detailed table of contents (pdf) - Thieme Chemistry

Volume 8:
Compounds of Group 1 (Li…Cs)
Volume 8a
8.1 Lithium Compounds
Keyword Index
Author Index
Abbreviations
Volume 8b
8.2 Sodium Compounds
8.3 Potassium Compounds
8.4 Rubidium and Cesium Compounds
Keyword Index
Author Index
Abbreviations
IX

Volume 8a:
Compounds of Group 1 (Li…Cs)
Preface .................................................................. V
Table of Contents ........................................................ XV
Introduction
M. Majewski and V. Snieckus .............................................. 1
8.1 Product Class 1: Lithium Compounds
M. Majewski and V. Snieckus .............................................. 5
8.1.1 Product Subclass 1: Lithium Metal
R. K. Dieter ............................................................... 43
8.1.2 Product Subclass 2: Lithium Hydride
U. Wietelmann ........................................................... 133
8.1.3 Product Subclass 3: Lithium Halides, Lithium Cyanide,
and Related Salts
U. Wietelmann ........................................................... 139
8.1.4 Product Subclass 4: Lithium–Oxygen Compounds
U. Wietelmann ........................................................... 165
8.1.5 Product Subclass 5: Lithium–Sulfur, –Selenium,
and –Tellurium Compounds
U. Wietelmann ........................................................... 171
8.1.6 Product Subclass 6: Lithium Amides
J. Eames .................................................................. 173
8.1.7 Product Subclass 7: Alkyllithium and Cycloalkyllithium Compounds
L. Brandsma and J. W. Zwikker ............................................. 243
8.1.8 Product Subclass 8: Alkenyllithium Compounds
L. Brandsma and J. W. Zwikker ............................................. 253
8.1.9 Product Subclass 9: Allenyllithium Compounds
L. Brandsma and J. W. Zwikker ............................................. 271
8.1.10 Product Subclass 10: Lithium Acetylides
L. Brandsma and J. W. Zwikker ............................................. 285
XI

XII Overview
8.1.11 Product Subclass 11: Lithium Alkynolates, Alkynethiolates,
and Alkyneselenolates
L. Brandsma and J. W. Zwikker ............................................. 305
8.1.12 Product Subclass 12: Allyllithium Compounds
L. Brandsma and J. W. Zwikker ............................................. 313
8.1.13 Product Subclass 13: Benzyllithium Compounds and
(Lithiomethyl)hetarenes
J. N. Reed ................................................................ 329
8.1.14 Product Subclass 14: Aryllithium and Hetaryllithium Compounds
G. W. Gribble ............................................................. 357
8.1.15 Product Subclass 15: Æ-Lithiocarboxylic Acids and
Related Lithium Compounds (Including Enolates)
J. R. Green ................................................................ 427
8.1.16 Product Subclass 16: â-Lithiocarboxylic Acids and
Related Lithium Compounds
D. Caine ................................................................. 487
8.1.17 Product Subclass 17: Æ-Lithio Aldehydes, Æ-Lithio Ketones,
and Related Compounds
D. Caine ................................................................. 499
8.1.18 Product Subclass 18: â-Lithio Aldehydes, â-Lithio Ketones,
and Related Compounds
D. Caine ................................................................. 619
8.1.19 Product Subclass 19: sp 3 -Hybridized Æ-Lithio Ethers and O-Carbamates
S. MacNeil ............................................................... 637
8.1.20 Product Subclass 20: Æ-Lithio Sulfoxides
T. Durst and M. Khodaei ................................................... 661
8.1.21 Product Subclass 21: Æ-Lithioamines
R. E. Gawley, S. O Connor, and R. Klein ..................................... 677
8.1.22 Product Subclass 22: Lithium Nitronates
N. Ono ................................................................... 759
8.1.23 Product Subclass 23: ª-Lithio Ethers and Related Compounds
D. Caine ................................................................. 775
8.1.24 Product Subclass 24: Carbamoyllithium and Trihalomethyllithium
Compounds
C. Metallinos ............................................................. 795

Overview XIII
8.1.25 Product Subclass 25: Tris(organosulfanyl)- and
Tris(organoselanyl)methyllithium Compounds
C. Nµjera and M. Yus .................................................... 805
8.1.26 Product Subclass 26: Bis(organosulfanyl)- and
Bis(organoselanyl)methyllithium Compounds
C. Nµjera and M. Yus .................................................... 813
8.1.27 Product Subclass 27: Æ-Lithio Vinyl Ethers
R. W. Friesen and C. F. Sturino ........................................... 841
Keyword Index ...................................................... i
Author Index .......................................................... xxxiii
Abbreviations ......................................................... lxxxv

Table of Contents
Introduction
M. Majewski and V. Snieckus
Introduction ............................................................. 1
8.1 Product Class 1: Lithium Compounds
M. Majewski and V. Snieckus
8.1 Product Class 1: Lithium Compounds .................................... 5
8.1.1 Product Subclass 1: Lithium Metal
R. K. Dieter
8.1.1 Product Subclass 1: Lithium Metal ....................................... 43
Applications of Product Subclass 1 in Organic Synthesis .................... 44
8.1.1.1 Method 1: Synthesis of C-Li or Si-Li Groups and Their Reactions with
Carbon Electrophiles ...................................... 44
8.1.1.1.1 Variation 1: Reductive Halogen–Metal Exchange ....................... 44
8.1.1.1.2 Variation 2: Reductive Metalation of Carbon-Chalcogen and C-N Bonds 55
8.1.1.1.3 Variation 3: Reductive Metalation of Aryl C-H, Diarylmethylene C-H,
Terminal Alkyne C-H, Vinyl C-H, C=C, and Strained C-C
Bonds .................................................... 65
8.1.1.2 Method 2: Synthesis of the C-Li Bond Followed by Protonation,
Coupling, or Elimination ................................... 67
8.1.1.2.1 Variation 1: From Carbon-Heteroatom and Selected C-C Bonds ........ 67
8.1.1.2.2 Variation 2: Birch Reductions .......................................... 83
8.1.1.2.3 Variation 3: Heteroaromatic Birch Reductions .......................... 96
8.1.1.2.4 Variation 4: Styrenes, 1,3-Dienes, and Alkynes .......................... 101
8.1.1.3 Method 3: Synthesis of X-Li Bonds (X = O, N, S, P) .................... 107
8.1.1.3.1 Variation 1: Reductive Metalation of Alcohols, Amines, Thiols, Phosphines,
and X-X Bonds ........................................... 107
8.1.1.3.2 Variation 2: Reduction of C=O and C=N Bonds ......................... 109
8.1.1.3.3 Variation 3: Reduction of ð-, Strained C-C, or C-X Bonds Æ
to a Carbonyl Group ....................................... 113
XV

XVI Table of Contents
8.1.2 Product Subclass 2: Lithium Hydride
U. Wietelmann
8.1.2 Product Subclass 2: Lithium Hydride ..................................... 133
Applications of Product Subclass 2 in Organic Synthesis .................... 133
8.1.2.1 Method 1: Reactions as a Base ....................................... 133
8.1.2.2 Method 2: Superactive Lithium Hydride ............................... 134
8.1.2.3 Method 3: Other Lithium Hydride Activation Methods ................. 135
8.1.3 Product Subclass 3: Lithium Halides, Lithium Cyanide, and Related Salts
U. Wietelmann
8.1.3 Product Subclass 3: Lithium Halides, Lithium Cyanide, and Related Salts 139
Applications of Product Subclass 3 in Organic Synthesis .................... 139
8.1.3.1 Method 1: Organic Salt Solutions as Reaction Media ................... 139
8.1.3.2 Method 2: Effects on Main Group Organometallic Chemistry ........... 140
8.1.3.2.1 Variation 1: Salt Effects in Enolate and Similar Chemistry ................ 141
8.1.3.2.2 Variation 2: Protonation of Enolates ................................... 144
8.1.3.2.3 Variation 3: Lithium Salt Effects in Grignard Chemistry .................. 145
8.1.3.3 Method 3: Effects on Transition-Metal Chemistry ...................... 146
8.1.3.3.1 Variation 1: Palladium-Catalyzed Reactions ............................. 147
8.1.3.3.2 Variation 2: Organocopper Reactions .................................. 148
8.1.3.3.3 Variation 3: Reactions of Other Transition Metals ....................... 149
8.1.3.4 Method 4: Addition Reactions ........................................ 149
8.1.3.4.1 Variation 1: Cycloaddition Reactions ................................... 149
8.1.3.4.2 Variation 2: Addition to Carbonyl Compounds .......................... 151
8.1.3.4.3 Variation 3: Miscellaneous Additions ................................... 153
8.1.3.5 Method 5: Single-Bond Cleavage Reactions ........................... 153
8.1.3.6 Method 6: Condensation Reactions ................................... 156
8.1.3.7 Method 7: Elimination Reactions ..................................... 158
8.1.3.8 Method 8: Hydride Reductions ....................................... 158
8.1.3.9 Method 9: Lithium Salts as Sources for Halogens or Cyanide ........... 159
8.1.4 Product Subclass 4: Lithium–Oxygen Compounds
U. Wietelmann
8.1.4 Product Subclass 4: Lithium–Oxygen Compounds ....................... 165
Applications of Product Subclass 4 in Organic Synthesis .................... 165
8.1.4.1 Method 1: Reactions Using Lithium Hydroxide ........................ 165
8.1.4.2 Method 2: Reactions Using Lithium Carbonate ........................ 166
8.1.4.3 Method 3: Use of Lithium Hydroperoxide and Related Reagents ........ 166
8.1.4.4 Method 4: Reactions Using Lithium Acetate ........................... 167
8.1.4.5 Method 5: Reactions Using Lithium Alkoxides ......................... 168
8.1.4.5.1 Variation 1: Elimination and Condensation Reactions ................... 168
8.1.4.5.2 Variation 2: Oxidation Reactions with Copper(II) Bromide–Lithium
tert-Butoxide .............................................. 169

