native person<br />
ania brother anaia brother<br />
aninga her brother anaia brother<br />
ano dog harness ano dog feed<br />
apumang gunwhale apurkor fragile<br />
aqittuq tender, weak akitu tired<br />
aqu stern of the boat akulu to push, to prod<br />
ataatak grandfather, father aita father<br />
atiq name, namesake atikidura family tie<br />
arautaq snow beater arrau-taka oar-to hit, hit with the oar<br />
aulajursiutuk anemic aulaldi period of weakness<br />
Inuit <strong>Eskimo</strong> inu-itsu snowblind<br />
ikumajaq lamp ikusi to see<br />
iloga my friend ilagun friend<br />
ipiutaq chain to tie a boat down ipini to put on, to tie<br />
ipun ear ipuin story<br />
isumairutivuq mad isurikatu to spill blood<br />
isurtuq water isuri to flow<br />
ituk milk itukin outflow<br />
kallupilluk monster kalte to hurt, to harm<br />
kangaq ankle anka foot<br />
kayak kayak ekai-akitu work-tiring<br />
kukiktuq to steal kukuka to conceal<br />
makitauti support makila stick, cane<br />
mamitsiarittuq properly healed mamitu to coagulate<br />
pallu handle palu stick<br />
piliutiva play a game pilota handball<br />
po to blow poker to belch, to burp<br />
tainiq to name bataiatu to baptize<br />
tamaryangayuk retarded, stupid tamalez unfortunately<br />
ublik water coming to the surface ubil whirlpool<br />
uluriahuktuq feel a pain uluka wailing<br />
umiak family boat umeak children<br />
unaguiqhituq to rest unatu to get tired<br />
uqaqtigiya talked with him ukakor pessimistic talk<br />
AINU / ESKIMO ASSOCIATION IS AMBIGUOUS<br />
During the thousands of years that the <strong>Eskimo</strong> have lived in the Arctic, they have created a very special society in a most hostile environment. Their civilization and<br />
art are so unique that nothing on earth compares with it. Therefore, it is not surprising that it is a more time-consuming process to find Basque-related words in the <strong>Eskimo</strong><br />
language than in the Ainu language. As the Sahara language was introduced to the people who later became <strong>Eskimo</strong>s, the Ainu people, of northern Japan, must have<br />
brought those words that still resemble Basque to them at a very early time. Trying to show this relationship has been a rather time-consuming task. To finish the above<br />
comparison would be a good project for a linguistics student.<br />
E. F. Legner [< Edo Nyland] ’in diğer kafa karıştırıcı akademik yalanları ya da filolojik utanç tablosu [= goropism]:<br />
BASQUE PLACE NAMES IN AMERICA, AFRICA & THE PACIFIC<br />
http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/nyland/placenam0.htm<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 247
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
görünüm aldatıcıdır<br />
TRUE COGNATE FALSE COGNATE<br />
pear<br />
Turkish<br />
AYAK<br />
‗foot‘<br />
apple<br />
Chuvash<br />
URA<br />
pear<br />
Yakut<br />
ATAX<br />
‗foot‘<br />
avokado<br />
Alutiiq<br />
ITAQ<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 248
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
f a l s e c o g n a t e<br />
mazruf bilinmeden zarfa değer biçilmez<br />
Türkçe kemir- 'nibble, gnaw' ile Nunivak Çupikçesi kemgir- 'to remove flesh from bones' arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe kemik 'bone' ile Yupikçe kemek Nunivak Çupikçesi kemeg 'meat' arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe köpük ‘foam’ ile <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca qapuk ‘foam’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe çük ya da sik ‘penis’ ile <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca usuk (usruk, uzuk, uchuk, ustuk, uhuk) ‘penis’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe ad (< a:t) ‘name’ ile <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca atiq (ateq) ‘name’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe atkı ‘scarf’ ile Yupikçe/Supikçe atkuk ‘coat, parka’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe tepe ‘hill’ ile <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca tupiq ‘tent’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Orta Türkçe uragut ‘woman’ ile <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca arnat ‘women’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe tanrı (< teŋri) ‘god’ ile Yupikçe tuunraq [İnuitçe tuurngaq] ‘shaman's helping spirit’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe yelek ‘feather of arrow’ ile Supikçe culuk ‘feather’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe sarı ‘yellow’ ile Supikçe arriq ‘yellow’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe kaş [qaş] ‘eyebrow’ ile Kanada İnuitçesi qallu ‘eyebrow’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz *General Turkic: ş = Chuvash Turkic l]<br />
Türkçe ap[p]ak 'pure white; all white' ile Labrador İnuitçesi uppik 'white owl' arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe ağıl ‘sheep/lamb fold’ ile Labrador İnuitçesi aglo ‘seal hole in the ice’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Arapça daria [derya] ‘sea’ ile Kanada İnuitçesi tariuq ‘sea’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
İngilizce eye ‘göz’ ile Kanada İnuitçesi iyi ‘göz’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
KIZILDERİLİ (Na-Dene)<br />
Türkçe konak ‗mansion, magnificent house‘ ile Ahtna konax (Middle) hnax (Cenral, Lower) ‗house‘ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe gece ‗night‘ ile Ahtna tedze ‗last night‘ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe taş ‗stone‘ ile Ahtna ts’es ‘rock’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe taş ‗stone‘ ile Dena’ina t’ash ‘charcoal’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe gök ‗sky‘ ile Dena’ina yuq’ ‘sky’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe gen ‗broad‘ ile Dena’ina ken 'flat or flatland' arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe sen 'you, 2Sg' ile Dena’ina nen 'you, 2Sg' arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe bıçak ‘knife’ ile Chipewyan beschogh [South Slavey bistcho] ‘big knife’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe çük ya da sik ‘penis’ ile Tanacross tsóg’ ‘penis’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe kan ‘blood’ ile Tlingit x̲ 'aan ‘fire ; red’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe davar (< tavar) ‘sheep and goat’ ile Tlingit tawê ‘wild sheep’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Turkic Telengit 'a Turkic people' ile Na-Dene Tlingit (Łingít) ‘a Na-Dene people’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe he ‘yes’ ile DegXinag e ‘yes’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe ile [-yle /-yla] ‘with’ ile DegXinag yił Upper Kuskokwim ʔił Tanacross éł ‘with’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe dil (< til) ‘tongue’ ile DegXinag tthel ‘tongue’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe kök ‘root’ ile DegXinag xuyh ‘roots’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe köy ‘village’ ile Tanacross keey DegXinag qay ‘village’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe çığa ‘ornamental tail feather ’ ile Tanacross chuyh ‘down feather ’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe çok ‘very ’ ile Tanacross chox ‘big ’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe teke ‘billy goat ’ ile Tanacross deek'el ‘bull caribou’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe tabak ‘dish ’ ile Tanacross tth'áak ‘dish ’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Arapça cenin ‘fetus ’ ile Tanacross ts'enîin ‘child ’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe don ‘frost’ ile Athapaskan ten (tìn) ‘ice’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe su ‘water’ ile Athapaskan tu (tuu, chu, chuu) ‘water’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
