GHENT UNIVERSITY Karoline FONCK - International Centre for ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

PMH Pumwani Maternity Hospital PPV Positive predictive value RPR Rapid Plasma Reagin RTI Reproductive tract infections SCU STD Control Unit SIL Squamous intraepithelial lesion SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences STC Special Treatment Clinic STD Sexually transmitted diseases STI Sexually transmitted infections TP Treponema pallidum TPHA Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay TV Trichomonas vaginalis UoN University of Nairobi VDRL Venereal Disease Research Laboratory WHO World Health Organization List of Abbreviations 3
1.1. Sexually Transmitted Infections C HAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have, in all likelihood, always been present. The recent emergence of HIV/AIDS has however added new relevance to STIs and has also reinforced the tremendous cultural burden of diseases associated with sexual contact. Sexually Transmitted Infections are a group of communicable diseases that are predominantly transmitted through sexual contact. In many countries STIs have become a major public health problem on account of their frequency, their impact on maternal and infant health, their personal and social consequences as well as their cost in terms of health expenditure and lost productivity. Women, and neonates in particular, carry the major burden of morbidity and mortality due to STI and or their ensuing complications. The World Bank has estimated that, in 1990, STIs, excluding HIV infection, rank second, after all maternal causes, as a cause for healthy life lost in women aged 15 to 44. Africa carries the largest part of the HIV/AIDS pandemic burden. According to UNAIDS estimates, over 23 million people were living with HIV in Africa at the end of 1999. The predominant mode of transmission in Africa has always been heterosexual. The morbimortality owing to HIV/AIDS has major impacts. The impact on the health sector is overwhelming. Furthermore, AIDS is systematically cutting down life expectancy in the countries where the disease is most common. Patterns of HIV infection however show a great deal of variation with some countries beginning to show stabilization while other countries experience rapid growth in infection rates. The stabilization is a natural part of the epidemic process and occurs as a natural result of a dynamic balance between new infections and deaths. 1.2. Transmission dynamics of STIs STIs are transmitted through a complex interplay among the natural infectiousness of the pathogen, the duration of infectivity of the human host, and the rate of sexual interaction between people. Chapter 1 4
Page 1 and 2: GHENT UNIVERSITY STI PREVENTION AND
Page 3: AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syn
Page 7 and 8: countries, the rate of reporting co
Page 9 and 10: district of Uganda randomized villa
Page 11 and 12: By identifying where significant
Page 13 and 14: 4.5%, 3.9%, 67.7% and 30.1% while t
Page 15 and 16: female primary health care or anten
Page 17 and 18: The research data have been publish
Page 19 and 20: 2.1. OBJECTIVES 2.1.1. General obje
Page 21 and 22: 2.2.3. Laboratory procedures The mi
Page 23 and 24: C HAPTER 3 PREVALENCE AND RISK FACT
Page 25 and 26: After registration by the clinic cl
Page 27 and 28: The majority of the women were infe
Page 29 and 30: eing single, ever having been treat
Page 31 and 32: prevalence found in a family planni
Page 33 and 34: 3.2. Declining Syphilis Prevalence
Page 35 and 36: Training Nurses at the antenatal cl
Page 37 and 38: We believe that the observed declin
Page 39 and 40: Wasserheit 1992, Laga 1993). In Nai
Page 41 and 42: Table 1: Demographic data of 471 pa
Page 43 and 44: women. Overall, significantly fewer
Page 45 and 46: Stigmatization by health staff also
Page 47 and 48: 4.2. Health-Seeking Behavior and Se
Page 49 and 50: Between September and November 1998
Page 51 and 52: Table 2: Healthcare-seeking behavio
Page 53 and 54: Thirteen women had engaged in sex w
Page 55 and 56:
Men reported more extramarital affa
Page 57 and 58:
C HAPTER 5 DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
Page 59 and 60:
discharge and abdominal pain-two co
Page 61 and 62:
Data were entered and analyzed in S
Page 63 and 64:
One of the peripheral health center
Page 65 and 66:
Evaluation of Algorithms The result
Page 67 and 68:
In this study of symptomatic women,
Page 69 and 70:
C HAPTER 6 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY T
Page 71 and 72:
Table 1: Syphilis Rapid Plasma Reag
Page 73 and 74:
One should keep these problems in m
Page 75 and 76:
The use of mailed reminders did not
Page 77 and 78:
Table 1: Characteristics of women w
Page 79 and 80:
studies, indicating that couples ar
Page 81 and 82:
6.3. A Randomized, Placebo-controll
Page 83 and 84:
esistance patterns in bystander flo
Page 85 and 86:
In univariate analysis, the odds ra
Page 87 and 88:
Widows, divorcees and separated wom
Page 89 and 90:
They did not report much condom use
Page 91 and 92:
The low prevalence of the other STD
Page 93 and 94:
There is some evidence that frequen
Page 95 and 96:
Table 1. Characteristics of HIV- po
Page 97 and 98:
A significantly higher prevalence o
Page 99 and 100:
There is now considerable evidence
Page 101 and 102:
patients. The analysis revealed hig
Page 103 and 104:
contributory factor may be that mal
Page 105 and 106:
use in Kenya. In a supplement of Se
Page 107 and 108:
with intensive behavioral change in
Page 109 and 110:
C HAPTER 8 FINAL REMARKS STIs illus
Page 111 and 112:
to protect themselves and be empowe
Page 113 and 114:
Bell G, Ward H, Day S et al. Partne
Page 115 and 116:
Fleming D and Wasserheit J. From ep
Page 117 and 118:
Jackson DJ, Rakwar JP, Chohan B et
Page 119 and 120:
Manning B, Moodley J, Ross SM. Syph
Page 121 and 122:
Oberlander L, Elverdam B. Malaria i
Page 123 and 124:
Serwadda D, Gray R, Wawer M et al.
Page 125 and 126:
Van Dam J, Anastasi MC. Male Circum
Page 127 and 128:
WHO Collaborating Center on HIV/AID
Page 129 and 130:
S UMMARY Sexually transmitted infec
Page 131 and 132:
notification. Innovative and locall
Page 133 and 134:
connaissance des femmes sur la sant
Page 135 and 136:
Nous avons démontré que le coût
Page 137 and 138:
vonden we een hoge prevalentie van
Page 139 and 140:
We hebben aangetoond dat de kost va
show all

GHENT UNIVERSITY Karoline FONCK - International Centre for ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?