Table of Contents XVII
8.1.5 Product Subclass 5: Lithium–Sulfur, –Selenium,
and –Tellurium Compounds
U. Wietelmann
8.1.5 Product Subclass 5: Lithium–Sulfur, –Selenium,
and –Tellurium Compounds ............................................. 171
Applications of Product Subclass 5 in Organic Synthesis .................... 171
8.1.6 Product Subclass 6: Lithium Amides
J. Eames
8.1.6 Product Subclass 6: Lithium Amides ..................................... 173
Synthesis of Product Subclass 6 ........................................... 174
8.1.6.1 Method 1: Lithium Amide ............................................ 174
8.1.6.2 Method 2: Lithium Ethylamide ....................................... 175
8.1.6.3 Method 3: Lithium Pyrrolidide ........................................ 175
8.1.6.4 Method 4: Lithium Diethylamide ..................................... 177
8.1.6.5 Method 5: Lithium Dicyclohexylamide ................................ 178
8.1.6.6 Method 6: Lithium Diisopropylamide ................................. 179
8.1.6.6.1 Variation 1: By Deprotonation of Diisopropylamine by Butyllithium ...... 180
8.1.6.6.2 Variation 2: By Reaction of Diisopropylamine with Lithium .............. 180
8.1.6.7 Method 7: Lithium 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidide ..................... 181
8.1.6.8 Method 8: Lithium Isopropylcyclohexylamide ......................... 182
8.1.6.9 Method 9: Lithium 3-Aminopropylamide .............................. 183
8.1.6.10 Method 10: Lithium Hexamethyldisilazanide ........................... 184
8.1.6.11 Method 11: Lithium Benzyl(trimethylsilyl)amide ........................ 184
8.1.6.12 Method 12: Tetradentate Chiral Lithium Amides ........................ 185
8.1.6.13 Method 13: Lithium (R)-(1-Phenylethyl)(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amide ...... 187
8.1.6.14 Method 14: Lithium (3S)-3-(1-Piperidylmethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-ide
.......................................... 188
8.1.6.15 Method 15: Lithium (S)-Benzyl(1-phenylethyl)amide .................... 190
8.1.6.16 Method 16: The Dilithium Salt of 1-(Methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-2-ol 190
8.1.6.17 Method 17: Lithium Methyl[(1R,2S)-1-phenyl-2-pyrrolidin-
1-ylpropyl]amide .......................................... 191
8.1.6.18 Method 18: Lithium (1S,2S)-1,2-Diphenyl-N,N¢-bis[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]ethane-1,2-diamide
....................................... 193
8.1.6.19 Method 19: Lithium Bis[(S)-1-phenylethyl]amide ....................... 194
8.1.6.20 Method 20: Lithium (S)-2-(Pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyrrolidide ............. 194
8.1.6.21 Method 21: Lithium (2S,3aS,7aS)-2-(Pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)octahydro-
1H-indol-1-ide ............................................ 194
8.1.6.22 Method 22: Lithium (1R,2R)-N,N¢-Bis(2-methoxyethyl)cyclohexane-
1,2-diamide ............................................... 197
8.1.6.23 Method 23: The Lithium Salt of (1S,3R,4R)-3-(Pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)-
2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane ................................ 198
8.1.6.24 Method 24: Lithium (S)-Benzyl[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-
1-phenylethyl]amide ...................................... 201

XVIII Table of Contents
8.1.6.25 Method 25: Lithium (S)-(Diphenylmethyl)(1-benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)amide 203
Applications of Product Subclass 6 in Organic Synthesis .................... 204
8.1.6.26 Method 26: Deprotonation of Carbonyl Compounds To Give
Lithium Enolates .......................................... 204
8.1.6.27 Method 27: Enantioselective Deprotonation of Ketones by
Chiral Lithium Amides ..................................... 208
8.1.6.28 Method 28: Deprotonation of Ketones by Lithium Hexamethyldisilazanide
in the Synthesis of Diazo Ketones .......................... 214
8.1.6.29 Method 29: Deprotonation of Terminal Alkynes by Lithium Amide ....... 215
8.1.6.30 Method 30: Deprotonation of an Epoxide by Lithium Diethylamide ...... 216
8.1.6.31 Method 31: Desymmetrization of meso-Epoxides by Deprotonation by
Lithium Amides ........................................... 217
8.1.6.32 Method 32: Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Epoxides by Deprotonation by
Lithium Amides ........................................... 221
8.1.6.33 Method 33: Isomerization of an Epoxide to an Allylic Alcohol by
Deprotonation by Lithium Diethylamide .................... 221
8.1.6.34 Method 34: Deprotonation of a Nitrile by Lithium Diisopropylamide ..... 222
8.1.6.35 Method 35: Carbene Formation by Deprotonation Reactions of
Lithium Amides ........................................... 223
8.1.6.36 Method 36: Desymmetrization of an Amide by Deprotonation Using
Lithium Amides ........................................... 224
8.1.6.37 Method 37: Desymmetrization of a meso-Phospholane Oxide by
Deprotonation by a Lithium Amide ......................... 225
8.1.6.38 Method 38: Nucleophilic Addition Involving Lithium Amides ............ 227
8.1.6.38.1 Variation 1: Nucleophilic Addition Involving Lithium Diisopropylamide ... 227
8.1.6.38.2 Variation 2: Diastereoselective Conjugate Addition with
Lithium Benzyl(1-phenylethyl)amide ....................... 228
8.1.6.39 Method 39: Hydride Transfer Involving Lithium Amides ................. 230
8.1.6.39.1 Variation 1: Hydride Transfer by Lithium Diisopropylamide .............. 230
8.1.6.39.2 Variation 2: Hydride Transfer by Lithium (S)-Benzyl[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-phenylethyl]amide
....................... 231
8.1.6.40 Method 40: Additional Applications of Chiral Lithium Amides ........... 231
8.1.6.40.1 Variation 1: Enantioselective Addition of Butyllithium Mediated by
a Chiral Lithium Amide .................................... 231
8.1.6.40.2 Variation 2: Enantioselective Protonation of a Prostereogenic Enolate ... 232
8.1.7 Product Subclass 7: Alkyllithium and Cycloalkyllithium Compounds
L. Brandsma and J. W. Zwikker
8.1.7 Product Subclass 7: Alkyllithium and Cycloalkyllithium Compounds ..... 243
Synthesis of Product Subclass 7 ........................................... 244
8.1.7.1 Method 1: Reaction of Halogenides with Lithium ...................... 244
8.1.7.2 Method 2: Halogen–Lithium Exchange ................................ 246
8.1.7.3 Method 3: Deprotonation ............................................ 246
8.1.7.4 Methods 4: Additional Methods ....................................... 247

