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Temmerman M, Ali FM, Ndinya-Achola J, Moses S, Plummer FA, Piot P. Rapid increase of both HIV-l infection and syphilis among pregnant women in Nairobi, Kenya. AIDS 1992; 6:1181-5. Temmerman M, Lopita M, Sinei S, Plummer FA, Nagelkerke N, Piot P. Sexually transmitted infections as risk factors for spontaneous abortion. Int J STD AIDS 1992; 3.418-22. Temmerman M, Jenniskens F et al. Prevalence rates of STDs in women at the STD referral clinic and at a MCH clinic in Nairobi, Kenya. VII International Conference on AIDS in Africa, 1996, Kampala, Uganda. Temmerman M, Mohamedali F, Ndinya-Achola J, et al. Rapid increase of both HIV-1 infection and syphilis among pregnant women in Nairobi, Kenya. AIDS 1992; 6:1181-1185. Temmerman M, Plummer F, Farah A, et al. Gonorrhoea in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 12:162-6. Temmerman M, Lopita MI, Sanghvi HC, Sinei SK, Plummer FA, Piot P. The role of maternal syphilis, gonorrhoea and HIV-1 infections in spontaneous abortion. Int J STD AIDS 1992; 3:418-22. Temmerman M, Plummer F, Mirza N, et al. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as a risk factor for adverse obstetrical outcome. AIDS 1990; 4:1087-1093. Thomas T, Choudri S, Kariuki C, et al. Identifying cervical infection among pregnant women in Nairobi, Kenya: limitations of risk assessment and symptom based approaches. Genitourin Med 1996; 2:334-8. Tyndall MW, Agoki E. Malisa W, Ndinya-Achola JO, Ronald A, Plummer FA. Sexual behavior and perceived risk of AIDS among men in Kenya attending a clinic for sexually transmitted disease. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19:441-447. Tyndall MW, Kidula N, Sande J, Ombette J, Temmerman M. Predicting Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection using risk scores, physical examination, microscopy, and leukocyte esterase dipsticks among asymptomatic women attending a family planning clinic in Kenya. Sex Transm Dis 1999; 26:476-82. Tyndall MW, Omari S, Malonza I et al. High prevalence of urethral infection among men with non-specific symptoms at an STI clinic in Kenya. XII th World AIDS Conference, Geneva, 1998 [abstract 33242]. Ulin P. African women and AIDS: negotiating behavioural change. Soc Sci Med 1992; 34:63- 73. UNAIDS. Epidemiological fact sheet on HIVIAIDS and sexually transmitted diseases. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 1998. Urassa M, Todd J, Ties Boerma J, Hayes R, Isingo R. Male circumcision and susceptibility to HIV infection among men in Tanzania. AIDS 1997; 11:73-80. US Bureau of the Census HIV/AIDS Surveillance Data Base 1997. US Census bureau 2000, website (www.census.gov/cgi-bin/icp). References 123
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GHENT UNIVERSITY STI PREVENTION AND
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AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syn
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1.1. Sexually Transmitted Infection
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countries, the rate of reporting co
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district of Uganda randomized villa
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By identifying where significant
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4.5%, 3.9%, 67.7% and 30.1% while t
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female primary health care or anten
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The research data have been publish
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2.1. OBJECTIVES 2.1.1. General obje
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2.2.3. Laboratory procedures The mi
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C HAPTER 3 PREVALENCE AND RISK FACT
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After registration by the clinic cl
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The majority of the women were infe
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eing single, ever having been treat
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prevalence found in a family planni
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3.2. Declining Syphilis Prevalence
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Training Nurses at the antenatal cl
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We believe that the observed declin
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Wasserheit 1992, Laga 1993). In Nai
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Table 1: Demographic data of 471 pa
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women. Overall, significantly fewer
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Stigmatization by health staff also
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4.2. Health-Seeking Behavior and Se
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Between September and November 1998
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Table 2: Healthcare-seeking behavio
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Thirteen women had engaged in sex w
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Men reported more extramarital affa
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C HAPTER 5 DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
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discharge and abdominal pain-two co
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Data were entered and analyzed in S
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One of the peripheral health center
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Evaluation of Algorithms The result
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In this study of symptomatic women,
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C HAPTER 6 PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY T
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Table 1: Syphilis Rapid Plasma Reag
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Page 75 and 76: The use of mailed reminders did not
Page 77 and 78: Table 1: Characteristics of women w
Page 79 and 80: studies, indicating that couples ar
Page 81 and 82: 6.3. A Randomized, Placebo-controll
Page 83 and 84: esistance patterns in bystander flo
Page 85 and 86: In univariate analysis, the odds ra
Page 87 and 88: Widows, divorcees and separated wom
Page 89 and 90: They did not report much condom use
Page 91 and 92: The low prevalence of the other STD
Page 93 and 94: There is some evidence that frequen
Page 95 and 96: Table 1. Characteristics of HIV- po
Page 97 and 98: A significantly higher prevalence o
Page 99 and 100: There is now considerable evidence
Page 101 and 102: patients. The analysis revealed hig
Page 103 and 104: contributory factor may be that mal
Page 105 and 106: use in Kenya. In a supplement of Se
Page 107 and 108: with intensive behavioral change in
Page 109 and 110: C HAPTER 8 FINAL REMARKS STIs illus
Page 111 and 112: to protect themselves and be empowe
Page 113 and 114: Bell G, Ward H, Day S et al. Partne
Page 115 and 116: Fleming D and Wasserheit J. From ep
Page 117 and 118: Jackson DJ, Rakwar JP, Chohan B et
Page 119 and 120: Manning B, Moodley J, Ross SM. Syph
Page 121 and 122: Oberlander L, Elverdam B. Malaria i
Page 123: Serwadda D, Gray R, Wawer M et al.
Page 127 and 128: WHO Collaborating Center on HIV/AID
Page 129 and 130: S UMMARY Sexually transmitted infec
Page 131 and 132: notification. Innovative and locall
Page 133 and 134: connaissance des femmes sur la sant
Page 135 and 136: Nous avons démontré que le coût
Page 137 and 138: vonden we een hoge prevalentie van
Page 139 and 140: We hebben aangetoond dat de kost va
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