KIZILDERİLİ (diğer)<br />
Türkçe kavak ‘poplar’ ile Gitxsan haawak’ ‘birch’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
Türkçe hanım ‘wife; miss; lady’ ile Sm'álgyax hana’a ‘woman’ arasında ilgi kurulamaz<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 249
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
Mehmet Kara, bilmediği toprakların bilmediği kültürün bilmediği<br />
dilini ele alıyor. Bu, kariyer sarsabilecek bir risktir.<br />
Mehmet Kara, görüntü'ye "mutlak gerçek" olarak yaklaşıyor;<br />
"hayal" olabileceğini göz ardı ediyor.<br />
Mehmet Kara, aynı sepete giren kökteş verilerden kurgusuna<br />
tıpatıp uyanları seçiyor; uymayanları kasıtlı olarak es geçiyor.<br />
Alaskayı sömürge yapıp 126 yıl (Russian Period: 1741-1867) yöneten<br />
ve sonra da Amerikalılara satan Ruslardan ve onların<br />
Alaska kültürüne olan etkisinden hiç bahsetmemesi anlaşılır<br />
değil. Bu tarihi gerçek dururken tamamen hayal ürünü birtakım magazinvari senaryolar peşinde<br />
koşup bulduğu izlerle <strong>Eskimo</strong> dilini kırk dile yamayan Mehmet Kara’nın <strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong><br />
adlı iki bölümlük yazısının Türkolojiye yaptığı tek katkı, benim onun yazısını eleştirdiğim bu yazımdır.<br />
özetle:<br />
<strong>Türkçenin</strong>izlerinisürdüğübir<strong>Eskimo</strong>dilindebulduğuizlerinhiçbiri<br />
<strong>Türkçenin</strong>izideğildir!<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Sayfa 250
Öküzün Altında Aranan Buzağı: “<strong>Bir</strong> <strong>Eskimo</strong> <strong>Dilinde</strong> <strong>Türkçenin</strong> <strong>İzleri</strong>”<br />
göremezse göz söyleyemez söz<br />
yugpacuaq ~ yucuarpak<br />
Verdiği örneklerin çoğunun -k ya da -q ile bitmesi Kara'yı kiç kuşkulandırmıyor. Bu nedir<br />
diye insan bakar araştırır ya!<br />
Türkçede -k/q'li eklerin türevi çoktur ve yaygın olarak kullanılır.<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> dillerinde de -q (the nominalizer suffix -q) ve -k (the dualizer suffix -k) bitimli sözler vardır ve<br />
bunlar o dillerin sözlüğünde büyük ölçüde çoğunluğu oluşturur.<br />
Bu çokluk ve çoğunluk içerisinde Türkçe ile <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca arasında görünürde örtüşen örneklerin<br />
bulunma olasılığı diğer dillere göre daha yüksektir.<br />
Bu yüksek benzeşme akrabalık ya da alıntı göstergesi olarak sunulamaz; çünkü:<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong>-Aleut dillerinde sözün yalın tekil durumdaki halini belirten ek (absolutive marker:<br />
<strong>Eskimo</strong> -q Aleut -x̂ ) ÇEKİM EKİ’dir. Türkçedeki örneklerde ise YAPIM EKİ’dir. İkisi arasındaki üç harflik<br />
[çek/yap+ fark, gerçekte dağlar kadardır. <strong>Eskimo</strong> sözlüklerinde isimlerin nominatif durum ekiyle<br />
geçmesini Türkçe sözlükte fiillerin al-, gör-, kaç-, yaz- biçiminde çekim kökleriyle değil de almak,<br />
görmek, kaçmak, yazmak biçiminde mastar olarak yer alması gibi de düşünebiliriz. Buradaki -<br />
mek/mak mastar ekini iki dil arasındaki fiil bağlantısını göstermede kullanmayız. Aynı şekilde <strong>Eskimo</strong>ca<br />
-q/-k nominatif durum eklerini, -mek/mak mastar ekleri gibi görmezden gelip es geçmeliyiz.<br />
Bunu, bilmiyor musunuz? O zaman, niye hoca oldunuz Hocam!<br />
Sizden kalem döküntüsü değil kalem süzüntüsü bekliyoruz; haklı olarak.<br />
SON SÖZ :<br />
Ayıklayamıyorsan pirincin taşını, yaptığım yemek bu deyip koyma aşını!<br />
H t t p : / / w w w . k m o k s y . c o m<br />
Ümüt ÇINAR<br />
Keçiören / Ankara<br />
2010<br />
Sayfa 251
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