Table of Contents XIX
Applications of Product Subclass 7 in Organic Synthesis .................... 247
8.1.7.5 Method 5: Replacement of Lithium by Other Metals ................... 247
8.1.7.6 Method 6: Addition of Alkyllithium to Unsaturated Carbon Compounds
(Carbolithiation) .......................................... 248
8.1.7.6.1 Variation 1: Cyclization of Unsaturated Lithium Compounds
(Cyclocarbolithiation) ..................................... 249
8.1.8 Product Subclass 8: Alkenyllithium Compounds
L. Brandsma and J. W. Zwikker
8.1.8 Product Subclass 8: Alkenyllithium Compounds .......................... 253
Synthesis of Product Subclass 8 ........................................... 253
8.1.8.1 Method 1: Deprotonation ............................................ 253
8.1.8.1.1 Variation 1: Deprotonation with Alkyllithium Reagents .................. 254
8.1.8.1.2 Variation 2: Deprotonation with Superbasic Reagents ................... 256
8.1.8.1.3 Variation 3: Deprotonation with Lithium Dialkylamides ................. 257
8.1.8.2 Method 2: Halogen–Metal Exchange Using Alkyllithium Reagents ...... 259
8.1.8.3 Method 3: Reaction of Alkenyl Halides with Lithium ................... 261
8.1.8.4 Method 4: Tin–Lithium Exchange ..................................... 262
8.1.8.5 Method 5: Reaction of (Arylsulfonyl)hydrazones with
Alkyllithium Reagents (Shapiro Reaction) ................... 263
8.1.8.6 Methods 6: Additional Methods ....................................... 264
Applications of Product Subclass 8 in Organic Synthesis .................... 265
8.1.8.7 Method 7: Replacement of Lithium by Other Metals ................... 265
8.1.8.8 Method 8: Formation of C-C Bonds .................................. 266
8.1.8.8.1 Variation 1: Reaction with Heterocumulenes ........................... 266
8.1.8.8.2 Variation 2: Acylation Reactions ....................................... 266
8.1.8.8.3 Variation 3: Alkylation and Related Reactions ........................... 267
8.1.8.8.4 Variations 4: Additional Reactions ...................................... 268
8.1.9 Product Subclass 9: Allenyllithium Compounds
L. Brandsma and J. W. Zwikker
8.1.9 Product Subclass 9: Allenyllithium Compounds .......................... 271
Synthesis of Product Subclass 9 ........................................... 272
8.1.9.1 Method 1: Deprotonation of Allenes with Butyllithium ................. 272
8.1.9.1.1 Variation 1: Deprotonation of Allenes with Lithium Amides ............. 273
8.1.9.2 Method 2: Metalation of Alkynes with Butyllithium .................... 274
8.1.9.3 Method 3: Metalation of Alkynes with Butyllithium–N,N,N¢,N¢-Tetramethylethylenediamine
................................... 276
8.1.9.4 Method 4: Metalation of Alkynes with Butyllithium–Potassium
tert-Butoxide Followed by Addition of Lithium Bromide ...... 277
8.1.9.5 Method 5: 1,4-Addition of Lithium Compounds to Enynes ............. 278
Applications of Product Subclass 9 in Organic Synthesis .................... 278

XX Table of Contents
8.1.9.6 Method 6: Replacement of Lithium by Other Metals ................... 278
8.1.9.7 Method 7: Formation of C-C Bonds .................................. 279
8.1.9.7.1 Variation 1: Reactions with Heterocumulenes .......................... 279
8.1.9.7.2 Variation 2: Reactions with Acylating Agents ........................... 279
8.1.9.7.3 Variation 3: Reactions with Aldehydes and Ketones ..................... 280
8.1.9.7.4 Variation 4: Reaction with Alkylating Agents ........................... 280
8.1.9.8 Methods 8: Additional Methods ....................................... 281
8.1.10 Product Subclass 10: Lithium Acetylides
L. Brandsma and J. W. Zwikker
8.1.10 Product Subclass 10: Lithium Acetylides ................................. 285
Synthesis of Product Subclass 10 .......................................... 287
8.1.10.1 Method 1: Metalation with Lithium in Liquid Ammonia ................ 287
8.1.10.2 Method 2: Metalation with Lithium Amide in Liquid Ammonia ......... 287
8.1.10.2.1 Variation 1: Dehydrohalogenation with Lithium Amide .................. 288
8.1.10.3 Method 3: Metalation with Lithium Dialkylamides ..................... 288
8.1.10.3.1 Variation 1: Elimination Reactions with Lithium Dialkylamides ........... 289
8.1.10.4 Method 4: Metalation with Alkyllithium Reagents ..................... 289
8.1.10.5 Method 5: Dehalogenation with Alkyllithium Reagents ................ 290
8.1.10.6 Method 6: Rearrangement of Terminally Lithiated Allenes .............. 291
8.1.10.7 Methods 7: Additional Methods ....................................... 291
Applications of Product Subclass 10 in Organic Synthesis ................... 292
8.1.10.8 Method 8: Replacement of Lithium by Other Metals ................... 292
8.1.10.9 Method 9: Formation of C-C Bonds .................................. 292
8.1.10.9.1 Variation 1: Reactions with Heterocumulenes .......................... 292
8.1.10.9.2 Variation 2: Acylation Reactions ....................................... 294
8.1.10.9.3 Variation 3: Reactions with Aldehydes and Ketones ..................... 296
8.1.10.9.4 Variation 4: Reaction with Cyanogen Chloride .......................... 297
8.1.10.9.5 Variation 5: Reactions with Alkylating Agents .......................... 297
8.1.10.10 Method 10: Formation of Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds .................. 299
8.1.10.10.1 Variation 1: Reaction with Halogenating Agents ........................ 299
8.1.10.10.2 Variation 2: Sulfanylation, Sulfinylation, and Related Reactions .......... 301
8.1.10.10.3 Variation 3: Silylation and Stannylation ................................. 302
8.1.11 Product Subclass 11: Lithium Alkynolates, Alkynethiolates,
and Alkyneselenolates
L. Brandsma and J. W. Zwikker
8.1.11 Product Subclass 11: Lithium Alkynolates, Alkynethiolates,
and Alkyneselenolates ................................................... 305
Synthesis of Product Subclass 11 .......................................... 305
8.1.11.1 Method 1: Insertion of Elements ...................................... 305
8.1.11.2 Method 2: Lithium Alkynolates by Cyclofragmentation of Heterocycles 306
8.1.11.3 Method 3: Lithium Alkynethiolates from 1,2,3-Thiadiazoles ............ 307

Table of Contents XXI
8.1.11.4 Method 4: Lithium Alkynolates from Æ,Æ-Dibromo or Æ-Halo Ketones .. 307
8.1.11.5 Methods 5: Additional Methods ....................................... 307
Applications of Product Subclass 11 in Organic Synthesis ................... 308
8.1.11.6 Method 6: Functionalization of Lithium Alkynolates ................... 308
8.1.11.7 Method 7: Functionalization of Lithium Alkynethiolates and
Alkyneselenolates ......................................... 309
8.1.11.8 Method 8: Protonation–Addition Reactions with Lithium Alkynolates ... 310
8.1.11.9 Method 9: Protonation–Addition Reactions with Lithium Alkynethiolates 310
8.1.12 Product Subclass 12: Allyllithium Compounds
L. Brandsma and J. W. Zwikker
8.1.12 Product Subclass 12: Allyllithium Compounds ........................... 313
Synthesis of Product Subclass 12 .......................................... 314
8.1.12.1 Method 1: Deprotonation ............................................ 314
8.1.12.1.1 Variation 1: Deprotonation with Alkyllithium Reagents .................. 315
8.1.12.1.2 Variation 2: Deprotonation Using the Superbase
Butyllithium–Potassium tert-Butoxide ...................... 317
8.1.12.1.3 Variation 3: Lithiation with Lithium Dialkylamides ...................... 320
8.1.12.2 Methods 2: Additional Methods ....................................... 321
Applications of Product Subclass 12 in Organic Synthesis ................... 321
8.1.12.3 Method 3: Replacement of Lithium by Other Metals ................... 321
8.1.12.4 Method 4: Formation of C-C Bonds .................................. 322
8.1.12.4.1 Variation 1: Reactions with Heterocumulenes .......................... 322
8.1.12.4.2 Variation 2: Reactions with Alkylating Agents .......................... 323
8.1.12.4.3 Variation 3: Reactions with Carbonyl Compounds ....................... 324
8.1.12.5 Method 5: Formation of Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds .................. 325
8.1.13 Product Subclass 13: Benzyllithium Compounds and
(Lithiomethyl)hetarenes
J. N. Reed
8.1.13 Product Subclass 13: Benzyllithium Compounds and
(Lithiomethyl)hetarenes ................................................. 329
Synthesis of Product Subclass 13 .......................................... 329
8.1.13.1 Method 1: Deprotonation of Benzylic Carbons ........................ 329
8.1.13.1.1 Variation 1: Of Unactivated Benzylic Carbons ........................... 330
8.1.13.1.2 Variation 2: Of Benzylic Carbons Activated by an Æ-Substituent ......... 331
8.1.13.1.3 Variation 3: Heteroatom-Facilitated Lateral Lithiation ................... 336
8.1.13.2 Method 2: Heteroatom–Lithium Exchange ............................ 342
8.1.13.2.1 Variation 1: Tin–Lithium Exchange ..................................... 342
8.1.13.2.2 Variation 2: Selenium–Lithium Exchange ............................... 345
8.1.13.3 Method 3: Reductive Lithiation ....................................... 347
8.1.13.3.1 Variation 1: Using Lithium Metal and Naphthalene ...................... 347
8.1.13.3.2 Variation 2: Using Lithium Metal and 4,4¢-Di-tert-butylbiphenyl .......... 348

XXII Table of Contents
8.1.13.4 Method 4: Carbolithiation ............................................ 350
8.1.13.4.1 Variation 1: Of Alkenes ................................................ 350
8.1.13.4.2 Variation 2: Of Alkynes ................................................ 353
8.1.14 Product Subclass 14: Aryllithium and Hetaryllithium Compounds
G. W. Gribble
8.1.14 Product Subclass 14: Aryllithium and Hetaryllithium Compounds ........ 357
Synthesis of Product Subclass 14 .......................................... 357
8.1.14.1 Method 1: Aryllithium Compounds by Halogen–Lithium Exchange ..... 357
8.1.14.1.1 Variation 1: From Aryl Fluorides ....................................... 358
8.1.14.1.2 Variation 2: From Aryl Chlorides ....................................... 358
8.1.14.1.3 Variation 3: From Aryl Bromides ....................................... 359
8.1.14.1.4 Variation 4: From Aryl Iodides ......................................... 361
8.1.14.2 Method 2: Aryllithium Compounds by Directed ortho-Lithiation ........ 361
8.1.14.2.1 Variation 1: Amine Directed ortho-Lithiation Groups .................... 362
8.1.14.2.2 Variation 2: Amide Directed ortho-Lithiation Groups .................... 364
8.1.14.2.3 Variation 3: Alkoxy Directed ortho-Lithiation Groups .................... 365
8.1.14.2.4 Variation 4: Halogen Directed ortho-Lithiation Groups .................. 367
8.1.14.2.5 Variation 5: Sulfur-Based Directed ortho-Lithiation Groups .............. 369
8.1.14.2.6 Variation 6: Other Carbonyl Directed ortho-Lithiation Groups ............ 370
8.1.14.2.7 Variation 7: Phosphorus Directed ortho-Lithiation Groups ............... 371
8.1.14.2.8 Variation 8: Other Nitrogen Directed ortho-Lithiation Groups ............ 372
8.1.14.2.9 Variation 9: Other Directed ortho-Lithiation Groups ..................... 373
8.1.14.3 Method 3: Furyllithium Compounds .................................. 374
8.1.14.3.1 Variation 1: By Direct Deprotonation ................................... 374
8.1.14.3.2 Variation 2: By Halogen–Lithium Exchange ............................. 375
8.1.14.3.3 Variation 3: By Directed ortho-Lithiation ............................... 375
8.1.14.4 Method 4: Thienyllithium Compounds ................................ 376
8.1.14.4.1 Variation 1: By Direct Deprotonation ................................... 376
8.1.14.4.2 Variation 2: By Halogen–Lithium Exchange ............................. 377
8.1.14.4.3 Variation 3: By Directed ortho-Lithiation ............................... 378
8.1.14.5 Method 5: Pyrrolyllithium Compounds ................................ 379
8.1.14.5.1 Variation 1: By Direct Deprotonation ................................... 379
8.1.14.5.2 Variation 2: By Halogen–Lithium Exchange ............................. 380
8.1.14.5.3 Variation 3: By Directed ortho-Lithiation ............................... 381
8.1.14.6 Method 6: Imidazolyllithium Compounds ............................. 381
8.1.14.6.1 Variation 1: By Direct Deprotonation ................................... 381
8.1.14.6.2 Variation 2: By Halogen–Lithium Exchange ............................. 382
8.1.14.7 Method 7: Oxazolyllithium and Isoxazolyllithium Compounds .......... 383
8.1.14.7.1 Variation 1: Lithiation of Oxazoles ..................................... 383
8.1.14.7.2 Variation 2: Lithiation of Isoxazoles .................................... 384
8.1.14.8 Method 8: Pyrazolyllithium Compounds .............................. 384
8.1.14.9 Method 9: Thiazolyllithium Compounds ............................... 385
8.1.14.10 Method 10: Benzofuryllithium Compounds ............................. 386
8.1.14.11 Method 11: Benzothienyllithium Compounds .......................... 386
8.1.14.12 Method 12: Indolyllithium Compounds ................................ 387

Table of Contents XXIII
8.1.14.12.1 Variation 1: By Direct Deprotonation ................................... 387
8.1.14.12.2 Variation 2: By Halogen–Lithium Exchange ............................. 389
8.1.14.12.3 Variation 3: By Directed ortho-Lithiation ............................... 391
8.1.14.13 Method 13: Pyridyllithium Compounds ................................ 392
8.1.14.13.1 Variation 1: By Halogen–Lithium Exchange ............................. 393
8.1.14.13.2 Variation 2: By Directed ortho-Lithiation ............................... 395
8.1.14.14 Method 14: Quinolyllithium Compounds ............................... 398
8.1.14.15 Method 15: Diazinyllithium, Benzodiazinyllithium,
and Other Azinyllithium Compounds ....................... 399
8.1.14.15.1 Variation 1: Pyrazinyllithium Compounds .............................. 399
8.1.14.15.2 Variation 2: Pyrimidyllithium Compounds .............................. 400
8.1.14.15.3 Variation 3: Pyridazinyllithium Compounds ............................. 401
8.1.14.15.4 Variation 4: Benzodiazinyllithium Compounds .......................... 402
8.1.14.15.5 Variation 5: Other Azinyllithium Compounds ........................... 402
8.1.14.16 Method 16: Other Azolyllithium Compounds ........................... 403
8.1.14.17 Method 17: Dibenzo-Fused Hetaryllithium Compounds ................. 404
8.1.14.17.1 Variation 1: Dibenzofuryllithium Compounds ........................... 404
8.1.14.17.2 Variation 2: Dibenzothienyllithium Compounds ........................ 405
8.1.14.17.3 Variation 3: Carbazolyllithium Compounds ............................. 405
8.1.14.17.4 Variation 4: Dibenzo[1,4]dioxinyllithium Compounds ................... 406
8.1.14.17.5 Variation 5: Thianthrenyllithium Compounds ........................... 407
8.1.14.17.6 Variation 6: Phenothiazinyllithium Compounds ......................... 407
8.1.14.17.7 Variation 7: Dibenzo[b,f]azepinyllithium Compounds ................... 407
8.1.14.17.8 Variation 8: Pyrido[3,4-b]indolyllithium Compounds .................... 408
Applications of Product Subclass 14 in Organic Synthesis ................... 408
8.1.14.18 Method 18: Aryne Formation .......................................... 409
8.1.14.19 Method 19: Functional Group Interchange ............................. 409
8.1.14.20 Method 20: Transmetalation and Coupling Reactions ................... 410
8.1.14.21 Method 21: Aryllithium Compounds in Ring Formation and
Heterocycle Construction ................................. 412
8.1.14.22 Method 22: Natural Product Synthesis ................................. 413
8.1.15 Product Subclass 15: Æ-Lithiocarboxylic Acids and Related Lithium
Compounds (Including Enolates)
J. R. Green
8.1.15 Product Subclass 15: Æ-Lithiocarboxylic Acids and Related Lithium
Compounds (Including Enolates) ........................................ 427
Synthesis of Product Subclass 15 .......................................... 427
8.1.15.1 Method 1: Enolate Generation by Direct Deprotonation of
Alkanoic Acid Derivatives .................................. 427
8.1.15.2 Method 2: Enolate Generation by Nucleophilic Attack on Ketene Acetals 430
8.1.15.3 Method 3: Enolate Generation by Conjugate Addition or Reduction .... 430
8.1.15.4 Method 4: Enolate Generation by Reduction or Metal–Halogen Exchange
of Æ-Substituted Derivatives ............................... 432
Applications of Product Subclass 15 in Organic Synthesis ................... 434

XXIV Table of Contents
8.1.15.5 Method 5: Electrophile Incorporation: Protonation (C-Li fi C-H) ...... 434
8.1.15.6 Method 6: Electrophile Incorporation: Alkylation (C-Li fi C-C) ........ 436
8.1.15.6.1 Variation 1: Arylation and Vinylation ................................... 441
8.1.15.7 Method 7: Electrophile Incorporation: Heteroatom Incorporation
(C-Li fi C-X) ............................................. 444
8.1.15.7.1 Variation 1: Silylation ................................................. 444
8.1.15.7.2 Variation 2: Hydroxylation ............................................. 446
8.1.15.7.3 Variation 3: Amination ................................................ 448
8.1.15.7.4 Variation 4: Halogenation ............................................. 450
8.1.15.8 Method 8: Electrophile Incorporation: Reaction with Carbonyl
Compounds and Imines (C-Li fi C-C-X) .................. 452
8.1.15.9 Method 9: Electrophile Incorporation: Epoxides and Aziridines
(C-Li fi C-C-C-X) ...................................... 458
8.1.15.10 Method 10: Electrophile Incorporation: Coupling Reactions;
Enolate Dimerization (C-Li fi C-C-C=X) .................. 461
8.1.15.11 Method 11: Electrophile Incorporation: Reaction with Carboxy
Compounds (C-Li fi C-C=X) ............................. 463
8.1.15.12 Method 12: Electrophile Incorporation: Michael Addition
(C-Li fi C-C-C-C=X) ................................... 468
8.1.15.13 Method 13: Enolate Rearrangements: Claisen and
Related Rearrangements .................................. 473
8.1.15.14 Method 14: Enolate Rearrangements: [2,3]-Wittig Rearrangements of
Dienolates ................................................ 477
8.1.15.15 Method 15: Enolate Rearrangements: Reactions with Nucleophiles:
Formation of Ketones ..................................... 477
8.1.16 Product Subclass 16: â-Lithiocarboxylic Acids and Related Lithium
Compounds
D. Caine
8.1.16 Product Subclass 16: â-Lithiocarboxylic Acids and Related Lithium
Compounds ............................................................. 487
Synthesis of Product Subclass 16 .......................................... 487
8.1.16.1 Method 1: Arene-Catalyzed Reductive Lithiations of
â-Halogenated Carboxylates and 3-Arylpropenoates ........ 487
8.1.16.2 Method 2: Tin–Lithium Exchange of â-Stannyl Carboxamides .......... 490
8.1.16.3 Method 3: Hydrogen–Lithium Exchange of Carboxylates and
Carboxamides Containing Carbanion-Stabilizing Groups at
the â-Position ............................................ 491
8.1.16.3.1 Variation 1: Hydrogen–Lithium Exchange of â-Phenylsulfonylated
Ortho Esters .............................................. 495
8.1.16.4 Method 4: Addition of Alkyllithium Reagents to Lithiated
Cinnamic Acids and Cinnamyl Amides ...................... 496

Table of Contents XXV
8.1.17 Product Subclass 17: Æ-Lithio Aldehydes, Æ-Lithio Ketones,
and Related Compounds
D. Caine
8.1.17 Product Subclass 17: Æ-Lithio Aldehydes, Æ-Lithio Ketones,
and Related Compounds ................................................. 499
Synthesis of Product Subclass 17 .......................................... 502
8.1.17.1 Preformed Lithium Enolates of Carbonyl Compounds ....................... 502
8.1.17.1.1 Method 1: Deprotonation of Carbonyl Compounds with
Lithium Dialkylamides and Other Strong Bases .............. 502
8.1.17.1.1.1 Variation 1: Regioselective Synthesis of Kinetic (Less Substituted) Enolates
of Æ-Substituted Unsymmetrical Saturated Ketones ......... 504
8.1.17.1.1.2 Variation 2: Regioselective Synthesis of Thermodynamic Enolates of
Æ-Substituted Unsymmetrical Saturated Ketones ........... 509
8.1.17.1.1.3 Variation 3: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Lithium Enolates of
Unsymmetrical Æ- and Æ¢-Dimethylene Ketones ............ 510
8.1.17.1.1.4 Variation 4: Stereoselective Synthesis of E- orZ-Isomers of
Acyclic Ketone Lithium Enolates ........................... 512
8.1.17.1.1.5 Variation 5: Enantioselective Synthesis of Lithium Enolates by
Deprotonation of Prochiral Ketones with Chiral,
Nonracemic Lithium Amide Bases .......................... 516
8.1.17.1.1.6 Variation 6: Kinetic Deprotonation of Æ,â-Unsaturated Ketones ......... 519
8.1.17.1.2 Method 2: Regio- and Stereoselective Formation of Lithium Enolates
by Indirect Methods ....................................... 522
8.1.17.1.2.1 Variation 1: Lithium/Liquid Ammonia Reduction of
Æ,â-Unsaturated Ketones .................................. 522
8.1.17.1.2.2 Variation 2: Lithium/Liquid Ammonia Reduction of Ketones with
Leaving Groups at the Æ-Position .......................... 524
8.1.17.1.2.3 Variation 3: Conjugate Addition of Lithium Dialkylcuprate Reagents to
Æ,â-Unsaturated Ketones .................................. 525
8.1.17.1.2.4 Variation 4: Generation of Lithium Enolates from Enol Derivatives of
Carbonyl Compounds ..................................... 526
8.1.17.1.2.5 Variation 5: Generation of Lithium Enolates by Miscellaneous Methods .. 527
8.1.17.1.3 Method 3: Alkylations of Preformed Lithium Enolates .................. 527
8.1.17.1.3.1 Variation 1: Intermolecular Alkylations ................................. 529
8.1.17.1.3.2 Variation 2: Stereochemistry of Intermolecular Alkylation of
Lithium Enolates .......................................... 532
8.1.17.1.3.3 Variation 3: Intramolecular Alkylations ................................. 537
8.1.17.1.4 Method 4: Directed Aldol Reactions of Preformed Lithium Enolates ..... 538
8.1.17.1.4.1 Variation 1: Aldol Reactions of Lithium Z-Enolates ...................... 540
8.1.17.1.4.2 Variation 2: Diastereofacial Selectivity of Aldol Reactions of Chiral,
Nonracemic Lithium Z-Enolates ............................ 541
8.1.17.1.4.3 Variation 3: Aldol Reactions of Lithium E-Enolates ...................... 542
8.1.17.1.4.4 Variation 4: Aldol Reactions of Lithium Enolates with Chiral Aldehydes ... 543
8.1.17.1.4.5 Variation 5: Asymmetric Aldol Reactions Using Chiral Lithium Amide Bases 546
8.1.17.1.4.6 Variation 6: Reactions of Preformed Lithium Enolates with
Preformed Iminium Salts .................................. 548

XXVI Table of Contents
8.1.17.1.5 Method 5: Michael Reactions of Preformed Lithium Enolates ........... 548
8.1.17.1.5.1 Variation 1: Michael Reactions of Preformed Lithium E- and Z-Enolates
with Æ,â-Unsaturated Ketones and Esters .................. 549
8.1.17.1.5.2 Variation 2: Intermolecular Reactions of Preformed Lithium Enolates with
Various Michael Acceptors ................................. 551
8.1.17.1.5.3 Variation 3: Sequential Michael Reactions of Preformed Lithium
Cross-Conjugated Dienolates .............................. 553
8.1.17.1.6 Method 6: C-Acylation Reactions of Preformed Lithium Enolates ....... 555
8.1.17.1.7 Method 7: Reactions of Lithium Enolates at Carbon with
Heteroatom Electrophiles ................................. 559
8.1.17.1.7.1 Variation 1: C-Hydroxylation Reactions ................................. 559
8.1.17.1.7.2 Variation 2: Sulfenylation, Selenenylation, and Halogenation Reactions .. 562
8.1.17.1.8 Method 8: Diastereo- and Enantioselective Kinetic Protonation of
Lithium Enolates .......................................... 567
8.1.17.1.8.1 Variation 1: Diastereoselective Protonation of Chiral Enolates ........... 567
8.1.17.1.8.2 Variation 2: Enantioselective Protonation of Achiral Lithium Enolates .... 569
8.1.17.1.8.3 Variation 3: Catalytic Enantioselective Protonation of
Achiral Lithium Enolates ................................... 571
8.1.17.1.9 Method 9: Transmetalation of Lithium Enolates ....................... 572
8.1.17.1.9.1 Variation 1: Lithium–Main Group Metal Exchange ...................... 573
8.1.17.1.9.2 Variation 2: Lithium–Transition Metal Exchange ........................ 574
8.1.17.2 Dilithium and Mixed Lithium/Sodium Dienolates of â-Dicarbonyl Compounds 574
8.1.17.2.1 Method 1: Preparation of Dilithium and Lithium/Sodium Dienolates of
â-Dicarbonyl Compounds ................................. 575
8.1.17.2.2 Method 2: ª-Alkylation of Dilithium or Lithium/Sodium Dienolates of
â-Dicarbonyl Compounds ................................. 577
8.1.17.2.3 Method 3: Aldol, Acylation, and Michael Reactions of Dilithium and
Lithium/Sodium Dienolates of â-Dicarbonyl Compounds .... 580
8.1.17.3 Lithium Azaenolates ...................................................... 582
8.1.17.3.1 Method 1: Deprotonations of Aldimines and Ketimines with
Lithium Bases ............................................. 583
8.1.17.3.2 Method 2: Deprotonation of Hydrazones with Lithium Bases ........... 586
8.1.17.3.3 Method 3: Deprotonation of Oximes and Oxime Ethers with
Alkyllithium Reagents ..................................... 588
8.1.17.3.4 Method 4: Special Methods for Synthesis of Lithium Azaenolates ....... 589
8.1.17.3.5 Method 5: C-Alkylation of Lithium Azaenolates ........................ 590
8.1.17.3.5.1 Variation 1: Alkylation of Azaenolates of Imines ........................ 590
8.1.17.3.5.2 Variation 2: Stereoselective Alkylation of Azaenolates of Imines ......... 591
8.1.17.3.5.3 Variation 3: Alkylation of Azaenolates of Hydrazones ................... 594
8.1.17.3.6 Method 6: Aldol Reactions of Lithium Azaenolates ..................... 597
8.1.17.3.6.1 Variation 1: Aldol Reactions of Lithium Azaenolates of Imines ........... 597
8.1.17.3.6.2 Variation 2: Aldol Reactions of Lithium Azaenolates of Hydrazones ...... 598
8.1.17.3.7 Method 7: Acylation of Lithium Azaenolates .......................... 600
8.1.17.3.8 Method 8: Michael Additions of Lithium Azaenolates .................. 601
8.1.17.3.9 Method 9: Reactions of Lithium Azaenolates with Selected
Heteroatom Electrophiles ................................. 604

Table of Contents XXVII
8.1.18 Product Subclass 18: â-Lithio Aldehydes, â-Lithio Ketones,
and Related Compounds
D. Caine
8.1.18 Product Subclass 18: â-Lithio Aldehydes, â-Lithio Ketones,
and Related Compounds ................................................. 619
Synthesis of Product Subclass 18 .......................................... 619
8.1.18.1 Method 1: Halogen–Lithium Exchange ................................ 619
8.1.18.2 Method 2: Reductive Lithiation of Halides and Phenyl Sulfides with
Lithium Arene Radical Anions .............................. 622
8.1.18.3 Method 3: Lithium Homoenolate Equivalents by
Tellurium–Lithium Exchange ............................... 625
8.1.18.4 Method 4: Æ¢-orÆ-Enolate-Protected Lithium Homoenolates:
Dianionic Reagents ........................................ 626
8.1.18.4.1 Variation 1: Preparation of â-Lithio Lithium Æ¢-Enolates ................. 626
8.1.18.4.2 Variation 2: Preparation of â-Lithio Lithium Æ-Enolates .................. 628
8.1.18.5 Method 5: Carbolithiation of Protected Æ,â-Unsaturated Aldehydes .... 630
8.1.18.6 Method 6: Hydrogen–Lithium Exchange of Acetals and Ketals Containing
Carbanion-Stabilizing Groups at the â-Position ............. 631
8.1.19 Product Subclass 19: sp3-Hybridized Æ-Lithio Ethers and O-Carbamates
S. MacNeil
8.1.19 Product Subclass 19: sp 3 -Hybridized Æ-Lithio Ethers and O-Carbamates .. 637
Synthesis of Product Subclass 19 .......................................... 637
8.1.19.1 Method 1: Substitution of Hydrogen .................................. 637
8.1.19.1.1 Variation 1: Stereospecific Deprotonation at Chiral, Nonracemic Centers 637
8.1.19.1.2 Variation 2: Diastereoselective Deprotonation by Substrate Control ..... 638
8.1.19.1.3 Variation 3: Enantioselective Deprotonation/Kinetic Resolution Induced
by Chiral Ligands .......................................... 639
8.1.19.1.4 Variation 4: Chiral Base Induced Deprotonation ........................ 642
8.1.19.2 Method 2: Substitution of Tin ........................................ 642
8.1.19.3 Method 3: Reductive Lithiation ....................................... 643
8.1.19.3.1 Variation 1: Reductive Lithiation of Cl-C Bonds ........................ 643
8.1.19.3.2 Variation 2: Reductive Lithiation of S-C Bonds ......................... 644
8.1.19.3.3 Variation 3: Reductive Lithiation of C-C Bonds ......................... 645
8.1.19.4 Method 4: Carbolithiation ............................................ 646
Applications of Product Subclass 19 in Organic Synthesis ................... 647
8.1.19.5 Method 5: Electrophilic Quench of Æ-Lithio Oxygen Compounds ....... 647
8.1.19.5.1 Variation 1: Æ-Lithio Oxygen Compounds as Homoenolate Equivalents .. 647
8.1.19.6 Method 6: Rearrangements of Æ-Lithio Oxygen Compounds ........... 649
8.1.19.6.1 Variation 1: [1,2]-Wittig Rearrangements .............................. 649
8.1.19.6.2 Variation 2: [2,3]-Wittig Rearrangements .............................. 650
8.1.19.6.3 Variation 3: Rearrangements of Æ-Lithio Epoxides ...................... 653

XXVIII Table of Contents
8.1.20 Product Subclass 20: Æ-Lithio Sulfoxides
T. Durst and M. Khodaei
8.1.20 Product Subclass 20: Æ-Lithio Sulfoxides ................................. 661
Synthesis of Product Subclass 20 .......................................... 661
8.1.20.1 Method 1: Lithiation of Sulfoxides .................................... 661
Applications of Product Subclass 20 in Organic Synthesis ................... 663
8.1.20.2 Method 2: Alkylation of Æ-Lithio Sulfoxides ............................ 666
8.1.20.3 Method 3: Reaction with Aldehydes and Ketones ...................... 667
8.1.20.4 Method 4: Reaction with Imines ...................................... 671
8.1.20.5 Method 5: Acylation of Æ-Lithio Sulfoxides ............................ 672
8.1.20.6 Method 6: Michael Addition .......................................... 673
8.1.21 Product Subclass 21: Æ-Lithioamines
R. E. Gawley, S. O Connor, and R. Klein
8.1.21 Product Subclass 21: Æ-Lithioamines ..................................... 677
Synthesis and Applications of Product Subclass 21 .......................... 682
8.1.21.1 Synthesis and Applications of Unstabilized Æ-Lithioamines .................. 682
8.1.21.1.1 Method 1: Deprotonation and Electrophilic Substitution ............... 683
8.1.21.1.2 Method 2: Transmetalation and Electrophilic Substitution .............. 684
8.1.21.1.2.1 Variation 1: Synthesis of a Horner–Wittig Reagent ...................... 684
8.1.21.1.2.2 Variation 2: Addition of 2-Lithio-3-methyl-1-tritylaziridine to
Benzaldehyde ............................................. 685
8.1.21.1.2.3 Variation 3: Electrophilic Substitutions of 2-Lithio-1-methylpyrrolidine
and 2-Lithio-1-methylpiperidine (Racemic) ................. 685
8.1.21.1.2.4 Variation 4: Electrophilic Substitution of 2-Lithiopyrrolidine and
2-Lithiopiperidine (Scalemic) .............................. 687
8.1.21.1.2.5 Variation 5: Transmetalation and Electrophilic Substitution of
a 1-Allyl-2-lithiopyrrolidine ................................ 688
8.1.21.1.2.6 Variation 6: Transmetalation and Enantioselective Electrophilic
Substitution by Dynamic Thermodynamic Resolution ....... 689
8.1.21.1.3 Method 3: Transmetalation and Sigmatropic Rearrangement ........... 690
8.1.21.1.4 Method 4: Transmetalation and Anionic Cyclization .................... 692
8.1.21.1.4.1 Variation 1: Synthesis of Pyrrolidines and Bicyclic Amines ............... 692
8.1.21.1.4.2 Variation 2: Synthesis of (+)-Pseudoheliotridane via
a Scalemic Organolithium ................................. 693
8.1.21.1.4.3 Variation 3: Tandem Cyclization/Ring Opening ......................... 694
8.1.21.1.4.4 Variation 4: Cyclizations onto Naphthyl Dihydrooxazoles ................ 694
8.1.21.1.4.5 Variation 5: Intramolecular Michael Addition onto an Indole Ester ....... 695
8.1.21.1.5 Method 5: Reductive Lithiation ....................................... 696
8.1.21.1.5.1 Variation 1: Reduction and Electrophilic Substitution of
Æ-Sulfinyl Aziridines ....................................... 696
8.1.21.1.5.2 Variation 2: Sulfide Reduction and Anionic Cyclization .................. 697
8.1.21.2 Synthesis and Applications of Dipole-Stabilized Æ-Lithioamines ............. 697

Table of Contents XXIX
8.1.21.2.1 Method 1: Deprotonation and Electrophilic Substitution ............... 699
8.1.21.2.1.1 Variation 1: Deprotonation of a Piperidine tert-Butylformamidine,
Transmetalation to Copper, and Electrophilic Substitution ... 699
8.1.21.2.1.2 Variation 2: Deprotonation of N-tert-Butoxycarbonylpyrrolidine and
Electrophilic Substitution with Tributyltin Chloride .......... 700
8.1.21.2.1.3 Variation 3: Deprotonation of N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-N-methylisobutylamine
and Addition to Benzaldehyde ............... 701
8.1.21.2.1.4 Variation 4: Preferential Deprotonation of N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-
N-ethylcyclopropanamine at the Cyclopropyl Methine
over the Ethyl Group ...................................... 701
8.1.21.2.1.5 Variation 5: Ring Contraction of 1-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-4-chloro-
2-lithiopiperidine to a Cyclopropyl Intermediate,
Followed by Deprotonation and Electrophilic Substitution ... 702
8.1.21.2.1.6 Variation 6: Deprotonation and Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation .......... 703
8.1.21.2.1.7 Variation 7: Asymmetric Deprotonation Using a Chiral Base,
and Addition to Benzophenone ............................ 704
8.1.21.2.1.8 Variation 8: Asymmetric Deprotonation Using a Chiral Base:
Transmetalation with Copper, and Vinylation ............... 705
8.1.21.2.1.9 Variation 9: Regio- and Stereoselective Deprotonation and
Electrophilic Substitution of Imidazolidines ................. 706
8.1.21.2.2 Method 2: Transmetalation and Electrophilic Substitution .............. 706
8.1.21.2.2.1 Variation 1: Transmetalation from Tin to Lithium and then Copper,
with 1,4-Addition ......................................... 706
8.1.21.2.2.2 Variation 2: Transmetalation from Tin to Lithium: Lithiation
at Sites Not Available by Deprotonation .................... 707
8.1.21.2.2.3 Variation 3: Transmetalation of Organostannanes and Asymmetric
Transformation of the First Kind: Synthesis of 11C-Enriched L-Amino Acids ............................................. 708
8.1.21.2.2.4 Variation 4: Transmetalation of Æ-Stannylcarbamates and Addition
to Aldehydes; Synthon of a Primary Æ-Lithioamine .......... 710
8.1.21.2.3 Method 3: Transmetalation of Stannyl Ureas with 1,2-Acyl Migration ... 711
8.1.21.2.4 Method 4: Reductive Lithiation of Aminonitriles to Tertiary
Æ-Lithioamines and Electrophilic Substitution ............... 711
8.1.21.3 Synthesis and Applications of Mesomerically Stabilized Æ-Lithioamines ...... 712
8.1.21.3.1 Method 1: Deprotonation of a Chiral Allylic Amine Followed by
Stereoselective Alkylation and Hydrolysis
(Aldehyde Homoenolate Synthon) ......................... 713
8.1.21.3.2 Method 2: Transmetalation of a Chiral Allylic Amine Followed by
Stereoselective Alkylation and Hydrolysis
(Ketone Homoenolate Synthon) ........................... 714
8.1.21.3.3 Method 3: Transmetalation of N-(Tributylstannyl)methanimines
Followed by Cycloaddition ................................. 715
8.1.21.4 Synthesis and Applications of Dipole- and Mesomerically Stabilized
Æ-Lithioamines ........................................................... 716
8.1.21.4.1 Method 1: Deprotonation of Achiral Substrates with an Achiral Base .... 717
8.1.21.4.1.1 Variation 1: Preferential Deprotonation of Benzylic Protons with
Spontaneous Intramolecular Cyclization .................... 717

XXX Table of Contents
8.1.21.4.1.2 Variation 2: Dilithiation of N-tert-Butoxycarbonylbenzylamine and
1,2-Addition to Acrolein ................................... 717
8.1.21.4.1.3 Variation 3: Dilithiation of tert-Butyl Allylcarbamate, Transmetalation to
Zinc, and Addition to Aldehydes and Ketones ............... 718
8.1.21.4.1.4 Variation 4: Deprotonation of Tetrahydroisoquinoline Pivalamides,
Transmetalation to Magnesium, and Addition to Aldehyde .. 719
8.1.21.4.1.5 Variation 5: Deprotonation of N-Benzyl-N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-
4-methoxyaniline, Addition to Imines and Spontaneous
Cyclization to Imidazolidinones ............................ 720
8.1.21.4.1.6 Variation 6: Regioselective Deprotonation and
Aza-[2,3]-Wittig Rearrangement ........................... 721
8.1.21.4.2 Method 2: Deprotonation of Chiral Substrates ......................... 721
8.1.21.4.2.1 Variation 1: Deprotonation and Alkylation of N-Benzyloxazolidinones .... 721
8.1.21.4.2.2 Variation 2: Deprotonation of Chiral Tetrahydroisoquinolinyl
Formamidine: Asymmetric Synthesis of Isoquinoline Alkaloids 722
8.1.21.4.2.3 Variation 3: Deprotonation of Hexahydropyrido[3,4-b]indole
Formamidines: Asymmetric Synthesis of Indole Alkaloids .... 724
8.1.21.4.2.4 Variation 4: Deprotonation of Dihydrooxazole-Substituted Tetrahydroisoquinolines:
Asymmetric Synthesis of Isoquinolines and
Morphinan ................................................ 725
8.1.21.4.2.5 Variation 5: Deprotonation of Chiral Tetrahydroisoquinolines,
Transmetalation to Magnesium, and Addition to Aldehydes:
Asymmetric Synthesis of Phthalideisoquinoline Alkaloids .... 727
8.1.21.4.2.6 Variation 6: Æ,Æ¢-Dialkylation of Dihydroisoindole ...................... 728
8.1.21.4.2.7 Variation 7: C 2-Symmetric Dialkylation of Chiral Formamidinyl
Binaphthoazepines ........................................ 729
8.1.21.4.3 Method 3: Deprotonation of Achiral Substrates with Chiral Base ........ 729
8.1.21.4.3.1 Variation 1: Asymmetric Regioselective Deprotonation of Allylic and
Benzylic Positions over Alkyl Positions in tert-Butyl Carbamates
.................................................... 730
8.1.21.4.3.2 Variation 2: Asymmetric Deprotonation of N-Benzyl-N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-4-methoxyaniline
................................ 731
8.1.21.4.3.3 Variation 3: Asymmetric Deprotonation of N-Benzyl-N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-4-methoxyaniline
and 1,4-Addition to Enones ..... 732
8.1.21.4.3.4 Variation 4: Deprotonation of N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-4-methoxy-N-[(2E)-
3-phenylprop-2-enyl]aniline and Electrophilic Substitution:
Synthesis of Either R-orS-Homoenolate Synthons .......... 733
8.1.21.4.3.5 Variation 5: Electrophilic Substitution of Aldehyde Homoenolate
Synthons ................................................. 734
8.1.21.4.3.6 Variation 6: Asymmetric Deprotonation, Transmetalation to Aluminum or
Titanium, and Addition to Aldehydes ....................... 735
8.1.21.4.3.7 Variation 7: Asymmetric Deprotonation and Reverse
Aza-Brook Rearrangement ................................. 737
8.1.21.4.3.8 Variation 8: Asymmetric Deprotonation and Dearomatizing Cyclization of
Æ-Lithio Amides ........................................... 737
8.1.21.4.3.9 Variation 9: Asymmetric Deprotonation and Alkylation of
a Tricarbonylchromium–Benzyl Imine Complex ............. 738

Table of Contents XXXI
8.1.21.5 Synthesis and Applications of Dipole- and Heteroatom-Stabilized
Æ-Lithioamines ........................................................... 739
8.1.21.5.1 Method 1: Oxygen- and tert-Butoxycarbonyl-Stabilized Æ-Lithioamines 739
8.1.21.5.2 Method 2: Sulfur- and Dipole-Stabilized Æ-Lithioamines ................ 740
8.1.21.5.2.1 Variation 1: Asymmetric Corey–Seebach Synthesis of Æ-Hydroxyaldehydes
Using a Diphenylvalinol-Derived Oxazolidinone ............. 740
8.1.21.5.2.2 Variation 2: Asymmetric Corey–Seebach Synthesis of Æ-Hydroxyaldehydes
Using a Camphor-Derived Oxazolidinone ................... 741
8.1.21.5.3 Method 3: Nitrogen- and tert-Butoxycarbonyl-Stabilized Æ-Lithioamines 742
8.1.21.6 Synthesis and Applications of Non-Enolate Nitrogen Ylides .................. 743
8.1.21.6.1 Method 1: Lewis Acid Activation of an Amine ......................... 743
8.1.21.6.1.1 Variation 1: Activation of an Æ-Aminoorganostannane with
Boron Trifluoride .......................................... 743
8.1.21.6.1.2 Variation 2: Activation of a Cyclic Amine with Boron Trifluoride,
Deprotonation, Double Transmetalation, and Alkylation ..... 744
8.1.21.6.1.3 Variation 3: Activation of an Aziridine with Borane, Deprotonation and
Alkylation ................................................ 745
8.1.21.6.1.4 Variation 4: Activation of a Benzylic Amine or Tetrahydroisoquinoline with
Borane, Deprotonation and Alkylation ...................... 746
8.1.21.6.1.5 Variation 5: Activation of Dihydroisoindole with Borane:
Group-Selective Deprotonation with a Chiral Base,
and Electrophilic Substitution .............................. 748
8.1.21.6.2 Method 2: Sigmatropic Rearrangements .............................. 750
8.1.21.6.2.1 Variation 1: Transmetalation of a 2-Tributylstannylammonium Ion and
[2,3]-Rearrangement ...................................... 750
8.1.21.6.2.2 Variation 2: Activation and [2,3]-Rearrangement of
N-Allyltetrahydroisoquinoline .............................. 751
8.1.22 Product Subclass 22: Lithium Nitronates
N. Ono
8.1.22 Product Subclass 22: Lithium Nitronates ................................. 759
Synthesis of Product Subclass 22 .......................................... 759
8.1.22.1 Method 1: Deprotonation of Nitroalkanes ............................. 759
8.1.22.2 Method 2: Double Deprotonation of Nitroalkanes ..................... 760
8.1.22.3 Method 3: Addition of Nucleophiles to Nitroalkenes ................... 760
Applications of Product Subclass 22 in Organic Synthesis ................... 762
8.1.22.4 Method 4: Nitroaldol Reaction ....................................... 762
8.1.22.4.1 Variation 1: Nitro-Mannich Reaction ................................... 765
8.1.22.4.2 Variation 2: Michael Addition .......................................... 765
8.1.22.5 Method 5: Acylation of Nitroalkanes .................................. 765
8.1.22.6 Method 6: Alkylation of Nitroalkanes ................................. 766
8.1.22.6.1 Variation 1: Alkylation via Radicals ..................................... 767
8.1.22.6.2 Variation 2: Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Alkylation of Nitroalkanes ....... 769
8.1.22.6.3 Variation 3: Arylation of Nitro Compounds ............................. 770
8.1.22.7 Method 7: Introduction of Heteroatoms into Nitroalkanes ............. 771

XXXII Table of Contents
8.1.23 Product Subclass 23: ª-Lithio Ethers and Related Compounds
D. Caine
8.1.23 Product Subclass 23: ª-Lithio Ethers and Related Compounds ............ 775
Synthesis of Product Subclass 23 .......................................... 776
8.1.23.1 Method 1: Reductive Lithiation of Halide and Phenyl Sulfide Derivatives
Containing Neutral (Uncharged) Alkoxy and Other
Substituents at the ª-Position ............................. 776
8.1.23.1.1 Variation 1: Reductive Lithiation with Lithium Metal .................... 776
8.1.23.1.2 Variation 2: Reductive Lithiations with Lithium Arene Radical Anions ..... 777
8.1.23.2 Method 2: Reductive Lithiation of ª-Oxido and Related
ª-Amido Halides and Phenyl Sulfides ....................... 779
8.1.23.2.1 Variation 1: Reductive Lithiation with Lithium Metal .................... 780
8.1.23.2.2 Variation 2: Reductive Lithiation with Lithium Arene Radical Anions ..... 781
8.1.23.3 Method 3: Halogen–Lithium Exchange ................................ 783
8.1.23.4 Method 4: Metal–Lithium Exchange .................................. 784
8.1.23.4.1 Variation 1: Selenium–Lithium Exchange ............................... 784
8.1.23.4.2 Variation 2: Tin–Lithium Exchange ..................................... 785
8.1.23.5 Method 5: Hydrogen–Lithium Exchange .............................. 787
8.1.23.6 Method 6: Reductive Cleavage of Four-Membered Heterocycles by
Lithium Arene Radical Anions .............................. 788
8.1.23.7 Method 7: Addition of Organolithium Reagents to Allylic Systems ...... 790
8.1.24 Product Subclass 24: Carbamoyllithium and
Trihalomethyllithium Compounds
C. Metallinos
8.1.24 Product Subclass 24: Carbamoyllithium and
Trihalomethyllithium Compounds ....................................... 795
Synthesis of Product Subclass 24 .......................................... 795
8.1.24.1 Carbamoyllithium Compounds ............................................ 795
8.1.24.1.1 Method 1: Deprotonation of Formyl Hydrogen in Formamides ......... 796
8.1.24.1.1.1 Variation 1: Using Lithium Diisopropylamide ........................... 796
8.1.24.1.1.2 Variation 2: Using tert-Butyllithium .................................... 796
8.1.24.1.2 Method 2: Reaction of Lithium Amide Bases and Carbon Monoxide ..... 797
8.1.24.1.2.1 Variation 1: Using Lithium Amide Bases and Carbon Monoxide .......... 797
8.1.24.1.2.2 Variation 2: Using Lithium Bis(carbamoyl)cuprates and Carbon Monoxide 798
8.1.24.1.3 Method 3: Transmetalation of Carbamoylmercury and
Carbamoyltellurium Reagents ............................. 799
8.1.24.1.3.1 Variation 1: Using Bis(N,N-dialkylcarbamoyl)mercury Reagents .......... 799
8.1.24.1.3.2 Variation 2: Using N,N-Dialkylcarbamoyltellurium Reagents ............. 800
8.1.24.2 Trihalomethyllithium Compounds ......................................... 800
8.1.24.2.1 Method 1: Deprotonation of Chloroform .............................. 801

Table of Contents XXXIII
8.1.25 Product Subclass 25: Tris(organosulfanyl)- and Tris(organoselanyl)methyllithium
Compounds
C. Nµjera and M. Yus
8.1.25 Product Subclass 25: Tris(organosulfanyl)- and Tris(organoselanyl)methyllithium
Compounds .............................................. 805
Synthesis and Applications of Product Subclass 25 ......................... 805
8.1.25.1 Method 1: Alkylation Reactions of Tris(methylsulfanyl)- and
Tris(phenylsulfanyl)methyllithium .......................... 805
8.1.25.1.1 Variation 1: Reaction with Carbonyl Compounds ....................... 807
8.1.25.1.2 Variation 2: Michael-Type Reactions ................................... 808
8.1.25.2 Method 2: Synthesis of Other Sulfur-Containing Triheterosubstituted
Methyllithium Compounds ................................ 810
8.1.25.3 Method 3: Synthesis of Tris(methylselanyl)- and
Tris(phenylselanyl)methyllithium ........................... 810
8.1.26 Product Subclass 26: Bis(organosulfanyl)- and
Bis(organoselanyl)methyllithium Compounds
C. Nµjera and M. Yus
8.1.26 Product Subclass 26: Bis(organosulfanyl)- and
Bis(organoselanyl)methyllithium Compounds ........................... 813
Synthesis and Applications of Product Subclass 26 ......................... 813
8.1.26.1 Method 1: Synthesis of Bis(methylsulfanyl)methyllithium .............. 813
8.1.26.2 Method 2: Synthesis of 1,3-Dithian-2-yllithium and Reaction with
Alkyl Halides .............................................. 814
8.1.26.2.1 Variation 1: Reaction with Epoxides .................................... 815
8.1.26.2.2 Variation 2: Reaction with Carbonyl Compounds ....................... 817
8.1.26.2.3 Variation 3: Michael-Type Reactions ................................... 818
8.1.26.2.4 Variation 4: Acylation Reactions ....................................... 819
8.1.26.3 Method 3: Synthesis and Alkylation Reactions of Bis(phenylsulfanyl)methyllithium
............................................ 819
8.1.26.3.1 Variation 1: Reaction with Carbonyl Compounds and
Their Æ,â-Unsaturated Derivatives ......................... 820
8.1.26.4 Method 4: Synthesis of Other Cyclic 2-Lithio Dithioacetals ............. 821
8.1.26.5 Method 5: Synthesis of Æ-Lithio Æ-Organosulfanyl Ethers .............. 822
8.1.26.5.1 Variation 1: Methoxy(phenylsulfanyl)methyllithium ..................... 822
8.1.26.5.2 Variation 2: 1,3-Oxathian-2-yllithium ................................... 823
8.1.26.6 Method 6: Synthesis of Æ-Lithio Æ-Arylsulfonyl Ethers .................. 825
8.1.26.6.1 Variation 1: 2-(Arylsulfonyl)oxiran-2-yllithiums ......................... 826
8.1.26.6.2 Variation 2: 2-(Arylsulfonyl)tetrahydropyran-2-yllithiums ................ 827
8.1.26.7 Method 7: Synthesis and Alkylation Reactions of Æ-Lithio
Æ-Organosulfanyl and Æ-Lithio Æ-Organosulfinyl Sulfoxides .. 828
8.1.26.7.1 Variation 1: Reaction with Carbonyl Compounds and
Their Æ,â-Unsaturated Derivatives ......................... 830
8.1.26.8 Method 8: Synthesis and Reactions of Æ-Lithio Æ-Organosulfanyl Sulfones 831
8.1.26.9 Method 9: Synthesis and Reactions of Æ-Lithio Selenoacetals ........... 833

XXXIV Table of Contents
8.1.27 Product Subclass 27: Æ-Lithio Vinyl Ethers
R. W. Friesen and C. F. Sturino
8.1.27 Product Subclass 27: Æ-Lithio Vinyl Ethers ............................... 841
Synthesis of Product Subclass 27 .......................................... 841
8.1.27.1 Method 1: Deprotonation of Vinyl Ethers ............................. 842
8.1.27.1.1 Variation 1: Deprotonation of Acyclic and Cyclic Vinyl Ethers ............ 842
8.1.27.1.2 Variation 2: Deprotonation of Allenyl Ethers ............................ 846
8.1.27.2 Method 2: Transmetalation of (Æ-Alkoxyvinyl)stannanes ............... 847
8.1.27.3 Method 3: Lithium–Halogen Exchange ................................ 849
Applications of Product Subclass 27 in Organic Synthesis ................... 850
8.1.27.4 Method 4: Synthesis of Æ-Alkoxyvinyl Organometallic Compounds ..... 850
8.1.27.4.1 Variation 1: Vinylstannanes ............................................ 850
8.1.27.4.2 Variation 2: Vinylsilanes ............................................... 851
8.1.27.5 Method 5: Synthesis of 2-Aryldihydropyrrolohydrazines ................ 853
8.1.27.6 Method 6: Æ-Difluoro Ketones ........................................ 854
8.1.27.7 Method 7: Synthesis of ª-Oxo Esters .................................. 855
8.1.27.8 Method 8: Synthesis of Æ-Hydroxy Ketones ........................... 856
8.1.27.9 Method 9: Synthesis of Substituted 1,4-Dioxins ....................... 858
8.1.27.10 Method 10: Synthesis of â- and ª-Hydroxyalkenes ...................... 859
Keyword Index ...................................................... i
Author Index .......................................................... xxxiii
Abbreviations ......................................................... lxxxv